| Vranje | |
| Official Name: | City of Vranje |
| Native Name Lang: | sr |
| Settlement Type: | City |
| Coordinates: | 42.55°N 75°W |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: |  Serbia |
| Subdivision Type1: | Region |
| Subdivision Name1: | Southern and Eastern Serbia |
| Subdivision Type2: | District |
| Subdivision Name2: | Pčinja |
| Subdivision Type3: | Municipalities |
| Subdivision Name3: | 2 |
| Parts Type: | Settlements |
| Parts Style: | para |
| P1: | 105 |
| Leader Party: | SNS |
| Leader Title: | Mayor |
| Leader Name: | Slobodan Milenković |
| Area Blank1 Title: | Urban |
| Area Blank1 Km2: | 36.96 |
| Area Blank2 Title: | Administrative |
| Area Blank2 Km2: | 860 |
| Population As Of: | 2022 census |
| Population Rank: | 16th in Serbia |
| Population Blank1 Title: | Urban |
| Population Blank1: | 55214 |
| Population Density Blank1 Km2: | auto |
| Population Blank2 Title: | Administrative |
| Population Blank2: | 74381 |
| Population Density Blank2 Km2: | auto |
| Postal Code Type: | Postal code |
| Postal Code: | 17500 |
| Area Code: | +381(0)17 |
| Area Code Type: | Area code |
| Elevation M: | 487 |
| Iso Code: | SRB |
| Timezone: | CET |
| Utc Offset: | +1 |
| Timezone Dst: | CEST |
| Utc Offset Dst: | +2 |
| Blank Name: | Car plates |
| Blank Info: | VR |
Vranje (Serbian: Врање, pronounced as /ʋrâɲɛ/) is a city in Southern Serbia and the administrative center of the Pčinja District. The municipality of Vranje has a population of 74,381 and its urban area has 55,214 inhabitants.
Vranje is the economical, political and cultural centre of the Pčinja District in Southern Serbia. It was the first city from the Balkans to be declared UNESCO city of Music in 2019.[1] [2] It is located on the Pan-European Corridor X, close to the borders with North Macedonia, Kosovo and Bulgaria. The Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Vranje is seated in the city, as is the 4th Land Force Brigade of the Serbian Army.
The toponym Vranje is first attested in an 11th-century Byzantine text. The town's name is believed to be derived from vran, a word of Slavic origin meaning swarthy or dark, or the archaic Slavic given name Vran, which itself is derived from the same word.[3]
The Romans conquered the region in the 2nd or 1st centuries BC. Vranje was part of Moesia Superior and Dardania during Roman rule. The Roman fortresses in the Vranje region were abandoned during the Hun attacks in 539–544 AD; these include the localities of Kale at Vranjska Banja, Gradište in Korbevac and Gradište in Prvonek.[4]
During the Middle Ages, in the 9th-11th centuries, the territory of modern-day Vranje was a part of Bulgaria. [5] [6] [7] [8]
The first written mention of Vranje comes from Byzantine chronicle Alexiad by Anna Comnena (1083–1153), in which it is mentioned how Serbian ruler Vukan in 1093, as part of his conquests, reached Vranje and conquered it, however only shortly, as he was forced to retreat from the powerful Byzantines. The city name stems from the Old Serbian word vran ("black"). The second mention is from 1193, when Vranje was temporarily taken by Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja from the Byzantines. Vranje definitely entered the Serbian state in 1207 when it was conquered by Grand Prince Stefan Nemanjić.
Some time before 1306, tepčija Kuzma was given the governorship of Vranje (a župa, "county", including the town and neighbouring villages), serving King Stefan Milutin. At the same time, kaznac Miroslav held the surroundings of Vranje.[9] Next, kaznac Baldovin (fl. 1325–45) received the province around Vranje, serving King Stefan Dečanski.[10] Next, župan Maljušat, Baldovin's son, held the župa of Vranje. By the time of the proclamation of the Serbian Empire, holders with the title kefalija are present in Vranje, among other cities. During the fall of the Serbian Empire, Vranje was part of Uglješa Vlatković's possessions, which also included Preševo and Kumanovo. Uglješa became a vassal of Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarević after the Battle of Tripolje (1403); Vranje became part of Serbian Despotate. The medieval župa was a small landscape unit, whose territory expanded with creation of new settlements and independence of hamlets and neighbourhoods from župa villages and shepherd cottages. Good mercantile relations with developing mine city Novo Brdo led to creation of numerous settlements. In 1455, Vranje was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, amid the fall of the medieval Serbian state. It was organized as the seat of a kaza (county), named Vranje, after the city and the medieval župa. The urban Muslim population of Vranje in the mid-19th century consisted of Albanians and Turks.
Vranje was part of the Ottoman Empire until 1878, when the town was captured by the Serbian army commanded by Jovan Belimarković. During the Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–1878) most of the Muslim population of Vranje fled to the Ottoman vilayet of Kosovo while a smaller number left after the conflict.[11] The city entered the Principality of Serbia, with little more than 8,000 inhabitants at that time. The only Muslim population permitted to remain after the war in the town were Serbian speaking Muslim Romani of whom in 1910 numbered 6,089 in Vranje.[12] Up until the end of the Balkan Wars Vranje had a special position and role, as the transmissive station of Serbian state political and cultural influence on Macedonia.
In the early 20th century, Vranje had around 12,000 inhabitants. As a border town of the Kingdom of Serbia, it was used as the starting point for Serbian guerrilla (Chetniks) who crossed into Ottoman territory and fought in Kosovo and Macedonia. In World War I, the main headquarters of the Serbian army was in the town. King Peter I Karađorđević, Prime Minister Nikola Pašić and the chief of staff General Radomir Putnik stayed in Vranje. Vranje was occupied by the Kingdom of Bulgaria on 16–17 October 1915, after which war crimes and Bulgarisation was committed on the city and wider region. After the war, Vranje was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in one of the 33 oblasts; in 1929, it became part of the Vardar Banovina. During World War II, Nazi German troops entered the town on 9 April 1941 and transferred it to Bulgarian administration on 22 April 1941. Vranje was liberated by the Yugoslav Partisans on 7 September 1944.
During Socialist Yugoslavia, Vranje was organized into the Pčinja District. In the 1960s and 1970s it was industrialized. During the 1990s, the economy of Vranje was heavily affected by the sanctions against Yugoslavia and the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.
Vranje is situated in the northwestern part of the Vranje basin, on the left waterside of the South Morava.
Vranje is at base of the mountains Pljačkovica (1231m (4,039feet)), Krstilovice (1154m (3,786feet)) and Pržar (731m (2,398feet)). The Vranje river and the city are divided by the main road and railway line, which leads to the north Leskovac (70 km), Niš (110km (70miles)) and Belgrade (347km (216miles)), and, to the south Kumanovo (56km (35miles)), Skopje (91km (57miles)) and Thessalonica (354km (220miles)). It is 70km (40miles) from the border with Bulgaria, 40km (30miles) from the border with North Macedonia.
Vranje is the economical, political, and cultural centre of the Pčinja District in South Serbia. The Pčinja District also includes the municipalities of Bosilegrad, Bujanovac, Vladičin Han, Preševo, Surdulica, and Trgovište. It is located on the Pan-European Corridor X.
The city population has been expanded by Yugoslav-era settlers and urbanization from its surroundings. Serb refugees of the Yugoslav Wars (1991–95) and the Kosovo War (1998–99), especially during and following the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, as well as emigrants from Kosovo in the aftermath of the latter conflict have further increased the population.
According to the 2022 census results, there are 74,381 inhabitants in the city of Vranje.
The ethnic composition of the city administrative area (2011 census):[13]
| Ethnic group | Population | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Serbs | 76,569 | 91.67% | |
| Roma | 4,654 | 5.57% | |
| Bulgarians | 589 | 0.71% | |
| Macedonians | 255 | 0.31% | |
| Montenegrins | 48 | 0.06% | |
| Gorani | 43 | 0.05% | |
| Croats | 33 | 0.04% | |
| Yugoslavs | 22 | 0.03% | |
| Muslims | 17 | 0.02% | |
| Albanians | 13 | 0.02% | |
| Russians | 10 | 0.01% | |
| Others | 1,271 | 1.52% | |
| Total | 83,524 |
The city of Vranje consists of two city municipalities: Vranje and Vranjska Banja. Their municipal areas include the following settlements:
Vranje was an important Ottoman trading site. The White Bridge is a symbol of the city and is called "most ljubavi" (lovers' bridge) after the tale of the forbidden love between the Muslim girl Ajša and Christian Stojan that resulted in the father killing the couple. After that, he built the bridge where he had killed her and had the story inscribed in Ottoman Arabic. The 11th-century Markovo Kale fortress is in the north of the city. The city has traditional Balkan and Ottoman architecture.
The well-known theater play Koštana by Bora Stanković is set in Vranje.
Vranje is famous for its popular old music. The best known music is from the theater piece with music, Koštana, by Bora Stanković. This original music style has been renewed recently by taking different, specific, and more oriental form, with the contribution of rich brass instruments. It is played particularly by the Vranje Romani people.
Vranje is the seat of Pčinja District and, as such, is a major center for cultural events in the district. Most notable annual events are Borina nedelja, Stari dani, Dani karanfila (in Vranjska Banja), etc.
Vranje lies close to Besna Kobila mountain and Vranjska Banja, locations with high potential that are underdeveloped. Other locations in and around Vranje with some tourist potential include Prohor Pčinjski monastery, Kale-Krševica, Markovo kale, Pržar, birth-house museum of Bora Stankovic.
Largest hotels are Hotel Vranje, near the center and Hotel Pržar overlooking the city and the valley. The city has traditional Serbian cuisine as well as international cuisine restaurants and many cafes and bars.
The city has one top-flight association football team, Dinamo Vranje.
Vranje is located in southern Serbia, on Corridor X near the border with North Macedonia and Bulgaria. The distance from Thessalonica international harbor is 285km (177miles); distance from the international airports of Skopje and Niš are 90km (60miles). Vranje has a long tradition of industrial production, trade, and tourism and is rich in natural resources, such as forests and geothermal resources.[14]
Until the second half of the 20th century Vranje was a craftsman town. The crafts included weaving, water-milling, and carriages craft. With the beginning of industrialization in the 1960s, many of these crafts disappeared. In those years, many factories were opened, such as the Tobacco Industry of Vranje (Serbian: Дуванска индустрија Врање), Simpo, Koštana (shoe factory), Yumco (cotton plant), Alfa Plam (technical goods), SZP Zavarivač Vranje and others.
The most common industries in the city of Vranje are timber industry, clothing, footwear and furniture, food and beverages, agricultural, textile industry, chemical industry, construction industry, machinery and equipment, and business services. There are more than 2,500 small- and medium-size companies. To potential investors there are industrial sites, with plan documents and furnished infrastructure. Among the companies with business locations in the city are British American Tobacco, Simpo, Sanch, Mladenovic D.O.O, Kenda Farben, Danny style, OMV and Hellenic Petroleum.[14]
As of September 2017, Vranje has one of 14 free economic zones established in Serbia.[15]
As of 2020, a total of 24,509 people were employed. A total of 5,921 people (19.46%) were unemployed.
| Activity | Total | |
|---|---|---|
| Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 181 | |
| Mining and quarrying | 246 | |
| Manufacturing | 8,141 | |
| Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | 163 | |
| Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities | 424 | |
| Construction | 705 | |
| Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 2,957 | |
| Transportation and storage | 1,017 | |
| Accommodation and food services | 755 | |
| Information and communication | 201 | |
| Financial and insurance activities | 310 | |
| Real estate activities | 21 | |
| Professional, scientific and technical activities | 741 | |
| Administrative and support service activities | 320 | |
| Public administration and defense; compulsory social security | 1,435 | |
| Education | 1,643 | |
| Human health and social work activities | 1,787 | |
| Arts, entertainment and recreation | 444 | |
| Other service activities | 350 | |
| Individual agricultural workers | 84 | |
| Total | 21,925 |
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Serbia.
The city of Vranje is twinned with:
