Electoral fraud in the United States explained

Electoral fraud in the United States is considered by most experts to be a rare occurrence.[1] [2] [3] [4] A small number of elections in United States history have been invalidated due to electoral fraud, mostly at the local level.[1]

Most electoral fraud discussions in the United States center around one of three types: voter impersonation or in-person voter fraud, absentee or mail-in ballot fraud, and illegal non-citizen voting. Existing research and evidence shows that voter impersonation, where a person who is not eligible to vote does so under the name of an eligible voter, is extremely rare.[5] [6] [7] [8] Available studies have shown mail-in ballot fraud to be highly uncommon,[9] though some experts consider mail-in voting to be more vulnerable to fraud than in-person voting.[10] [11] Organized absentee ballot fraud has been found to have affected certain United States elections. Widespread non-citizen voting has not been documented.

Electoral fraud is a significant topic in American political discourse, with polls showing that a large segment of Americans believe it occurs. False accusations of electoral fraud have often been linked to the election denial movement in the United States.[12]

Estimates of frequency

Voter impersonation

According to the Associated Press, the New York Times, NPR, CNBC, the Guardian, PolitiFact and FactCheck.Org, available research and evidence points to the type of fraud that would be prevented by voter identification laws as "very rare" or "extremely rare".[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] It is considered difficult for someone to coordinate widespread voter impersonation to steal an election. Even if they paid people to vote in-person for their preferred candidate, they could not confirm whether these people voted the way they were paid to.

Rutgers professor Lorraine Minnite has maintained that voter impersonation is illogical from the perspective of the perpetrator due to the high risk and limited upside of casting one vote. If caught, perpetrators of voter impersonation can face up to 5 years in prison and a fine of up to $10,000 for citizens or deportation for non-citizens. Others, such as former Republican Federal Election Commission member Hans von Spakovsky, have argued that voter impersonation can be difficult to detect and prosecute in states that do not require identification to vote.[21] [22] [23]

ABC News reported in 2012 that only four cases of voter impersonation had led to convictions in Texas over the previous decade. A study released the same year by News21, an Arizona State University reporting project, identified a total of 10 cases of alleged voter impersonation in the United States between 2000 and 2012.[24] This analysis has, in turn, been criticized by the executive director of the Republican National Lawyers Association, who has said that the study was "highly flawed in its very approach to the issue."[25] Another 2012 study found no evidence that voter impersonation (in the form of people voting under the auspices of a dead voter) occurred in the 2006 Georgia general elections.[26]

In a 2013 study, the New York City Department of Investigation (DOI) sent 63 individuals to illegally vote under the names of 63 ineligible voters, who were either deceased, felons or had moved outside New York City. 61 of those individuals were allowed to vote under their assumed identities. One of the two who was not allowed to vote was recognized by the mother of the felon they were impersonating, who worked at the polling place. In five instances, investigators in their 20s or 30s successfully posed as voters age 82 to 94.[27] [28] [29]

In April 2014, Federal District Court Judge Lynn Adelman ruled in Frank v. Walker that Wisconsin's voter ID law was unconstitutional because "virtually no voter impersonation occurs in Wisconsin ...".[30] In August 2014, Loyola Law School professor Justin Levitt reported in the Washington Post's Wonkblog that he had identified only 31 credible cases of voter impersonation since 2000.[31] The most serious incident identified involved as many as 24 people trying to vote under assumed names in Brooklyn, which would still not have made a significant difference in most American elections.[32] A 2014 study in the Election Law Journal found that about the same percentage of the U.S. population (about 2.5%) admitted to having been abducted by aliens as admitted to committing voter impersonation.[33] In 2016, News21 reviewed cases of possible voter impersonation in five states where politicians had expressed concerns about it. They found 38 successful fraud cases in these states from 2012 to 2016, none of which were for voter impersonation.[34]

Mail-in ballot fraud

Mail-in ballots are considered by some experts to be more vulnerable to fraud than in-person voting.[10] [11] Postal ballots have been the source of "most significant vote-counting disputes in recent decades", according to Edward Foley, director of the Election Law program at Ohio State University.[35] Justin Levitt, a law professor at Loyola Marymount, has stated "misconduct in the mail voting process is meaningfully more prevalent than misconduct in the process of voting in person", but that misconduct "still amounts to only a tiny fraction of the ballots cast by mail." Lonna Atkeson, an expert in election administration, said about mail-in voting fraud, "It's really hard to find... The fact is, we really don't know how much fraud there is... There aren't millions of fraudulent votes, but there are some."

Richard Hasen, a professor at University of California, Irvine School of Law, said in 2020 that "problems are extremely rare in the five states that rely primarily on vote-by-mail."[36] An analysis by News21 found 491 known cases of absentee ballot fraud between 2000 and 2012.[37] [38] [39] In April 2020, a voter fraud study covering 20 years by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found the level of mail-in ballot fraud "exceedingly rare" since it occurs only in "0.00006 percent" of individual votes nationally, and, in one state, "0.000004 percent — about five times less likely than getting hit by lightning in the United States."[40] A 2020 Washington Post analysis of data from three vote-by-mail states (Colorado, Oregon and Washington), with help from the Electronic Registration Information Center (ERIC), found that officials had identified just 372 possible cases of double voting or voting on behalf of deceased people out of about 14.6 million mail votes cast in 2016 and 2018.[9]

Organized absentee ballot fraud has caused some elections, such as a 1994 Pennsylvania State Senate election, the 1997 Miami mayoral election, and the 2023 Bridgeport, Connecticut mayoral election Democratic primary, to be invalidated by courts.

Non-citizen voting

Illegal non-citizen voting is considered rare due to the severe penalties associated with the practice including deportation, incarceration or fines, as well as the jeopardizing of naturalization efforts.[41] [42] [43] The federal form to register a voter requires a unique identification number such as a Social Security or driver's license number, but it does not require proof of citizenship. New voters are only required to check a box attesting that they are a citizen. Prominent Republicans such as Hans von Spakovsky and Speaker of the House of Representatives Mike Johnson have argued that non-citizen voting is a threat for this reason.[44] [45] The process of verifying the citizenship of voters varies by state, and not all states conduct verification.[41]

In the 2018 Fish v. Kobach case, where Kansas voters challenged the state's voter identification law, U.S. District Court Judge Julie Robinson ruled that the law was unconstitutional, in part because Secretary of State Kris Kobach had not shown that illegal non-citizen voting was widespread enough to justify it. She wrote that "at most, 67 noncitizens registered or attempted to register in Kansas over the last 19 years".[46] Judge Robinson noted that 400 individuals in Kobach's Election Voter Information System had "birth dates after their date of registration, indicating they registered to vote before they were born", and concluded that the 67 noncitizen cases were consistent with administrative error.[47]

A Brennan Center for Justice study of 2016 data from 42 jurisdictions found an estimated 30 incidents of suspected noncitizen voting out of 23.5 million votes cast.[42] A 2023 study in Arizona found that 1,934 voters out of over 4 million registered were non-citizens at the time of registration.[48] Virginia removed 6,303 non-citizens from its voting rolls between January 2022 and July 2024, according to Governor Glenn Youngkin.[49] [50] In August 2024, Alabama reported that it had found 3,251 non-citizens who were registered to vote.[51]

Old Dominion University study (2014)

A 2014 study by Old Dominion University professors Jesse Richman and David Earnest, which used data developed by the Cooperative Congressional Election Study, concluded that more than 14 percent of self-identified non-citizens in 2008 and 2010 indicated that they were registered to vote, approximately 6.4% of surveyed non-citizens voted in 2008, and 2.2% of surveyed non-citizens voted in 2010.[52] [53] Proponents of voter ID laws pointed to the study as justification, although the study also concluded that voter ID requirements would be ineffective at reducing non-citizen voting.[54]

This study has been criticized by numerous academics.[55] [56] [57] A 2015 study by the managers of the Cooperative Congressional Election Study found that Richman and Earnest's study was "almost certainly flawed" and that, in fact, it was most likely that 0% of non-citizens had voted in recent American elections. This study claimed that Richman and Earnest's findings were the result of measurement error, since some individuals who answered the survey had checked the wrong survey boxes, and that Richman and Earnest had extrapolated from a handful of wrongfully classified cases to achieve an exaggerated number of potential non-citizen voters. Richman later conceded that "the response error issues ... may have biased our numbers",[58] though he has stood by the study.[48] Richman has also rebuked President Trump for claiming that millions voted illegally in 2016. University of Massachusetts Amherst professor Brian Schaffner, who was part of the team that debunked Richman and Earnest's study, said that the study

Outdated voter registration

A 2012 report by the Pew Center on the States titled "Inaccurate, Costly, and Inefficient: Evidence That America's Voter Registration System Needs an Upgrade", based on data collected in 2008, found that over 1.8 million dead people were registered to vote nationwide and over 3 million voters were registered in multiple states.[59] Pew's election program director clarified in 2016 that they had found "millions of out of date registration records due to people moving or dying", but "no evidence that voter fraud resulted".[60] According to PolitiFact, the study investigated "outdated voter rolls, not fraudulent votes", and made "no mention of noncitizens voting or registering to vote".[60]

Pew researchers found that military personnel were disproportionately affected by voter registration errors. Most often these involved members of the military and their families who were deployed overseas. For example, in 2008 alone, they reported almost "twice as many registration problems" as the general public.

In an October 2016 article published in Business Insider, the author noted these voter registration irregularities left some people concerned that the electoral system was vulnerable to the impersonation of dead voters. However, registration irregularities do not intrinsically constitute fraud: in most cases the states are simply slow to eliminate ineligible voters. By 2016, most states had addressed concerns raised by the Pew 2012 report.[61]

According to a Newsday report in 2013, since 2000, there had been 270 cases of 6,000 dead people previously registered to vote in Nassau County, NY, who supposedly cast ballots at some point after their deaths. However, the paper explained: "The votes attributed to the dead are too few, and spread over 20 elections since 2000, to consider them a coordinated fraud attempt. More likely is what investigators in other states have found when examining dead voter records: Clerical errors are to blame, such as a person's vote being assigned to a dead person with a similar name."[62] [63]

Double voting

A study of voter data from the 2012 presidential election published in the American Political Science Review estimated that around 1 in 4,000 voters illegally cast two ballots, though an audit suggested the rate could be lower due to record errors.[64] Isolated cases of voters who cast ballots in two separate states have been detected and prosecuted.[65] [66] [67]

Public perception

A 2016 nationwide poll published in the Washington Post found that 84% of Republicans, 75% of independents and 52% of Democrats believed that a "meaningful amount" of fraud occurred in United States elections.[68] A 2022 poll by the Institute of Governmental Studies at UC Berkeley found that 39% of California voters thought illegal voting was a "major threat" to state elections, and 21% thought it was a "minor threat".[69] A series of Monmouth polls conducted between 2020 and 2023 found that 29%–32% of Americans believed the 2020 presidential election was fraudulent.[70]

Notable cases of fraud

Electoral fraud has led to several convictions in United States history, and has caused some election results to be affected or annulled. This list does not include elections such as the 1960 United States presidential election in Illinois[71] or the 2008 United States Senate election in Minnesota[72] [73] where allegations of fraud received widespread attention, but were not definitively proven.

20th century

21st century

Donald Trump voter fraud claims

2016 presidential election

President Donald Trump claimed without evidence that between 3 and 5 million people cost him the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by voting illegally. He claimed that he narrowly lost to Hillary Clinton in 2016 in New Hampshire (and that Senator Kelly Ayotte also lost her bid for re-election in New Hampshire) because thousands of people were illegally bused there from Massachusetts.[94] There is no evidence to support Trump's claims, which the New Hampshire Attorney General's Office determined were unfounded.[95] [96]

Trump claimed that "millions voted illegally in the election" based on "studies and evidence that people have presented him".[97] At that time, CNN reported that Trump had based his fraud voter claims on information from Gregg Phillips, VoteStand founder.[98] [99] While members of Trump's cabinet and family were registered to vote in multiple states, this was considered to be oversight, not fraud.[100] In response to Trump's allegations, On February 10, Ellen L. Weintraub, the Federal Election Commission (FEC) Commissioner, requested that Trump provide evidence of the "thousands of felony criminal offenses under New Hampshire law".[101] In a CNN interview on February 12, Stephen Miller seemed to refer to the 2012 Pew Research Center (PEW) study[102] but was unable at that time to support claims of voter fraud as evidence.[103] There is no evidence to support Trump's assertion that there was substantial voter fraud in the 2016 election.

Voter fraud commission (2017)

See main article: Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity. On May 11, 2017, Trump signed an executive order to establish a voter fraud commission to conduct an investigation into voter fraud.[104] He had announced his intention to create the commission on January 25.[97] The commission's chairman was Vice President Mike Pence with Kris Kobach as vice chairman.[104] Kobach, who is the Secretary of State of Kansas, calls for stricter voter ID laws in the United States.[105] [106] Kobach claims there is a voter fraud crisis in the United States.[107] [108] [109] [110] [111] Trump's creation of the commission was criticized by voting rights advocates, scholars and experts, and newspaper editorial boards as a pretext for, and prelude to, voter suppression.[112] [113] [114] [115] [116]

In January 2018, Trump abruptly disbanded the commission,[117] which met only twice.[118] The commission found no evidence of widespread voter fraud in the United States.[117] [118]

2020 presidential election

See also: Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election and Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election.

During the 2020 presidential campaign, Trump indicated in Twitter posts, interviews and speeches that he might refuse to recognize the outcome of the election if he were defeated; Trump falsely suggested that the election would be rigged against him.[119] [120] [121] Trump repeatedly claimed that "the only way" he could lose would be if the election was "rigged" and repeatedly refused to commit to a peaceful transition of power after the election.[122] [123] Trump also attacked mail-in voting throughout the campaign, falsely claiming that the practice contained high rates of fraud.[124] [125] [126] In September 2020, FBI Director Christopher A. Wray, a Trump appointee, testified under oath that the FBI has "not seen, historically, any kind of coordinated national voter fraud effort in a major election, whether it's by mail or otherwise."[127]

In the lead-up to the election, citing fraud concerns, Republicans filed lawsuits in several states seeking to limit the use of mail-in voting,[128] and prepared to challenge individual mail-in ballots.[129] Republican election lawyer Benjamin Ginsberg criticized Trump for this in a November 1, 2020 Washington Post op-ed. He stated that in the four decades he had worked, "Republicans found only isolated instances of fraud", and that "Proof of systematic fraud has become the Loch Ness Monster of the Republican Party. People have spent a lot of time looking for it, but it doesn’t exist".[130]

After most of the major news organizations declared Biden the President-elect on November 7,[131] [132] [133] [134] Trump refused to accept his loss, declaring "this election is far from over" and alleging election fraud without providing evidence.[135] Multiple lawsuits alleging electoral fraud were filed by the Trump campaign, all of which were dismissed as having no merit.[136] Republican officials questioned the legitimacy of the election and aired conspiracy theories regarding various types of alleged fraud.[137] [138] In early 2021, motivated by the claims of widespread voter fraud and the resulting legitimacy crisis among the Republican base, GOP lawmakers in a number of states initiated a push to make voting laws more restrictive.[139] At least four cases involving allegations of, and convictions for, voter fraud in favor of Donald Trump emerged in April 2021. In April 2021, Barry Morphew of Colorado admitted to FBI agents that he cast a ballot in November 2020 in favor of Trump in the name of his missing wife. In a further twist, in May 2021, he was charged with murdering his wife, who had disappeared in May 2020.[140] Also in April 2021, Bruce Bartman of Pennsylvania was convicted of voter fraud charges after he cast a ballot for Trump in the name of his dead mother. As of April 30, 2021, two other Pennsylvanians had criminal cases pending regarding accusations of voter fraud by casting illegal ballots for Donald Trump.[141]

Another case of voter fraud in favor of Donald Trump emerged from Nevada. In October 2021, Republican Donald Kirk Hartle of Nevada was charged with two felony counts of voter fraud, one for voting twice and one that he forged his deceased wife's name to vote with her ballot. Nevada law calls for all registered voters to receive a mail-in ballot. Election officials discovered that a ballot was received from the deceased but still registered Rosemarie Hartle. A few days after the election of November 2020, Donald Hartle told election investigators that his wife's ballot never came to the house. While Rosemary Hartle's ballot was illegally cast by a Republican, the story was used by Tucker Carlson on Fox News to support claims of voter fraud by Democrats.[142]

By 2021, there were 510 pending election fraud offenses against 43 defendants and 386 active election fraud investigations, in the state of Texas alone.[143]

Prevention

Voter ID laws

See main article: Voter identification laws in the United States. In the United States, voter ID laws (laws requiring identification to vote) have been enacted in a number of Republican-controlled states since 2010 with the aim of preventing voter impersonation.[144] [145] In many states, voters have other options besides "in-person" voting, such as absentee voting, or requesting an absentee ballot (which includes online voting and voting by mail).[146] [147] Absentee voting fraud, for example, is not "deterred by ID laws".[145] [148]

Critics of voter ID laws have argued that they depress turnout by lawful voters.[145] A 2017 study in The Journal of Politics found that strict voter ID laws have a "differentially negative impact" on the turnout of racial and ethnic minorities.[149] The results of this study were criticized as inaccurate in a paper by Stanford political scientist Justin Grimmer and four other political scientists.[150] The authors of the original study stood by their findings in a response.[151] Columbia University statistician and political scientist Andrew Gelman said that the response by the authors of the original study "did not seem convincing" and that the finding of racial discrepancies in the original study does not stand.[152]

The strictest voter ID law in the United States is Senate Bill 14, which was signed by the Governor of Texas Rick Perry in 2011 and came into effect on January 1, 2012, although it was blocked a few months later. It was reinstated in 2013, but was later found to be discriminatory against minorities in a July 2015 U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals ruling.[153] A lower court was required to develop a fix for the law before the November 2016 elections.[154] Jeff Sessions dropped challenges against Senate Bill 14 early in his tenure at the Department of Justice.[155]

Proof of citizenship

In July 2024, the United States House of Representatives passed the Safeguard American Voter Eligibility Act (SAVE Act), which would mandate that Americans show proof of citizenship when voting. It is considered unlikely to become law due to opposition from the Democratic Party.[156]

Signature verification

Signature verification is carried out by a majority of states in order to prevent forged paper ballots. Signature mismatches were the most common reason for rejecting mail-in ballots in 2016[157] and the second most common, after late arrival, in 2018.[158] As of 2024, 31 states conduct signature verification on returned absentee or mail-in ballots. Nine states do not conduct signature verification, but require the signature of either a witness, two witnesses, or a notary. Ten states and Washington, D.C. neither conduct signature verification nor require a witness signature.[159]

Mississippi is the only state to both conduct signature verification and require a witness signature (in this case, a notary).[159] Four states (Arkansas, Georgia, Minnesota and Ohio) additionally require either a copy of the voter’s ID or a voter identification number.[159]

Election audits

As of 2024, 48 states conduct some type of post-election audit, which check if the equipment and procedures used to count votes worked properly, and detect discrepancies using a hand count of paper records. The two exceptions are Alabama and New Hampshire, both of which nonetheless piloted different audit types in 2022. The type and scope of audit significantly varies between states.[160]

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: Re-examining how and why voter fraud is exceedingly rare in the U.S. ahead of the 2022 midterms . Reuters . 2022-06-02 . 2024-07-19.
  3. Web site: Karalunas . Lauren Miller . Kinsella . Martha . Friel . Katie . Wilder . Will . Danetz . Lisa . Morales-Doyle . Sean . Waldman . Michael . Waldman . Michael . Clapman . Alice . The Myth of Voter Fraud . Brennan Center for Justice . 2019-07-25 . 2024-07-19.
  4. Web site: Blakemore . Erin . Voter fraud used to be rampant. Now it’s an anomaly. . History . 2020-11-11 . 2024-07-19.
  5. Web site: Booker, Cory . Cory Booker . Lightning strikes more common in Texas than in-person voter fraud, says Cory Booker . Politifact . August 18, 2015 . March 2, 2016 .
  6. Web site: The disconnect between voter ID laws and voter fraud. Bump, Philip . October 13, 2014. The Washington Post The Fix blog. July 26, 2016.
  7. News: Levitt. Justin. August 6, 2014. A comprehensive investigation of voter impersonation finds 31 credible incidents out of one billion ballots cast. The Washington Post.
  8. Web site: Debunking the Voter Fraud Myth. June 22, 2021. Brennan Center.
  9. Web site: Viebeck . Elise . Minuscule number of potentially fraudulent ballots in states with universal mail voting undercuts Trump claims about election risks . Washington Post . 2020-06-08 . 2024-07-20 . https://archive.today/20200827194123/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/minuscule-number-of-potentially-fraudulent-ballots-in-states-with-universal-mail-voting-undercuts-trump-claims-about-election-risks/2020/06/08/1e78aa26-a5c5-11ea-bb20-ebf0921f3bbd_story.html . 2020-08-27.
  10. Web site: Liptak . Adam . As More Vote by Mail, Faulty Ballots Could Impact Elections . The New York Times . 2012-10-07 . 2024-07-20 . 2024-01-23 . https://archive.today/20240123233502/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/us/politics/as-more-vote-by-mail-faulty-ballots-could-impact-elections.html.
  11. Web site: Morgan . Billy . Why fears about voting by mail are unfounded . University of Chicago News . 2020-07-06 . 2024-07-21 . Vote by mail does introduce new risks. In theory, it could be easier for someone to fraudulently vote on behalf of someone else or for someone to tamper with the ballots in a vote-by-mail system. Furthermore, one might be more concerned about coercion or vote buying with mail ballots.
  12. Web site: Edlin . Ruby . Norden . Lawrence . Garber . Andrew . Hasan . Shanze . Clapman . Alice . Panditharatne . Mekela . The Election Deniers’ Playbook for 2024 . Brennan Center for Justice . 2023-05-03 . 2024-07-19.
  13. News: In Wisconsin, ID law proved insurmountable for many voters . Associated Press . 2017-05-14.
  14. News: Wisconsin Decides Not to Enforce Voter ID Law. Liptak. Adam . Adam Liptak . 2015-03-23. The New York Times. 2017-05-14.
  15. Web site: Despite Court Ruling, Voting Rights Fight Continues In North Carolina. NPR. 2017-05-14.
  16. News: Trump's Bogus Voter Fraud Claims - FactCheck.org. 2016-10-19. FactCheck.org. 2017-05-14.
  17. Web site: Ali Vitali . Peter Alexander . Kelly O'Donnell . Trump establishes vote fraud commission . 2017-05-11 . CNBC . 2017-05-14.
  18. News: Trump voter fraud claim was '800lb gorilla in jury box' at Texas trial. Associated Press. 2017-02-11. The Guardian. 2017-05-14.
  19. Web site: Trump wrongly insists voter fraud is 'very, very common'; Donald Trump is insisting voter fraud does, indeed, pose a significant threat to the integrity of the U.S. electoral system . Jill Colvin . October 18, 2016 . Associated Press . U.S. News & World Report . April 6, 2020.
  20. Web site: "The fact is voter fraud is rampant.": Light a match to Greg Abbott's ridiculous claim about 'rampant voter fraud'. August 3, 2016.
  21. Web site: Chatelain . Ryan . Debate over photo voter ID laws is enduring – and complex . Spectrum News NY1 . 2021-07-15 . 2024-07-22.
  22. Web site: Roussu . Matthew . Voter ID Would Protect Voter's Rights, Not Inhibit Them . Forbes . 2014-09-03 . 2024-07-22.
  23. Web site: Hunter . Derek . The case for voter ID is unassailable, unless you’re hiding something . The Hill . 2024-03-13 . 2024-07-22.
  24. Web site: Report: Voter impersonation a rarity. August 12, 2012. UPI. December 9, 2015.
  25. Web site: In-person voter fraud 'a very rare phenomenon'. Davis, Janel. September 19, 2012. Politifact. December 9, 2015.
  26. Hood. M. V.. Gillespie. William. March 2012. They Just Do Not Vote Like They Used To: A Methodology to Empirically Assess Election Fraud. Social Science Quarterly. 93. 1. 76–94. 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2011.00837.x.
  27. Web site: Rose Gill . Hearn . New York City Department of Investigation Report on the New York City Board of Elections’ Employment Practices, Operations, and Election Administration . 2024-08-13 . iii . December 2013 . 2024-07-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240718125246/https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doi/reports/pdf/2013/2013-12-30-BOE_Unit_Report.pdf.
  28. Web site: Levy . Larry . Voter Fraud a Myth? That’s Not What New York Investigators Found . 2017-02-07 . Wall Street Journal . 2022-06-27 . https://archive.today/20220627141506/https://www.wsj.com/articles/voter-fraud-a-myth-thats-not-what-new-york-investigators-found-1485994200 . 2024-08-13.
  29. Web site: Jessica . Gould . Dead Man Voting: Report Finds Fraud Potential at NYC Board of Election . WNYC . 2013-12-30 . 2024-08-13.
  30. Web site: In-Person Voter Fraud Is Virtually Nonexistent, Federal Judge Rules. Reilly, Ryan. April 29, 2014. The Huffington Post. March 1, 2016.
  31. News: A comprehensive investigation of voter impersonation finds 31 credible incidents out of one billion ballots cast. Levitt, Justin. August 6, 2014. The Washington Post. December 9, 2015.
  32. News: The disconnect between voter ID laws and voter fraud. Bump, Philip. October 13, 2014. The Washington Post. February 7, 2016.
  33. Alien Abduction and Voter Impersonation in the 2012 U.S. General Election: Evidence from a Survey List Experiment. John S.. Ahlquist. Kenneth R.. Mayer. Simon. Jackman. December 1, 2014. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 13. 4. 460–475. 10.1089/elj.2013.0231.
  34. Web site: A review of key states with Voter ID laws found no voter impersonation fraud. Edge. Sami. Center for Public Integrity. 2016-08-21.
  35. News: Foley . Edward B. . Why Vote-by-Mail Could be a Legal Nightmare in November . June 12, 2020 . en.
  36. News: Farley . Robert . April 10, 2020 . Trump's Latest Voter Fraud Misinformation . June 12, 2020 . . en-US.
  37. News: Who Can Vote? – A News21 2012 National Project . June 12, 2020.
  38. News: Kahn . Natasha and Corbin Carson . Investigation: election day fraud "virtually nonexistent" . June 15, 2020 . Philadelphia Inquirer . en-US.
  39. News: Young . Ashley . 2016-09-23 . A Complete Guide To Early And Absentee Voting . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201201205733/https://www.npr.org/2016/09/23/491999689/a-complete-guide-to-early-and-absentee-voting . 2020-12-01 . 2020-06-15 . en.
  40. News: Charles Stewart III . Amber McReynolds . Let's put the vote-by-mail 'fraud' myth to rest . April 28, 2020 . The Hill . MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences . July 28, 2020 .
  41. Web site: Sherman . Amy . 2020-12-07 . Do states verify U.S. citizenship as a condition for voting? . 2024-04-21 . Austin American-Statesman.
  42. Web site: Waldman . Michael . Karson . Kendall . Waldman . Michael . Singh . Jasleen . Karson . Kendall . Noncitizens Are Not Voting in Federal or State Elections — Here’s Why . Brennan Center for Justice . 2024-04-12 . 2024-04-21.
  43. Web site: Parks . Miles . Republicans aim to stop noncitizen voting in federal elections. It's already illegal . NPR . 2024-04-12 . 2024-04-21.
  44. Web site: Parks . Miles . Republicans aim to stop noncitizen voting in federal elections. It's already illegal . NPR . 2024-04-12 . 2024-07-22.
  45. Web site: von Spakovsky . Hans . 2008-07-10 . The Threat of Non-Citizen Voting . 2024-04-21 . The Heritage Foundation.
  46. Web site: Parton . Jon . Judge Strikes Down Kansas Voter ID Law, Sanctions Kris Kobach . Courthouse News Service . 2024-07-13 . 2024-07-20.
  47. Web site: Robinson . Julie A. . 2018-06-18 . Findings of fact and conclusions of law in Fish v. Kobach, Case No. 16-2105-JAR-JPO, and Bednasek and Kobach, Case No. 15-9300-JAR-JPO (published 2018-06-18 with corrections 2018-06-19). US District Court for the District of Kansas . 2018-06-28.
  48. News: Kessler . Glenn . The truth about noncitizen voting in federal elections . Washington Post . 2024-03-06 . 2024-04-21 . https://archive.today/20240413153425/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/03/06/truth-about-noncitizen-voting-federal-elections/#selection-1167.100-1167.103 . 2024-04-13.
  49. Web site: Executive Order Number Thirty-Five (2024) . Commonwealth of Virginia Office of the Governor . 2024-08-08.
  50. Web site: Roderick-Fitch . Sarah . Youngkin issues executive order to strengthen election security . Colorado Politics . 2024-08-08 . 2024-08-08.
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  95. Web site: No Evidence of Busing Voters to N.H.. FactCheck.org. Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Robert. Farley. February 14, 2017.
  96. Web site: Attorney general's office: No evidence out-of-state voters bused into New Hampshire. May 29, 2018. Concord Monitor.
  97. Web site: Trump plans 'major investigation into voter fraud' amid groundless claims. The Guardian. January 25, 2017 . February 12, 2017 .
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  99. News: German . Lopez . January 25, 2017 . It's official: Trump is taking his voter fraud myth to the White House — with real consequences . Vox . January 25, 2017.
  100. Web site: Tiffany Trump, Steve Bannon, Steven Mnuchin Registered to Vote in Multiple States . Gabrielle Levy . . January 19, 2017.
  101. Web site: Statement of Commissioner Ellen L. Weintraub Regarding Allegations by the President of the United States of Widespread Voter Fraud in New Hampshire. Washington. Federal Election Commission (FEC). Ellen L. Weintraub. February 10, 2017. February 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170211011745/https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/5381420/ELW-POTUS-voter-fraud-statement.pdf. February 11, 2017. dead. mdy-all. Ellen L. Weintraub.
  102. Web site: Inaccurate, Costly, and Inefficient Evidence That America's Voter Registration System Needs an Upgrade . Washington. . Kate Kelly. February 2012 . 12 . February 12, 2017.
  103. Web site: FEC commissioner asks Trump for voter fraud evidence . Washington. CNN. Eli Watkins. February 10, 2017 . February 12, 2017.
  104. News: Trump signs executive order creating voter fraud commission . Louis . Nelson . May 11, 2017 . . July 9, 2017.
  105. News: Immigration hardliner says Trump team preparing plans for wall, mulling Muslim registry. 2016-11-16. Reuters. 2017-02-14.
  106. News: Trump's immigration whisperer. Politico. 2017-02-14.
  107. News: Stephen Miller's bushels of Pinocchios for false voter-fraud claims. The Washington Post. 2017-02-14.
  108. News: Dick Morris: There's proof that over 1 million people voted twice in 2012. @politifact. 2017-02-14.
  109. News: Kobach warns that noncitizens could tip election. Kansas. 2017-02-14.
  110. News: Kris Kobach agrees with Donald Trump that 'millions' voted illegally but offers no evidence. kansascity. 2017-02-14.
  111. News: The conservative gladiator from Kansas behind restrictive voting laws. The Washington Post. 2017-02-14.
  112. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trumps-voter-fraud-commission-itself-is-a-fraud-itself/2017/07/18/89ad1298-6b24-11e7-96ab-5f38140b38cc_story.html "Trump's voter-fraud commission itself is a fraud"
  113. https://ash.harvard.edu/news/qa-miles-rapoport-presidential-advisory-commission-election-integrity Miles Rapoport on the Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity
  114. [Michael Waldman]
  115. Mark Berman & David Weigel, Trump’s voting commission asked states to hand over election data. Some are pushing back., Washington Post (June 30, 2017): "Experts described the request as ... a recipe for potential voter suppression.... 'This is an attempt on a grand scale to purport to match voter rolls with other information in an apparent effort to try and show that the voter rolls are inaccurate and use that as a pretext to pass legislation that will make it harder for people to register to vote,' said Rick Hasen, an election-law expert at the University of California, Irvine. Hasen said he has "no confidence" in whatever results the committee produces. He said the commission and its request create a number of concerns, including that it is an election group created by one candidate for office—Trump, who already is campaigning for reelection—and headed by Pence, another political candidate. 'It's just a recipe for a biased and unfair report,' Hasen said. "And it's completely different from the way that every other post-election commission has been done."
  116. Max Greenwood, Newspapers rip Trump voter fraud panel in July Fourth editorials, The Hill (July 4, 2017).
  117. Michael Tackett & Michael Wines, Trump Disbands Commission on Voter Fraud, New York Times (January 3, 2018).
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  121. News: Trump's false claims of rigged voting are 'a perilous thing,' says top Republican expert. Yahoo news . 2021-04-10.
  122. News: 2020-09-24. US election: Trump won't commit to peaceful transfer of power. BBC News. 2021-04-10.
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  126. News: Ignoring FBI And Fellow Republicans, Trump Continues Assault On Mail-In Voting. NPR . 2021-04-10.
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  129. Web site: Helderman . Rosalind S. . Brown . Emma . Reinhard . Beth . Republicans shift from challenging rules to preparing to challenge individual ballots . Washington Post . 2020-10-30 . 2024-07-20.
  130. News: Opinion | My party is destroying itself on the altar of Trump. Benjamin L.. Ginsberg. The Washington Post.
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  132. News: Stephen Collinson . Maeve Reston. Biden defeats Trump in an election he made about character of the nation and the President. CNN . 2021-04-10.
  133. News: Baragona. Justin. 2020-12-14. Newsmax Finally Admits Joe Biden Won the Election . The Daily Beast. 2021-04-10.
  134. News: 2020-11-07. Biden defeats Trump for White House, says 'time to heal'. Associated Press . 2021-04-10.
  135. News: Ledyard . King . John . Fritze . November 7, 2020 . Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani says Trump won't concede, revives baseless claims of voter fraud . USA Today . 2021-04-10.
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  137. News: Rubin. Jennifer . Jennifer Rubin (columnist) . Opinion Republicans are still pretending there was election fraud . The Washington Post. 2021-04-10.
  138. News: Saletan. William. 2020-12-18. Republicans Are Manufacturing a Legitimacy Crisis. Slate . 2021-04-10.
  139. News: Wines. Michael. February 27, 2021. In Statehouses, Stolen-Election Myth Fuels a G.O.P. Drive to Rewrite Rules. The New York Times.
  140. News: Hannah Knowles . Paulina Villegas . May 15, 2021 . Man charged with wife's murder illegally cast her ballot for Trump, officials say: 'I just thought, give him another vote' . . May 16, 2021.
  141. News: Vinny Vella . April 30, 2021 . A Delaware County man admitted he cast an illegal ballot for ex-President Trump and gets sentenced to probation . . May 16, 2021.
  142. News: Amy B Wang . October 22, 2021 . Nevada Republican who claimed someone stole dead wife's ballot is charged with voter fraud . The Washington Post .
  143. Web site: Blankley . Bethany . AG Paxton: More than 500 election fraud cases pending in Texas courts . 2022-06-21 . The Center Square . en.
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  149. Hajnal. Zoltan. Lajevardi. Nazita. Nielson. Lindsay. January 5, 2017. Voter Identification Laws and the Suppression of Minority Votes. The Journal of Politics. 79. 2. 363–379. 10.1086/688343. 20943777. 0022-3816.
  150. Grimmer. Justin. Hersh. Eitan. Meredith. Marc. Mummolo. Jonathan. Nall. Clayton. April 18, 2018. Obstacles to Estimating Voter ID Laws' Effect on Turnout. The Journal of Politics. 80. 3. 1045–1051. 10.1086/696618. 158764888. 0022-3816.
  151. Hajnal. Zoltan. Kuk. John. Lajevardi. Nazita. April 18, 2018. We All Agree: Strict Voter ID Laws Disproportionately Burden Minorities. The Journal of Politics. 80. 3. 1052–1059. 10.1086/696617. 158480092. 0022-3816.
  152. News: Analysis A new controversy erupts over whether voter identification laws suppress minority turnout. Gelman. Andrew. 2018-06-11. The Washington Post. 2018-06-11.
  153. News: Court: Texas Voter ID Law Violates Voting Rights Act: Texas' four-year-old voter ID law violates the Voting Rights Act but is not a "poll tax" barred under the U.S. Constitution, a federal appeals court has ruled. Malewitz. Jim. August 5, 2015. Texas Tribune. July 9, 2017.
  154. News: Appeals court says Texas voter-ID law discriminates against minorities. Barnes. Robert. July 20, 2016. The Washington Post. July 9, 2017.
  155. News: Jeff Sessions drops DOJ lawsuit against discriminatory Texas voter ID case, reverses 6 years of litigation: The Department of Justice plans to abandon its claim that Texas GOP lawmakers targeted voters of color. Tesfaye. Sophia. February 27, 2017. Salon. July 9, 2017.
  156. Web site: Morin . Rebecca . House pass bill to block noncitizens from voting . USA TODAY . 2024-07-11 . 2024-07-20.
  157. Web site: June 28, 2017 . The Election Administration and Voting Survey (EAVS) 2016 Comprehensive Report . Election Assistance Commission . June 12, 2020.
  158. Web site: Election Administration and Voting Survey (EAVS) 2018 Comprehensive report . Election Assistance Commission . June 12, 2020.
  159. Web site: Table 14: How States Verify Voted Absentee/Mail Ballots . National Conference of State Legislatures . 2024-01-22 . 2024-07-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240716071053/https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/table-14-how-states-verify-voted-absentee-mail-ballots . 2024-07-16.
  160. Web site: Post-Election Audits . National Conference of State Legislatures . 2024-03-26 . 2024-07-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240718122949/https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/post-election-audits . 2024-07-18.

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