Luhansk Explained

Official Name:Luhansk
Native Name:Ukrainian: Луганськ
Other Name:Lugansk
Settlement Type:City
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:Ukraine (de jure)
Russia (de facto)
Subdivision Type1:Oblast
Subdivision Name1:Luhansk Oblast (de jure)
Subdivision Type2:Raion
Subdivision Name2:Luhansk Raion (de jure)
Subdivision Type3:Hromada
Subdivision Name3:Luhansk urban hromada (de jure)
Established Title:Founded
Established Date:1795
Leader Title:Mayor (LPR)
Leader Name:Manolis Pilavov
Area Total Km2:257
Area Metro Km2:2147
Population As Of:2022
Population Total:397677
Population Metro:527367
Population Density Km2:auto
Pushpin Map:Ukraine Luhansk Oblast#Ukraine#Europe
Pushpin Label Position:left
Pushpin Map Caption:Location of Luhansk
Coordinates:48.5678°N 39.3031°W
Elevation M:105
Postal Code Type:Postal code
Postal Code:91000
Area Code:+380 642
Blank Name:Climate
Blank Info:Dfa
Pushpin Relief:1
Subdivision Type4:Federal subject
Subdivision Name4:Luhansk People's Republic (de facto)

Luhansk (; Ukrainian: Луганськ, in Ukrainian pronounced as /lʊˈɦɑnʲsʲk/), also known as Lugansk (; Russian: Луганск, pronounced as /ru/), is a city in the Donbas region, eastern Ukraine. As of 2022, the population was estimated to be making Luhansk the 12th-largest city in Ukraine.

Luhansk served as the administrative center of Luhansk Oblast, before pro-Russian separatists seized control of the city in 2014 and made it the capital of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic. The Ukrainian administration was located in Sievierodonetsk from 2014 to 2022 during the war in Donbas, due to Ukraine not being in control of Luhansk. Sievierodonetsk was captured by Russia in 2022 and the Luhansk Oblast was later annexed by Russia in late 2022.

History

Founding and early history

The city traces its history to 1797 when the British industrialist Charles Gascoigne, commissioned by the Imperial Russian government in 1795, founded an ammunition and cannon factory for the Black Sea Fleet. Gascoigne had emigrated to Saint Petersburg years earlier, and founded factories and mines across the Russian Empire during his time there. There is a prominent bust of him in Luhansk commemorating his role in the city's founding.[1]

The factory was built in the Donets Basin (or Donbas) the confluence of the Luhan and rivers. The Russian craftsmen settled upstream, at the settlement of Kamianyi Brid.[2] The name "Luhansk" comes from the Luhan River, which flows through the city. According to folk etymology, the name is also derived to the word "Luh" (Ukrainian: Луг), which means "meadow", referring to the floodplains around the river.

The factory was greatly expanded during the Napoleonic Wars, and again during the Crimean War. By 1880, the factory was a large industrial node, linked by rail to other major cities and to the Azov Sea. In 1882, the Luhansk Factory was merged with Kamianyi Brid into a new settlement named Luhansk, which received city status. In 1897, Luhansk had a population of 20,400, 68.2% of whom were Russians.[2]

In summer 1896, German industrialist founded a locomotive-building company in Luhansk, which is now Luhanskteplovoz. It became operational in 1900, and soon produced a large proportion of all locomotives in the Russian Empire.[3]

In the Soviet Union

Luhansk was economically devastated by the Russian Civil War. In April 1918, Luhansk was occupied by the Central Powers during their invasion of Ukraine. Then, it was taken by Anton Denikin's anti-communist Volunteer Army in May 1919, before changing hands several times. It was finally taken by the Red Army in January 1920.[2]

After the end of the war, the victorious Bolsheviks created the Soviet Union on the territory of the former Russian Empire, and began restoring the city.[4] The city grew rapidly during the interwar period.[2] On 5 November 1935, the city was renamed Voroshilovgrad (Russian: Ворошиловград|Voroshilovgrad; Ukrainian: Ворошиловград|Voroshylovhrad) in honour of Soviet military commander and politician Kliment Voroshilov. In 1938, Voroshilovgrad Oblast was established, with the city as its center.[2]

The economic recovery and development of the city was also accompanied by significant demographic change. The population grew from 72,000 to 212,000 between 1926 and 1939, and there was an influx of Ukrainians from the countryside into the city. The proportion of Ukrainians grew from 19.1% to 58.7% between 1897 and 1939, many of whom were refugees fleeing the Holodomor, a manmade famine across Soviet Ukraine. The Russian proportion of the population shrank to 34.5%.[2]

Voroshilovgrad became a frontline city in World War II after the failure of Nazi Germany's Operation Barbarossa to capture major Soviet cities.[5] In March 1942, a grand concert featuring the work of Taras Shevchenko was held in the city to inspire Ukrainians to fight off the invading Nazis.[2] In July 1942, Germany concentrated its forces in the area and forced the Soviets to retreat to the Volga and the North Caucasus. On 14 July 1942, German troops captured Voroshilovgrad. Locals waged partisan warfare against the occupation. The city was eventually liberated by the Red Army on 14 February 1943.[5]

In the postwar period, the city was rebuilt. The population recovered and grew, again alongside demographic change. More Russians were brought in to rebuild and help with industrialization, again reducing the share of Ukrainians to a minority of 48.3% by 1959 and raising the share of Russians to 47.1%.[2] On 5 March 1958, after Khrushchev's call to not name cities after living people, the old name of Luhansk was reinstated.[6] Kliment Voroshilov himself opposed the restoration of the old name in 1958.[7] On January 1970, after the death of Kliment Voroshilov on 2 December 1969, the city's name was changed again to Voroshilovgrad.[6]

Demographic shifts continued during the late Soviet period; by 1989, Ukrainians made up 41.8% of the population and Russians had a majority of 52.4%.[2] On 4 May 1990, a decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR gave the city back its original name.[6]

Ukrainian independence

Ukraine gained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1994, a consultative referendum took place in Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast, with around 90% supporting the Russian language gaining status of an official language alongside Ukrainian, and for the Russian language to be an official language on a regional level.[8]

The previous demographic trends reversed in independent Ukraine; by 2001, Ukrainians - who increasingly spoke Russian - were 50% of the population and Russians made up 47%. The population as a whole began to decline as the economy stagnated, dropping from 505,000 in 1992 to 424,000 in 2014.[2]

Russo–Ukrainian War

In April 2014, Russia-backed separatists seized governmental buildings in the region, proclaiming the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR), with its capital in Luhansk.[2] An independence referendum, unconstitutional under Ukrainian law, was held on 11 May 2014. This referendum was not recognized as legitimate by any government.[9] [10] These events escalated into the War in Donbas.

In August 2014, Ukrainian government forces completely surrounded rebel-held Luhansk.[11] Heavy shelling caused civilian casualties in the city.[12] [13] [14] On 17 August, Ukrainian soldiers entered the rebel-controlled Luhansk and for a time had control over a police station.[15] A statement released on 22 August by Lithuanian foreign minister Linas Antanas Linkevičius said that the Lithuanian honorary consul in Luhansk, Mykola Zelenec, was abducted by the pro-Russian separatists and murdered.[16] Linkevičius defined the abductors as 'terrorists'.[16]

After the Ilovaisk counteroffensive, LPR forces regained Lutuhyne and other Luhansk suburbs. Ukrainian forces withdrew from the Luhansk International Airport on 1 September 2014, after heavy fighting.[17] Human Rights Watch reported high civilian casualties in and around the city, recording over 300 civilian deaths caused by explosive weapons between May and September 2014.[18] The temporary administration of Luhansk Oblast was moved to Sievierodonetsk by the government of Ukraine.

On 21 November 2017, armed men in unmarked uniforms took up positions in the center of Luhansk in what appeared to be a power struggle between the head of the republic Igor Plotnitsky and the (sacked by Plotnitsky) LPR appointed interior minister Igor Kornet.[19] [20] Media reports stated that the Donetsk People's Republic, a parallel Russian-backed entity in neighboring Donetsk Oblast, had sent armed troops to Luhansk the following night.[19] [20] Three days later the website of the separatists stated that Plotnitsky had resigned "for health reasons. Multiple war wounds, the effects of blast injuries, took their toll."[21] The website stated that security minister Leonid Pasechnik had been named acting leader "until the next elections."[21]

On September 30, 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree declaring the annexation of four regions of Ukraine (Luhansk, Donetsk, Kherson and Zaporizhiya Oblasts) to Russia.[22] The annexation was illegal under international law and was condemned by the General Assembly of the United Nations.

Administrative divisions

Higher education

Some of the more prestigious universities in Ukraine have their home in Luhansk. Luhansk is the location of the main campus of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Luhansk, East Ukrainian Volodymyr Dahl National University and of Luhansk State Medical University.

Demographics

In the Ukrainian Census of 2001,[23] 49.6% of the inhabitants declared themselves as ethnically Ukrainians and 47% as Russians. 85.3% of the population spoke Russian as their native language, while 13.7% spoke Ukrainian, 0.2% Armenian and 0.1% Belarusian.

Sport

Luhansk is home to Zorya Luhansk which now plays in the Ukrainian Premier League annual football championship and plays at the Avanhard Stadium. The club won the 1972 Soviet Top League.

The other football team was Dynamo Luhansk.

Merheleva Ridge

See main article: Merheleva Ridge. On 7 September 2006, archaeologists in Ukraine announced that an ancient structure had been discovered near Luhansk, which the press reported as a pyramid antedating those in Egypt by at least 300 years. The stone foundations of the structure were said to resemble Aztec and Mayan pyramids in Mesoamerica. It was later concluded that the site in question was not a pyramid but was still of great interest.

Geography

Climate

Luhansk has a hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa). Luhansk has both the highest and lowest temperature recorded in Ukraine. A record high of 42°C was recorded on 12 August 2010, which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Ukraine.[24] [25] A record low of -41.9°C was recorded on 8 January 1935.[26]

Notable people

Sport

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine.

Luhansk is twinned with:

Gallery

During 2014 and 2015, Luhansk has been the scene of intense fighting and most of these buildings are damaged to some extent. Some may be destroyed.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: 2014-05-09. The surprising British origins of eastern Ukraine. . 2023-04-21.
  2. Web site: Luhansk. Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. 16 September 2023.
  3. Web site: ВИНИКНЕННЯ І РОЗВИТОК МІСТА ЛУГАНСЬК. 16 September 2023.
  4. Web site: Відновлення луганська після громадянської війни. 16 September 2023.
  5. Web site: ЛУГАНСЬК У РОКИ ВЕЛИКОЇ ВІТЧИЗНЯНОЇ ВІЙНИ. 16 September 2023.
  6. Web site: Записки из Якирова Посада – Луганск-Ворошиловград-Луганск . Shusek.livejournal.com . 2 November 2009 . 16 September 2011.
  7. Web site: http://militera.lib.ru/bio/hruschev_sn/01.html. ru:'Военная Литература' – Биографии – С.Н. Хрущёв. 'Military Literature' – Biographies – S. N. Khrushchev. ru. Militera.lib.ru. 30 October 2017.
  8. Flynn . M. K. . Political mobilization in eastern Ukraine: The referendum of 1994 in the Donetsk oblast . The European Legacy . 1996 . 1 . 1 . 342–349 . 10.1080/10848779608579417 . 1084-8770 .
  9. Web site: Ukraine's Eastern Region Of Luhansk May Now Hold Referendum On Joining Russia. Business Insider. 12 May 2014.
  10. News: Ukraine rebels seek to join Russia. 12 May 2014. 15 April 2019.
  11. "East Ukraine city of Luhansk dying under siege, residents say". The Denver Post. 5 August 2014.
  12. News: Ukraine conflict: Under siege in Luhansk. Bbc.com. 13 August 2014. 30 October 2017.
  13. "In Shell-Torn Luhansk, Food and Water Is Scarce: 'Welcome to Hell!'". Newsweek. 15 August 2014.
  14. News: Magnay. Diana. Lister. Tim. Air attack on pro-Russian separatists in Luhansk kills 8, stuns city. CNN. 3 June 2014. 30 October 2017.
  15. News: Ukraine troops claim breakthrough in battle for rebel city Luhansk. The Guardian. 17 August 2014. Reuters. 17 August 2014.
  16. News: Lithuania envoy killed in Luhansk . . 22 August 2014 . 22 August 2014.
  17. News: Ukraine crisis: Troops abandon Luhansk airport after clashes. Bbc.com. 1 September 2014. 30 October 2017.
  18. News: 2014-09-01 . Ukraine: Rising Civilian Toll in Luhansk . en . 2023-09-17.
  19. News: Kremlin 'Following' Situation In Ukraine's Russia-Backed Separatist-Controlled Luhansk. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 22 November 2017 . 22 November 2017. 22 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171122135823/https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-russia-following-situation-separatists-luhansk/28869751.html. live.
  20. Web site: Luhansk coup attempt continues as rival militia occupies separatist region. 22 November 2017. The Independent. 28 January 2018. 1 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201101201926/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/luhansk-coup-ukraine-russia-igor-kornet-igor-plotnitsky-military-operations-training-exercise-a8068656.html. live.
  21. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-luhansk/ukraine-rebel-regions-security-minister-says-he-is-new-leader-idUSKBN1DO251?il=0 Ukraine rebel region's security minister says he is new leader
  22. News: Putin Signs Independence Decrees in Precursor to Seizing Ukrainian Regions . Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty .
  23. Web site: All-Ukrainian Population Census '2001. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine.
  24. Web site: http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords/ . uk:Кліматичні рекорди . Central Observatory for Geophysics . uk . 4 August 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160804044852/http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords%2F . 4 August 2016 . dead .
  25. Web site: Masters. Jeff. Bolivia ties its all-time heat record. Weather Underground. Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog. 23 November 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101124020718/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1701. 24 November 2010.
  26. Web site: Кліматичні рекорди . Central Observatory for Geophysics . uk . 4 August 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160804044852/http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords%2F . 4 August 2016 . dead .
  27. Web site: Cardiff's twin cities. Cardiff Council. 15 June 2010. 10 August 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110609144903/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?id=2940&d1=0. 9 June 2011.
  28. Web site: History of Luhansk. Official site of Luhansk City Council. 15 October 2012. 10 June 2015. 17 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170817122009/http://gorod.lugansk.ua/index.php?newsid=12283. dead.
  29. Web site: Miasta Partnerskie Lublina. Partner Cities of Lublin. pl. 7 August 2013. Lublin.eu. Lublin. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171020/http://lublin.eu/Miasta_partnerskie_Lublina-1-443-3-413_436.html. 16 January 2013.
  30. Web site: Partnervárosok Névsora Partner és Testvérvárosok Névsora. Partner and Twin Cities List. hu. City of Székesfehérvár. 5 August 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121208035612/http://onkormanyzat.szekesfehervar.hu/index.php?pg=page_49881. 8 December 2012.
  31. Web site: 大庆市与乌克兰卢甘斯克市的往来纪实. 大庆市外事侨务网站. 14 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150511094815/http://wsqw.daqing.gov.cn/neirong/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=19. 11 May 2015. dead.
  32. Book: Sue Bridger. Frances Pine. Surviving Post-Socialism: Local Strategies and Regional Responses in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. 9 June 2015. 11 January 2013. Routledge. 978-1-135-10715-4. 190.