| Volcán de Fuego | |
| Map: | Guatemala |
| Location: | Location in Guatemala |
| Label Position: | right |
| Coordinates: | 14.4747°N -90.8808°W |
| Elevation M: | 3,768 |
| Prominence M: | 469 |
| Translation: | Volcano of Fire |
| Language: | Spanish |
| Range: | Sierra Madre |
| Type: | Stratovolcano |
| Age: | 200 kyr |
| Volcanic Arc/Belt: | Central America Volcanic Arc |
| Last Eruption: | 2002 to 2024 (ongoing)[1] |
| Easiest Route: | Fuego volcano |
| Relief: | 1 |
Volcán de Fuego (pronounced as /es/; Spanish for "Volcano of Fire", often shortened to Fuego) or Chi Q'aq' (Kaqchikel for "where the fire is") is an active stratovolcano in Guatemala, on the borders of Chimaltenango, Escuintla and Sacatepéquez departments.
Part of the mountain range of the Sierra Madre, the volcano sits about 16km (10miles) west of Antigua, one of Guatemala's most famous cities and a tourist destination.[2] It has erupted frequently, most recently in June[3] [4] [5] and November[6] [7] 2018, 23 September 2021, 11 December 2022,[8] and 4 May 2023.[9]
Fuego is famous for being almost constantly active at a low level. Small explosions of gas and ash occur every 15 to 20 minutes, but larger eruptions are less frequent. Andesite and basalt lava types dominate, and recent eruptions have tended to be more mafic than older (prehistoric) ones.[10] [11]
The volcano is joined with Acatenango volcano to its north and collectively the complex is known as La Horqueta. Between Fuego and Acatenango is La Meseta, a scarp marking the remains of an older volcano that collapsed around 8,500 years ago.[12] Fuego volcano started to grow after the collapse of La Meseta.[13]
In 1881, French writer Eugenio Dussaussay climbed the volcano, then practically unexplored. First, he needed to ask for permission to climb from the Sacatepéquez governor, who gave him a letter for the Alotenango mayor asking for his assistance with guides to help the explorer and his companion, Tadeo Trabanino. They wanted to climb the central peak, unexplored at the time, but could not find a guide and had to climb to the active cone, which had a recent eruption in 1880.
British archeologist Alfred Percival Maudslay climbed the volcano on 7 January 1892. Here is how he described his expedition:
| Date | Brief description | |
|---|---|---|
| 1581 | Reported by historian Domingo Juarros. Caused damage in the surrounding area. It is possible the damage was related to earthquakes. | |
| 1586 | ||
| 1623 | ||
| 1705 | ||
| 1710 | ||
| 27–30 August 1717 | Strong eruption right before the San Miguel earthquake. | |
| 1732 | Reported by historian Domingo Juarros. Caused damage in the surrounding area. It is possible the damage was related to earthquakes. | |
| 1737 | ||
| ca. 1800 | Did not have any catastrophic consequence, although it lasted for several days and heated up a nearby stream to the point that "beasts would not dare to cross it". | |
| 1880 | Reported by Eugenio Dussaussay. | |
| 1932 | Strong eruption that covered Antigua Guatemala in ash. | |
| 15–21 October 1974 | Strong eruption that caused heavy agricultural losses. Pyroclastic flows destroyed all vegetation in the surroundings of the active cone. | |
| 1–6 July 2004 | Small eruption preceded by internal explosions. | |
| 9 August 2007 | Small eruption of lava, rock and ash. Guatemala's volcanology service reported that seven families were evacuated from their homes near the volcano.[14] | |
| 13 September 2012 | The volcano began ejecting lava and ash, prompting officials to begin "a massive evacuation of thousands of people" in five communities.[15] More specifically, the evacuees, roughly 33,000 people, left nearly 17 villages near the volcano.[16] It ejected lava and pyroclastic flows about 600m (2,000feet) down the slope of the volcano. | |
| 8 February 2015 | A further eruption resulted in 100 nearby residents being evacuated, and the closure of La Aurora International Airport due to the amount of falling ash.[17] | |
| 5 May 2017 | A eruption resulted in 300 nearby residents from Panimache and Sangre de Cristo being evacuated. Strong explosions, sometimes producing shock waves, generated dense ash plumes that rose 1.3 km above the crater and drifted more than 50 km S, SW, and W. Ashfall was reported in many areas downwind.[18] [19] | |
| 3 June 2018 | An eruption resulted in at least 159 deaths and at least 300 injuries, 256 missing persons and residents being evacuated, and the closure of La Aurora International Airport.[20] [21] | |
| 20 November 2018 | Eruption. Preventive evacuations of approximately 4,000 people from communities near the volcano.[22] | |
| 23 September 2021 | Eruption producing ash column and generating pyroclastic flows that descended several ravines. No evacuations took place in this eruption. | |
| 7 March 2022 | Eruption producing ash plumes, fire fountains, and pyroclastic flows (up to 7 km) in several ravines.[23] Around 500 people were evacuated from communities close to the volcano.[24] | |
| 4 May 2023 | Eruption producing ash and pyroclastic flows. Evacuations of several communities by CONRED. | |
| 13 May 2024 | Eruption producing lightning strike |
The strongest earthquakes experienced by the city of Santiago de los Caballeros before its final move in 1776 were the San Miguel earthquakes in 1717. In the city, people also believed that the proximity of the Volcán de Fuego (English: Volcano of Fire) was the cause of earthquakes; the great architect Diego de Porres even said that all the earthquakes were caused by volcano explosions.
On 27 August there was a strong eruption of Volcán de Fuego, which lasted until 30 August; the residents of the city asked for help to Santo Cristo of the cathedral and to the Virgen del Socorro who were sworn patrons of the Volcan de Fuego. On 29 August a Virgen del Rosario procession took to the streets after a century without leaving her temple, and there were many more holy processions until 29 September, the day of San Miguel. Early afternoon earthquakes were minor, but at about 7:00 pm there was a strong earthquake that forced residents to leave their homes; tremors and rumblings followed until four o'clock. The neighbors took to the streets and loudly confessed their sins, bracing for the worst.
The San Miguel earthquake damaged the city considerably, to the point that some rooms and walls of the Royal Palace were destroyed. There was also a partial abandonment of the city, food shortages, lack of manpower and extensive damage to the city infrastructure; not to mention numerous dead and injured. These earthquakes made the authorities consider moving to a new city less prone to seismic activity. City residents strongly opposed the move, and even took to the Royal Palace in protest; in the end, the city did not move, but the number of elements in the Army Battalion to safeguard the order was considerable. The damage to the palace was repaired by Diego de Porres, who finished repairs in 1720; although there are indications that there were more jobs done by Porres until 1736.
In 1773, the Santa Marta earthquakes destroyed much of the town, which led to the third change in location for the city. The Spanish Crown ordered, in 1776, the removal of the capital to a safer location, the Valley of the Shrine, where Guatemala City, the modern capital of Guatemala, now stands. This new city did not retain its old name and was christened Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción (New Guatemala of the Assumption), and its patron saint is Our Lady of the Assumption. The badly damaged city of Santiago de los Caballeros was ordered abandoned, although not everyone left, and was thereafter referred to as la Antigua Guatemala (the Old Guatemala).
See main article: 2018 Volcán de Fuego eruption. Fuego's most recent period of activity began in 1999 and continues to the present day. This period consists of persistent low-level eruptive activity interspersed with occasional violent explosive "paroxysmal" eruptions. Paroxysmal eruptions (or 'paroxysms') produce a sustained eruptive plume from which ash falls on communities within 20 km of the volcano, lava flows reaching 1–2 km from the summit, and occasional pyroclastic density currents.[25] The largest eruption of Fuego in its current period of activity happened on 3 June 2018, also the most powerful eruption of the volcano since 1974. Fuego generated large pyroclastic flows that gradually filled its drainage ravines (known locally as "barrancas"). The greatest impacts were on the east side of Fuego, where pyroclastic flows filled and eventually overcame the capacity of the Las Lajas ravine to descend on the nearby communities of San Miguel Los Lotes and El Rodeo in Escuintla and the private golf resort of La Reunión in Sacatepéquez. The flows that descended on Los Lotes buried the town in pyroclastic material and killed many of the residents, who had received limited warnings to evacuate. On 5 June, Associated Press reported that at least 99 people are dead and nearly 200 others were unaccounted for following the eruption.[26] [27] Ash fall extended as far as the capital, Guatemala City forcing the closure of La Aurora International Airport. The military assisted in clearing ash off the runway. Rescue attempts were seriously hampered as routes into the affected regions were seriously damaged by the pyroclastic flows.[28]