Vojin Rakić Explained

Region:	Western philosophy
Era:	Contemporary philosophy
Birth Date:	1 February 1967
Birth Place:	Belgrade, Yugoslavia
School Tradition:	Analytic philosophy
Main Interests:	EthicsBioethics Political philosophy
Notable Ideas:	Human enhancement Voluntary moral bioenhancement Interpretation of moral foundations of Kantian cosmopolitanism

Vojin B. Rakic (born 1967) is a Serbian philosopher and political scientist.^[1] He publishes in English, but also in Serbian. He has a PhD in political science from Rutgers University in the United States. He has published on ethics, bioethics (human enhancement in particular), Kant, and cosmopolitan justice.

Justice and Kant

Rakić is the author of a variety of books and articles from the domain of philosophy and political science. They include "How to Enhance Morality", "The Ultimate Enhancement of Morality",A Theory of the Normative Will, History and Future of Justice and Hegemony, Culture and Human Resources in Politics. In History and Future of Justice Rakić analyzes the teleological thesis that history in the long run is marked by a gradual development of morality and justice, and that humanity will achieve a condition of "perfect justice" at the end of its historical development– provided that history will last sufficiently long. A topical book influenced by History and Future of Justice is The Evolution of God, published in 2009 by Robert Wright.

In a number of his writings Rakić shows that the essence of Kant's understanding of the concept of justice in international relations is to be found in Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason, a book that has mostly escaped the attention of scholars dealing with this aspect of Kant's thought.^[2]

A New Ethical Theory

In his latest books, both published by Springer in 2021 (How to Enhance Morality and The Ultimate Enhancement of Morality) Rakić reviews existing (bio)ethical theories and proposes an original ethical theory (the theory of "Ultimate Morality"), showing the superiority of this theory and asserting that this will become the dominant ethical theory of our time.

Bioethics

During the previous years Rakić has been devoted to bioethics, developing the concept of voluntary moral bioenhancement, a recent field of interest of scientists dealing with human enhancement. Rakić favors moral enhancement, even with the help of medicines and other substances (e.g., oxytocin, some SSRIs, dopamine, propranolol), but only under the condition that their use is voluntary.Rakić has polemicized on the one hand with John Harris (who believes that cognitive bio-enhancement is sufficient for our moral improvement) and, on the other hand, with Julian Savulescu and Ingmar Persson (who used to defend the idea of making moral bio-enhancement compulsory). These two authors and Rakić have polemicized with each other during 2013 in the Journal of Medical Ethics. Rakić opened the debate in February 2013^[3] and Persson and Savulescu responded in March.^[4] During 2014 Rakić, Robert Sparrow and Harris Wiseman polemicized in the American Journal of Bioethics on the same problem, as well as on other issues related to enhancement.

In 2012, Rakić founded the Center for the Study of Bioethics, a research institute based in Belgrade, Serbia.^[5] CSB has internal and associate members. They include Peter Singer, John Harris, Don Marquis, Nicholas Agar, Ingmar Persson, James J. Hughes and Stefan Lorenz Sorgner. In May 2013 CSB attracted widespread attention by organizing a conference in Belgrade at which John Harris and Julian Savulescu confronted their differing positions on human enhancement and freedom. Their debate continued for several days in Belgrade, not only at the conference (with Peter Singer as a discussant of their positions), but also in front of TV cameras.^[6] The Oxford Centre for Neuroethics co-organized the congress.

In October 2015, CSB organized another highly acclaimed bioethics conference in Belgrade, this time in collaboration with The Hastings Center. The keynote speakers were John Harris and Erik Parens. Reports on the event have appeared in dozens of media.

On 16–19 August 2017, CSB organized, in cooperation with the European Society for the Philosophy of Medicine and Health Care, the 31st ESPMH Annual Meeting "New Technologies in Health Care".

On 20–21 August 2017, CSB partnered with the Division of Medical Ethics in NYU School of Medicine's Department of Population Health and The Hastings Center, in order to organize the international conference "Genome editing: biomedical and ethical perspectives". This event gathered an international group of ethics experts in order to discuss genome editing in humans and other living beings. The conference keynote speech included one that was delivered by Arthur Caplan. The conference was opened by the Serbian Prime Minister Ana Brnabic.

Rakić is also a research professor at the Institute for Social Sciences, Head of the European Division of the UNESCO Chair in Bioethics, Head of the Serbian Unit of the UNESCO Chair in Bioethics and Chair of the Cambridge Working Group for Bioethics Education in Serbia.^[7]

Social role

Rakić's role has not been limited to science and academia. In 2002, he became a special adviser of the United Nations to the Government of Serbia. During his work as a government adviser Rakic worked closely with Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic, who was assassinated in 2003 by rogue elements of the Serbian secret police that were still loyal to ousted President Slobodan Milosevic.

Before his commitments in the United Nations and the Government of Serbia, Rakić was a senior research fellow at the Center for Higher Education Policy Studies (CHEPS) of Twente University in the Netherlands.

Vojin Rakić spent much of his life in the Netherlands, the United States, the Czech Republic and Italy. Currently he is a university professor in Belgrade.

From the beginning of 2020, he criticized the President and Government of Serbia for adopting autocratic policies under the pretext of anti-COVID-19 measures, for counterfeiting data about the number of deceased COVID-19 patients, and for organizing undemocratic and unfair elections that were boycotted by the opposition. This resulted in a smear campaign against Rakić by Government controlled media in Serbia (primarily tabloids), as well as by Aleksandar Vučić, the President of Serbia, personally. This smear campaign came abruptly to an end as dozens of the world's most famous philosophers, ethicists and scientists (including Peter Singer, Arthur Caplan, John Harris, and Julian Savulescu) signed a letter of support for Vojin Rakić that they sent to the political leaders in the United States and in the European Union and in which they asked them to nudge Vučić into stopping his smear campaign and to publicly apologize to Rakić.^[8]

In August 2020, Rakić was appointed as advisor to Democratic Party President Zoran Lutovac.^[9]

In October 2020, Rakić founded New 6 October, an association aimed at the promotion of liberal democratic values in Serbia.

Selected articles

• Rakić, V. (2021). “Enhancing Fabiano`s Theory of Moral Enhancement”. American Journal of Bioethics – Neuroscience 12 (2-3): 108-110
• Rakić, V. (2020). “Prostitutes, Sex Surrogates and Sugar Babies”. Sexuality and Culture. Online first: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12119-020-09702-y
• Rakić Vojin, Deborah Mascalzoni, Heidi Beate Bentzen, Isabelle Budin-Ljøsne, Lee Andrew Bygrave, Jessica Bell, Edward S. Dove, Christian Fuchsberger, Kristian Hveem, Michaela Th. Mayrhofer, Viviana Meraviglia, David R. O'Brien, Cristian Pattaro, Peter P. Pramstaller, Alessandra Rossini, Mahsa Shabani, Dan Jerker B. Svantesson, Marta Tomasi, Lars Ursin, Matthias Wijst, Jane Kaye. (2019). “Are Requirements to Deposit Data in Research Repositories Compatible With the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation?” Annals of Internal Medicine 170(5):332-334
• Rakić, V., Caplan, A, (2019). ‘’Introduction: The Ethical Frontiers of Gene editing’’. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 28(1): 4-7
• Rakić, V.(2019).’' Genome Editing for Involuntary Moral Enhancement’’. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 28(1): 46-54
• Rakić Vojin, Oliver Feeney, Gabriele Werner‐Felmayer, Helena Siipi, Markus Frischhut, Silvia Zullo, Ursela Barteczko, Lars Øystein Ursin, Shai Linn, Heike Felzmann, Dušanka Krajnović, John Saunders. (2019). “European Electronic Personal Health Records initiatives and vulnerable migrants: A need for greater ethical, legal and social safeguards”. Developing World Bioethics
• Rakić, Vojin. (2018). “Incentivized Goodness”. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 21(3): 303–309.
• Rakić, V, Wiseman, H.(2018). "Different Games of Moral Bioenhancement". Bioethics 32(2): 103-110
• Rakić, Vojin. (2018). “Disaster Consequentialims.” In: Disasters: Core Concepts and Ethical Theories, eds. Bert Gordijn, Donal O`Mathuna and Vilius Dranseika. Dordrecht: Springer.
• Rakić, V., Bizić, R., Jeftović, M., Pušica, S., Stojanović, B., Duišin, D., Vujović, S., Đorđević, M. (2018). "Gender Dysphoria: Bioethical Aspects of Medical Treatment". BioMed Research International.
• Rakić, Vojin and John Harris. (2017). "Enhancement and Goodness". Guest editor of Special Issue of the Cambridge Quarterly of Health Care Ethics: 26(3).
• Rakić, V. (2017). "Moral Bioenhancement and Free Will: Continuing the Debate". Cambridge Quarterly of Health Care Ethics 26(3):384-93
• Rakić, V. (2017). "Enhancements: How and Why to Become Better, How and Why to Become Good". Cambridge Quarterly of Health Care Ethics 26(3):358-63
• Rakić, V. (2017). "Compulsory Administration of Oxytocin Does Not Result in Genuine Moral Enhancement". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 20(3): 291–97
• Rakić, V. and Ćirković M. (2016). "Confronting Existential Risks with Voluntary Moral Enhancement". Journal of Evolution and Technology 26(2):48–59
• Sterckx S, Rakić V, Cockbain J, Borry P. (2016). “'You hoped we would sleep walk into accepting the collection of our data' controversies surrounding the UK care.data scheme and their wider relevance for biomedical research". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 19(2):177-90.
• Rakić, V. (2015). "We Must Create Beings with Moral standing Superior to Our Own". Cambridge Quarterly of Health Care Ethics 24(1):58–65
• Rakić, V and Hughes J. (2015). "Reflections on Moral Enhancement: Can We? Should We?". Cambridge Quarterly of Health Care Ethics 24(1):3–6
• Rakić, V. (2014). "Voluntary Moral Bioenhancement Is a Solution to Sparrow's Concerns". American Journal of Bioethics 14(4): 37–38
• Rakić, V. (2014). "We Can Make Room for SSRIs". American Journal of Bioethics: Neuroscience 5(3): 34–35
• Rakić, V. (2014). "Voluntary moral enhancement and the survival-at-any-cost bias". Journal of Medical Ethics 40(4): 246–250.
• Rakić, V. (2013). "Philosophy for Public Good". Cambridge Quarterly of Health Care Ethics 22(3): 271–276.
• Rakić, V. (2013). "Kant's Semantics of World (State) Making". In: Semantics of Statebulding: Language, Meanings and Sovereignty, eds Nicolas Lemay-Hebert, Nicholas Greenwood Onuf, Vojin Rakic and Petar Bojanic. London: Routledge.
• Rakić, V. (2013). "Introduction: Disputing Weberian Semantics" (co-author with Nicolas Lemay-Hebert and Nicholas Onuf). In: Semantics of Statebulding: Language, Meanings and Sovereignty, eds Nicolas Lemay-Hebert, Nicholas Greenwood Onuf, Vojin Rakic and Petar Bojanic. London: Routledge.
• Rakic, V. (2012). "The Moral Identity of Europe: From Warfare and Civil Strife to 'In Varietate Concordia'". International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 25 (2): 249–261.
• Rakic, V. (2012). "From Cognitive to Moral Enhancement: A Possible Reconciliation of Religious Outlooks and the Biotechnological Creation of a Better Human". Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 11 (31): 113–128.
• Rakić, V. (2012). "Cognitive Enhancement: Ethical and Political Aspects". In: Bioethik ‒ Medizin ‒ Politik / Bioethics ‒ Medicine ‒ Poltitics, ed. Walter Schweidler, pp. 121–26. Eichstatt: Sankt Augustin.
• 10.1017/S0963180111000120 . 21676331 . Bioethics in Serbia: Institutions in Need of Philosophical Debate . Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics . 20 . 3 . 440–448 . 2011 . Rakić . Vojin . Bojanić . Petar .
• 10.1007/s11196-011-9218-9 . The Moral Identity of Europe: From Warfare and Civil Strife to "In Varietate Concordia" . International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique . 25 . 2 . 249–261 . 2011 . Rakić . Vojin . 143652428 .
• Rakić, V. (2003). "The Issue of Human Resources in the Project 'Strengthening Central Support Functions in Serbian Ministries'". South East Europe Review, 2003. (01+02), pp. 179–186.
• Rakić, V. (2002). "Regional Implications of a Transition: The Case of Serbia". In: Southeast European Security: Threats, Responses, Challenges, ed. Albreacht Schnabel. Huntington, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
• 10.1016/S0952-8733(01)00016-2 . Converge or not converge: The European Union and higher education policies in the Netherlands, Belgium/Flanders and Germany . Higher Education Policy . 14 . 3 . 225–240 . 2001 . Rakic . Vojin . 35750030 .
• Rakić . Vojin . The Serbian transition: an explosive cocktail of politics and culture . . 35 . 322–339 . Autumn 2000 .
• Rakić, V. (1998). "Theories of Nation Formation and Case Selection: The Meaning of an Alternative Model". Nationalities Papers 26 (4): 599–614

Selected books

• Rakić, V.(2021), How To Enhance Morality. Dordrecht, NL: Springer.
• Rakić, V. (2021). The Ultimate Enhancement of Morality. Dordrecht, NL: Springer
• Rakić, V. (2019). „Genome Editing: Biomedical and Ethical Perspectives“. 2019. Guest editor (with Arthur Caplan) of the Special Issue of the Cambridge Quarterly of Health Care Ethics: 28(1).
• Rakić, V. (2013). Semantics of Statebulding: Language, Meanings and Sovereignty (co-editor with Nicolas Lemay-Hebert and Nicholas Greenwood Onuf and Petar Bojanić). London: Routledge.
• Rakić, V. (2010). A Theory of the Normative Will. Belgrade: Faculty of Economics and Political Science.
• Rakić, V. (2004). History and Future of Justice. Belgrade: Faculty of Organizational Sciences and VVMZ.
• Rakić, V. (2003). Hegemony, Culture and Human Resources in Politics. Belgrade: United Nations Development Program and the Faculty of Organizational Sciences.
• Rakić, V. (2006). Liberalizovanje Srbije: Politička elita koje nema i socijalna psihologija autodestrukcije. Beograd: Centar za razvoj liberalizma i Fakultet za menadžment.
• Rakić, V. (2004). Kraj istorije i liberalizacija srpske ideje. Beograd: Fakultet za menadžment.

External links

• The Center for the Study of Bioethics.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Vojin Rakić : Srpska duša i nove biotehnologije. 19 December 2001. Glas Javnosti. hr. 17 September 2011.
2. http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415817295/ Vojin Rakić et al.(eds), 2013, The Semantics of State Building, Routledge
3. 10.1136/medethics-2012-100700 . 23412695 . Voluntary moral enhancement and the survival-at-any-cost bias . Journal of Medical Ethics . 40 . 4 . 246–250 . 2014 . Rakić . Vojin . 33619158 .
4. 10.1136/medethics-2013-101423 . 23525170 . Should moral bioenhancement be compulsory? Reply to Vojin Rakic . Journal of Medical Ethics . 40 . 4 . 251–252 . 2014 . Persson . Ingmar . Savulescu . Julian . 207011078 .
5. 10.1017/S096318011300008X . 23631816 . Philosophy for Public Good . Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics . 22 . 3 . 271–276 . 2013 . Rakić . Vojin .
6. http://www.csb.eu.com/index_en.html Center for the study of bioethics
7. Web site: About CBS . 17 June 2019.
8. Web site: A Serious Situation in Serbia.
9. Web site: Šef Unesko katedre za bioetiku Vojin Rakić novi savetnik Zorana Lutovca. 2020-08-28. N1 Srbija. sr-Latn.