A voiceless postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term voiceless postalveolar fricative only for the sound pronounced as /[ ʃ ]/,[1] but it also describes the voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative pronounced as /[ɹ̠̊˔]/, for which there are significant perceptual differences.
| Ipa Symbol: | ʃ |
| Ipa Number: | 134 |
| Decimal1: | 643 |
| Imagefile: | IPA Unicode 0x0283.svg |
| X-Sampa: | S |
| Kirshenbaum: | S |
| Braille: | 156 |
A voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or voiceless domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in many languages, including English. In English, it is usually spelled (sh), as in ship.The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is (IPA| ʃ ), the letter esh introduced by Isaac Pitman (not to be confused with the integral symbol (∫)). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is S.
An alternative symbol is (š), an s with a caron or háček, which is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, as well as in the scientific and ISO 9 transliterations of Cyrillic. It originated with the Czech orthography of Jan Hus and was adopted in Gaj's Latin alphabet and other Latin alphabets of Slavic languages. It also features in the orthographies of many Baltic, Finno-Samic, North American and African languages.
Features of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative:
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | Kabardian: [[Cyrillic script|'''ш'''ыд]] | pronounced as /[ʃəd]/ | 'donkey' | |||
| Albanian | Albanian: [[Albanian alphabet|'''sh'''tëpi]] | pronounced as /[ʃtəˈpi]/ | 'house' | |||
| Arabic | Modern Standard | Arabic: [[Arabic alphabet|'''شَ'''مْس]] | 'sun' | See Arabic phonology | ||
| Armenian | Eastern | Armenian: [[Armenian alphabet|'''շ'''ուն]] | 'dog' | |||
| Aromanian | shi | pronounced as /[ʃi]/ | 'and' | |||
| Asturian | Asturian; Bable; Leonese; Asturleonese: [[Asturian alphabet|'''x'''era]] | pronounced as /[ˈʃeɾa]/ | 'work' | |||
| Azerbaijani | Azerbaijani: [[Azerbaijani alphabet|'''ş'''eir]] | pronounced as /[ʃeiɾ]/ | 'poem' | |||
| Assyrian | ܫܒܬܐ šebta | pronounced as /[ʃεbta]/ | 'saturday' | |||
| Bashkir | [[:wikt:биш|би'''ш''']] / bi'''š''' | 'five' | ||||
| Basque | Basque: kai'''x'''o | pronounced as /[kajʃ̺o]/ | 'hello' | |||
| Breton | Breton: '''ch'''adenn | pronounced as /[ˈʃadɛ̃n]/ | 'chain' | |||
| Bulgarian | Bulgarian: [[Bulgarian alphabet|юна'''ш'''ки]] | pronounced as /[juˈnaʃki]/ | 'heroically' | See Bulgarian phonology | ||
| Chechen | шура / şura | ['ʃurə] | 'milk' | |||
| Chuvash | шурă | ['ʃurə] | 'white' | |||
| Czech | Czech: [[Czech orthography|ka'''š'''e]] | pronounced as /[ˈkaʃɛ]/ | 'mash' | See Czech phonology | ||
| Dutch | Dutch; Flemish: [[Dutch orthography|'''sj'''abloon]] | 'template' | May be pronounced as /[sʲ]/ or pronounced as /link/ instead. See Dutch phonology | |||
| English | sheep | 'sheep' | See English phonology | |||
| Esperanto | Esperanto: [[Esperanto orthography|'''ŝ'''elko]] | pronounced as /[ˈʃelko]/ | 'suspenders' | See Esperanto phonology | ||
| Faroese | Faroese: '''sj'''úkrahús | pronounced as /[ʃʉukrahʉus]/ | 'hospital' | See Faroese phonology | ||
| French | French: [[French orthography|'''ch'''er]] | 'expensive' | See French phonology | |||
| Finnish | Finnish: [[Finnish orthography|'''š'''ekki]] | pronounced as /[ʃekːi]/ | 'check' | See Finnish phonology | ||
| Galician | Galician: via'''x'''e | pronounced as /[ˈbjaʃe]/ | 'trip' | See Galician phonology | ||
| Georgian | Georgian: [[Georgian alphabet|'''შ'''არი]] | pronounced as /[ˈʃɑɾi]/ | 'quibbling' | |||
| German | Standard | German: [[German orthography|'''sch'''ön]] | pronounced as /[ʃøːn]/ | 'beautiful' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. See Standard German phonology | |
| Globasa | xanti | pronounced as /[ʃäntʰi]/ | 'peace' | |||
| Greek | Cypriot | Greek, Modern (1453-);: [[Greek alphabet|α'''σσι'''ήμια]] | pronounced as /[ɐˈʃːimɲɐ]/ | 'ugliness' | Contrasts with pronounced as //ʃ// and pronounced as //ʒː// | |
| Pontic | ςςον | pronounced as /[ʃo̞n]/ | 'snow' | |||
| Hebrew | Hebrew: [[Hebrew alphabet|'''שָׁ'''לוֹם]] | 'peace' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |||
| Hindi | Hindi: [[Devanagari|'''श'''क]] | pronounced as /[ʃək]/ | 'doubt' | See Hindustani phonology | ||
| Hungarian | Hungarian: [[Hungarian orthography|'''s'''egítség]] | pronounced as /[ˈʃɛɡiːt͡ʃːeːɡ]/ | 'help' | See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Ilocano | Iloko: [[Filipino orthography|'''si'''ák]] | pronounced as /[ʃak]/ | 'I' | |||
| Irish | Irish: [[Irish orthography|'''s'''í]] | pronounced as /[ʃiː]/ | 'she' | See Irish phonology | ||
| Italian | Marked accents of Emilia-Romagna | Italian: [[Italian orthography|'''s'''ali]] | pronounced as /[ˈʃäːli]/ | 'you go up' | Apical non-labialized; may be pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ instead. It corresponds to pronounced as /link/ in standard Italian. See Italian phonology | |
| Standard | Italian: [[Italian orthography|fa'''sc'''e]] | pronounced as /[ˈfäʃːe]/ | 'bands' | See Italian phonology | ||
| Kabardian | Kabardian: [[Cyrillic script|'''ш'''ыд]] | pronounced as /[ʃɛd]/ | 'donkey' | Contrasts with a labialized form | ||
| Kabyle: [[Berber Latin alphabet|'''c'''iwer]] | pronounced as /[ʃiwər]/ | 'to consult' | ||||
| Kashubian[2] | Kashubian: [[Kashubian alphabet|na'''sz''']] | pronounced as /[naʃ]/ | 'our' | See Kashubian language | ||
| Kazakh | шаш / şaş | [ʃаʃ] | 'hair' | |||
| Kurdish | Latvian: [[Kurdish alphabet|'''ş'''ev]] | pronounced as /[ʃɛv]/ | 'night' | See Kurdish phonology | ||
| Latvian | Latvian: [[Latvian alphabet|'''š'''alle]] | pronounced as /[ˈʃalːe]/ | 'scarf' | See Latvian phonology | ||
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian | Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: '''sj'''at | pronounced as /[ʃɑ̽t]/ | 'darling' | Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.[3] | |
| Lingala | Lingala: [[African reference alphabet|'''sh'''akú]] | pronounced as /[ʃakú]/ | 'grey parrot' | |||
| Lithuanian | Lithuanian: [[Lithuanian orthography|'''š'''arvas]] | pronounced as /[ˈʃɐrˑvɐs]/ | 'armor' | See Lithuanian phonology | ||
| Macedonian | Macedonian: [[Macedonian alphabet|'''ш'''то]] | pronounced as /[ʃtɔ]/ | 'what' | See Macedonian phonology | ||
| Malay | Malay: [[Malay alphabet|'''sy'''arikat]] | pronounced as /[ʃarikat]/ | 'company' | |||
| Maltese | Maltese: [[Maltese alphabet|'''x'''′jismek?]] | pronounced as /[ˈʃjɪsmɛk]/ | 'what is your name?' | |||
| Marathi | Marathi: [[Devanagari|'''श'''ब्द]] | pronounced as /[ˈʃəbd̪ə]/ | 'word' | See Marathi phonology | ||
| Mayan | Yucatec | ko'ox | [koʔoʃ] | 'let's go' | ||
| Mopan | ka'''x''' | pronounced as /[kɑːʃ]/ | 'chicken' | |||
| Mpade | '''sh'''a | pronounced as /[ʃa]/ | 'cow' | |||
| raṭma'''š'''te | pronounced as /[ɾɑʈmɑʃtɛ]/ | 'having acne' | ||||
| Neapolitan | Neapolitan: '''s'''cugnizzo | pronounced as /[ʃkuˈɲːitt͡sə]/ | 'urchin' | |||
| Occitan | Auvergnat | Occitan (post 1500);: mai'''ss'''ant | pronounced as /[meˈʃɔ̃]/ | 'bad' | See Occitan phonology | |
| Gascon | Occitan (post 1500);: mai'''sh'''ant | pronounced as /[maˈʃan]/ | ||||
| Limousin | Occitan (post 1500);: '''s'''on | pronounced as /[ʃũ]/ | 'his' | |||
| Persian | Persian: [[Persian script|'''ش'''اه]] | pronounced as /[ʃɒːh]/ | 'king' | See Persian phonology | ||
| Polish | Gmina Istebna | Polish: [[Polish orthography|'''si'''ano]] | pronounced as /[ˈʃän̪ɔ]/ | 'hay' | pronounced as //ʂ// and pronounced as //ɕ// merge into pronounced as /[ʃ]/ in these dialects. In standard Polish, pronounced as //ʃ// is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex sibilant | |
| Lubawa dialect | ||||||
| Malbork dialect | ||||||
| Ostróda dialect | ||||||
| Warmia dialect | ||||||
| Portuguese | Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|'''x'''amã]] | pronounced as /[ʃɐˈmɐ̃]/ | 'shaman' | Also described as alveolo-palatal pronounced as /link/. See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Punjabi | Panjabi; Punjabi: [[Gurmukhi|'''ਸ਼ੇ'''ਰ]] | pronounced as /[ʃeːɾ]/ | 'lion' | |||
| Romani | Romany: [[Romani alphabets|de'''š''']] | pronounced as /[deʃ]/ | 'ten' | |||
| Romanian | Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: [[Romanian alphabet|'''ș'''efi]] | pronounced as /[ʃefʲ]/ | 'bosses' | See Romanian phonology | ||
| Sahaptin | šíš | pronounced as /[ʃiʃ]/ | 'mush' | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: [[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|'''s'''einn]] | pronounced as /[ʃeiɲ]/ | 'sing' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''š'''kola]] | pronounced as /[ʃkôːla]/ | 'school' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | ||
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna | These dialects merge pronounced as //ʂ// and pronounced as //ɕ// into pronounced as /[ʃ]/ | ||||
| Slovak | škola | pronounced as /[ʃkɔla]/ | 'school' | See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovene | Slovenian: [[Slovene alphabet|'''š'''ola]] | pronounced as /[ˈʃóːlà]/ | 'school' | See Slovene phonology | ||
| Somali | Somali: '''sh'''an | pronounced as /[ʃan]/ | 'five' | See Somali phonology | ||
| Spanish | New Mexican | Spanish; Castilian: [[Spanish orthography|e'''ch'''ador]] | 'boastful' | Corresponds to pronounced as /[t͡ʃ]/ in other dialects. See Spanish phonology | ||
| Northern Mexico | ||||||
| Cuban | ||||||
| Panamanian | Spanish; Castilian: [[Spanish orthography|'''ch'''ocolate]] | pronounced as /[ʃo̞ko̞ˈläte̞]/ | 'chocolate' | |||
| Southern Andalusia | ||||||
| Chilean | ||||||
| Rioplatense | Spanish; Castilian: [[Spanish orthography|a'''y'''er]] | pronounced as /[äˈʃe̞ɾ]/ | 'yesterday' | May be voiced pronounced as /link/ instead. See Spanish phonology and yeísmo | ||
| Swahili | shule | [ʃule] | 'school' | |||
| Swedish | Västerbotten dialect | sjwår | [ˈʃwoːr] | 'difficult' | ||
| Tagalog | Tagalog: [[Filipino orthography|'''siy'''a]] | pronounced as /[ʃa]/ | 'he/she' | See Tagalog phonology | ||
| Toda | pronounced as /[pɔʃ]/ | 'language' | Contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/. | |||
| Tunica | '''š'''íhkali | pronounced as /[ˈʃihkali]/ | 'stone' | |||
| Turkish | Turkish: [[Turkish alphabet|güne'''ş''']] | pronounced as /[ɟyˈne̞ʃ]/ | 'sun' | See Turkish phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | Ukrainian: [[Ukrainian alphabet|'''ш'''ахи]] | pronounced as /['ʃɑxɪ]/ | 'chess' | See Ukrainian phonology | ||
| Urdu | Urdu: [[Urdu alphabet|'''ش'''کریہ]] | pronounced as /[ʃʊkˈriːaː]/ | 'thank you' | See Hindustani phonology | ||
| Uyghur | Uighur; Uyghur: [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|'''ش'''ەھەر]] | pronounced as /[ʃæhær]/ | 'city' | |||
| Uzbek | Uzbek: [[Uzbek alphabet|bo'''sh''']] | pronounced as /[bɒʃ]/ | 'head' | |||
| Walloon | Walloon: [[Walloon alphabet|te'''xh'''ou]] | pronounced as /[tɛʃu]/ | 'knit fabric' | |||
| Welsh | Standard | Welsh: [[Welsh alphabet|'''si'''arad]] | pronounced as /[ˈʃɑːrad]/ | 'speak' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Southern dialects | Welsh: [[Welsh alphabet|mi'''s''']] | pronounced as /[miːʃ]/ | 'month' | |||
| West Frisian | Western Frisian: [[West Frisian language|'''sj'''ippe]] | pronounced as /[ˈʃɪpə]/ | 'soap' | See West Frisian phonology | ||
| Western Lombard | Canzés | fe'''sci'''a | pronounced as /[feʃa]/ | 'nuisance' | ||
| Yiddish | Yiddish: [[Hebrew alphabet|וויסנ'''ש'''אַפֿטלעכע]] | pronounced as /[vɪsn̩ʃaftləχə]/ | 'scientific' | See Yiddish phonology | ||
| Yorùbá | Yoruba: '''ṣ'''í | pronounced as /[ʃi]/ | 'open' | |||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | '''x'''ana | pronounced as /[ʃana]/ | 'how?' | ||
In various languages, including English and French, it may have simultaneous labialization, i.e. pronounced as /[ʃʷ]/, although this is usually not transcribed.
Classical Latin did not have pronounced as /[ʃ]/, though it does occur in most Romance languages. For example, (ch) in French French: chanteur "singer" is pronounced pronounced as //ʃ//. French: Chanteur is descended from Latin Latin: cantare, where (c) was pronounced pronounced as //k//. The (sc) in Latin Latin: scientia "science" was pronounced pronounced as //sk//, but has shifted to pronounced as //ʃ// in Italian Italian: scienza.
Similarly, Proto-Germanic had neither pronounced as /[ʃ]/ nor pronounced as /link/, yet many of its descendants do. In most cases, this pronounced as /[ʃ]/ or pronounced as /[ʂ]/ descends from a Proto-Germanic pronounced as //sk//. For instance, Proto-Germanic *skipą ("hollow object, water-borne vessel larger than a boat") was pronounced pronounced as //ˈski.pɑ̃//. The English word "ship" pronounced as //ʃɪp// has been pronounced without the pronounced as //sk// the longest, the word being descended from Old English "English, Old (ca.450-1100);: scip" pronounced as //ʃip//, which already also had the pronounced as /[ʃ]/, though the Old English spelling etymologically indicated that the old pronounced as //sk// had once been present.
This change took longer to catch on in West Germanic languages other than Old English, though it eventually did. The second West Germanic language to undergo this sound shift was Old High German. In fact, it has been argued that Old High German's pronounced as //sk// was actually already pronounced as /[s̠k]/, because a single pronounced as /link/ had already shifted to pronounced as /link/. Furthermore, by Middle High German, that pronounced as //s̠k// had shifted to pronounced as /[ʃ]/. After High German, the shift most likely then occurred in Low Saxon. After Low Saxon, Middle Dutch began the shift, but it stopped shifting once it reached pronounced as //sx//, and has kept that pronunciation since. Then, most likely through influence from German and Low Saxon, North Frisian experienced the shift.
Then, Swedish quite swiftly underwent the shift, which resulted in the very uncommon pronounced as /link/ phoneme, which, aside from Swedish, is only used in Colognian, a variety of High German, though not as a replacement for the standard High German pronounced as //ʃ// but a coronalized pronounced as //ç//. However, the exact realization of Swedish pronounced as //ɧ// varies considerably among dialects; for instance, in Northern dialects it tends to be realized as pronounced as /link/. See sj-sound for more details. Finally, the last to undergo the shift was Norwegian, in which the result of the shift was pronounced as /[ʃ]/.
The sound in Russian denoted by (ш) is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually an apical retroflex fricative.[4]
| Above: | Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative |
| Ipa Number: | 151 414 402B 429 |
| Ipa Symbol: | ɹ̠̊˔ |
| Ipa Symbol2: | ɹ̝̊˗ |
| X-Sampa: | r\_-_0_r |
| Above: | Voiceless postalveolar approximant |
| Ipa Symbol: | ɹ̠̊ |
The voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed (IPA|ɹ̠̊˔) (retracted constricted voiceless pronounced as /[ɹ]/). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_0_r.
Some scholars also posit the voiceless postalveolar approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as (IPA|ɹ̠̊).
However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengali | Some dialects | Bengali: [[Bengali alphabet|আবার]] | pronounced as /[ˈäbäɹ̠̊]/ | 'again' | Apical; possible allophone of pronounced as //ɹ// in the syllable coda. See Bengali phonology | |
| English | Received Pronunciation | crew | pronounced as /[kɹ̠̊˔ʊu̯]/ | 'crew' | Only partially devoiced. It is a realization of pronounced as //r// after the word-initial fortis plosives pronounced as //p, k//, unless they are preceded by pronounced as //s// within the same syllable. See English phonology | |
pronounced as /navigation/