| Ipa Symbol: | c |
| Ipa Number: | 107 |
| Decimal1: | 99 |
| X-Sampa: | c |
| Kirshenbaum: | c |
| Braille: | c |
| Above: | Voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive |
| Ipa Symbol: | c̟ |
| Ipa Symbol2: | t̠ʲ |
The voiceless palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is (IPA|c), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c.
If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed as (IPA|c̟) (advanced (IPA|c)) or (IPA|t̠ʲ) (retracted and palatalized (IPA|t)), but these are essentially equivalent, because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_+ and t_-' or t_-_j, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter ; ("t", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives), which is used especially in sinological circles.
It is common for the phonetic symbol (IPA|c) to be used to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate pronounced as /[t͡ʃ]/ or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive.
There is also the voiceless post-palatal plosive[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant, though not as back as the prototypical velar consonant. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as (IPA|c̠) (retracted (IPA|c)) or (IPA|k̟) (advanced (IPA|k)). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_- and k_+, respectively.
Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal plosive may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar plosive ((IPA|kʲ) in the IPA, k' or k_j in X-SAMPA).
Features of the voiceless palatal stop:
| Language | Word | Meaning | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | Albanian: [[Albanian alphabet|sh'''q'''ip]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʃcip]/ | 'Albanian' | Merged with pronounced as /link/ in Gheg Albanian and some speakers of Tosk Albanian. | ||
| Asturian | Western dialects[2] | Asturian; Bable; Leonese; Asturleonese: mu'''yy'''er | pronounced as /[muˈceɾ]/ | 'woman' | Alternate evolution of --, --, -, - and - in the Brañas Vaqueiras area of Western Asturias. May be also realized as pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | |
| tyaáⁿ|italic=yes | pronounced as /[cã́]/ | 'clumsy; a clumsy person' | ||||
| Basque: [[Basque alphabet|'''tt'''an'''tt'''a]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[cäɲcä]/ | 'droplet' | ||||
| Siksika: ᖳᖽ'''ᖾ'''ᖳᐡ / Siksika: aki'''k'''oan | pronounced as /[aˈkicoan]/ | 'girl' | Allophone of pronounced as //k// after front vowels. | |||
| Bulgarian: ka'''ć'''étu (Bulgarian: ка'''ќ'''ету or Bulgarian: ка'''кь'''ету) | pronounced as /[kacetu]/ | 'as' | See Bulgarian phonology | |||
| Catalan; Valencian: [[Catalan orthography|'''qu'''i]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈci̞]/ | 'who' | Dento-alveolo-palatal or palatal. Corresponds to pronounced as /link/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology | |||
| Corsican | Corsican: [[Corsican alphabet|'''chj'''odu]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈcoːdu]/ | 'nail' | Also present in the Gallurese dialect | ||
| Croatian | Corsican: [[Croatian alphabet|ve'''ć''']]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[vec]/ | 'already' | Dialect of the Croatian Littoral | ||
| Czech: [[Czech orthography|češ'''t'''ina]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈt͡ʃɛʃc̟ɪna]/ | 'Czech' (language) | Alveolo-palatal or alveolar. See Czech phonology | |||
| pronounced as /[cɛːˈnɐ]/ | 'small' | |||||
| Dinka: [[Dinka alphabet|'''c'''ar]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[car]/ | 'black' | ||||
| pronounced as /[cá]/ | 'understand' | |||||
| French: [[French orthography|'''q'''ui]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ci]/ | 'who' (int.) | Ranges from alveolar to palatal. See French phonology | |||
| Friulian: '''cj'''ase | pronounced as /[caze]/ | 'house' | ||||
| Ganda: '''c'''aayi | pronounced as /[caːji]/ | 'tea' | ||||
| pronounced as /[ca]/ | 'to come' | |||||
| Hakka | Meixian | / fi1 gi1 | pronounced as /[fi˦ ci˦]/ | 'plane' | Allophone of pronounced as //k// before pronounced as //i//. | |
| Hokkien | Taiwanese | / Chinese: [[Taiwanese Romanization System|'''k'''i-tshia]] | pronounced as /[ciː˧ t͡ɕʰia˥]/ | 'motorcycle' | ||
| Hungarian: [[Hungarian orthography|'''ty'''úk]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[c̟uːk]/ | 'hen' | Alveolo-palatal. See Hungarian phonology | |||
| Icelandic: [[Icelandic orthography|'''gj'''óla]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈc̟ouːlä]/ | 'light wind' | Alveolo-palatal. See Icelandic phonology | |||
| Irish: [[Irish orthography|'''c'''eist]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[cɛʃtʲ]/ | 'question' | Alveolo-palatal or palatal. See Irish phonology | |||
| Khasi: bo'''it'''|italic=yes | pronounced as /[bɔc]/ | 'dwarf' | ||||
| Central Khmer: [[Khmer Script|ចាប]] / | pronounced as /[caːp]/ | 'bird' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |||
| Kinyarwanda: i'''k'''intu |italic=yes | pronounced as /[iciːnɦuʰ]/ | 'thing' | ||||
| Kurdish | Northern | Kurdish: '''k'''îso|italic=yes | pronounced as /[cʰiːsoː]/ | 'tortoise' | Allophone of pronounced as //kʰ// before pronounced as //ɨ//, pronounced as //ɛ//, pronounced as //iː//, and pronounced as //eː//. See Kurdish phonology | |
| Central | Kurdish: کیسەڵ|italic=yes | pronounced as /[cʰiːsæɫ]/ | ||||
| Southern | pronounced as /[cʰiːsaɫ]/ | |||||
| Latvian | Latvian: [[Latvian alphabet|'''ķ'''irbis]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈcirbis]/ | 'pumpkin' | See Latvian phonology | ||
| '''kj'''oa'''kj'''|italic=yes | pronounced as /[coac]/ | 'church' | Corresponds to pronounced as /[kʲ]/ in all other dialects. | |||
| Macedonian | Macedonian: [[Macedonian alphabet|вре'''ќ'''а]] | pronounced as /[ˈvrɛca]/ | 'sack' | See Macedonian phonology | ||
| Malay | Kelantan-Pattani | cita | pronounced as /[ci.tɔʔ]/ | 'feeling' | Palatal,[3] allophone of pronounced as //tʃ//. See Malay phonology | |
| Indonesian | cari | pronounced as /[cari]/ | 'to find' | |||
| Norwegian: [[Norwegian alphabet|fe'''tt''']] | pronounced as /[fɛcː]/ | 'fat' | See Norwegian phonology | |||
| Northern dialects | ||||||
| Limousin | Occitan (post 1500);: '''t'''ireta | pronounced as /[ciˈʀetɒ]/ | 'drawer' | |||
| Auvergnat | Occitan (post 1500);: '''t'''irador | pronounced as /[ciʀaˈdu]/ | ||||
| Western Gascon | chifra | [ˈcifrə] | 'digit' | Corresponds to [tʃ] and sometimes [dʒ] in eastern dialects | ||
| Romanian[4] | Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: [[Romanian alphabet|'''ch'''in]] | pronounced as /[cin]/ | 'torture' | Allophone of pronounced as //k// before pronounced as //i// and pronounced as //e//. See Romanian phonology. Also in some northern dialects | ||
| Romansh: no'''tg''' | pronounced as /[nɔc]/ | 'night' | ||||
| Romansh: '''tg'''àn | pronounced as /[caŋ]/ | 'dog' | ||||
| Romansh: va'''tg'''as | pronounced as /[ˈvɑcɐs]/ | 'cows' | ||||
| Romansh: zü'''ch'''er | pronounced as /[ˈtsycər]/ | 'sugar' | ||||
| Romansh: müs-'''ch'''el | pronounced as /[ˈmyʃcəl]/ | 'moss' | ||||
| Slovak: [[Slovak orthography|'''ť'''ava]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈcava]/ | 'camel' | See Slovak phonology | |||
| Spanish | Canarian | choco | pronounced as /[ˈc̟oko]/ | 'cuttlefish' | Alveolo-palatal. Used to be voiced.[5] Corresponds to pronounced as /[t͡ʃ]/ in other dialects of Spanish (speakers from other areas of Spain mishear it as pronounced as /[ʝ]/). | |
| Turkish: [[Turkish alphabet|'''k'''öy]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[cʰœj]/ | 'village' | See Turkish phonology | |||
| Vietnamese: [[Vietnamese alphabet|'''ch'''ị]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ci˧ˀ˨ʔ]/ | 'elder sister' | May be slightly affricated pronounced as /[tᶝ ]/. See Vietnamese phonology | |||
| Western Frisian: [[West Frisian language|'''tj'''ems]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[cɛms]/ | 'strainer' | See West Frisian phonology | |||
| ku'''tj'''u | pronounced as /[kucu]/ | 'one' | ||||
| German: dunji-kan| | pronounced as /[t̺un̺t̠ʲi kan̺]/ | 'go' | ||||
| Belarusian | Belarusian: [[Belarusian alphabet|'''к'''іслы]] | pronounced as /[ˈk̟is̪ɫ̪ɨ]/ | 'acidic' | Typically transcribed in IPA with (IPA|kʲ). See Belarusian phonology | ||
| Catalan | Catalan; Valencian: [[Catalan orthography|'''qu'''i]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[k̟i]/ | 'who' | Allophone of pronounced as //k// before front vowels. See Catalan phonology | ||
| Danish | Standard | Danish: [[Danish orthography|'''g'''idsel]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈk̟isəl]/ | 'hostage' | Allophone of pronounced as //ɡ// before front vowels. See Danish phonology | |
| 'keen' | Allophone of pronounced as //k// before front vowels and pronounced as //j//. See English phonology | |||||
| back | bæc̠ | back | Mainstream Irish English realisation of /k/ after front vowels.[6] | |||
| German | Standard | German: [[German orthography|'''K'''ind]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[k̟ʰɪnt]/ | 'child' | Allophone of pronounced as //k// before and after front vowels. See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | Greek, Modern (1453-);: [[Greek alphabet|Μα'''κ'''εδνός]] | 'Makedon' | See Modern Greek phonology | |||
| Italian | Standard | Italian: [[Italian alphabet|'''ch'''i]]|italic=yes | 'who' | Allophone of pronounced as //k// before pronounced as //i, e, ɛ, j//. See Italian phonology | ||
| Japanese | Japanese: [[Japanese orthography|'''九''']] / | pronounced as /[k̟ÿː]/ | 'nine' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩, allophone of /kj/. See Japanese phonology | ||
| Polish | Polish: [[Polish orthography|'''ki'''edy]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈk̟ɛdɨ]/ | 'when' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese | Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|'''qu'''i]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[k̟i]/ | 'Chi' | Allophone of pronounced as //k// before front vowels. See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Romanian | Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: [[Romanian alphabet|o'''chi''']]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[o̞k̟]/ | 'eye' | Typically transcribed in IPA with (IPA|kʲ). See Romanian phonology | ||
| Russian | Standard | Russian: [[Russian alphabet|'''к'''ит]] / Russian: '''k'''it | pronounced as /[k̟it̪]/ | 'whale' | Typically transcribed in IPA with (IPA|kʲ). See Russian phonology | |
| Spanish | Spanish; Castilian: [[Spanish orthography|'''k'''ilo]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈk̟ilo̞]/ | 'kilo(gram)' | Allophone of pronounced as //k// before front vowels. See Spanish phonology | ||
| Tidore | yaci | pronounced as /[jaci]/ | 'to rip' | |||
| Ukrainian | Ukrainian: [[Ukrainian alphabet|'''к'''інчик]] |translit=kinchyk | 'tip' | Can also be transcribed in IPA with (IPA|kʲ), but is an allophone of pronounced as //k// before front vowels. See Ukrainian phonology | |||
| Vietnamese | Final allophone of pronounced as //c//. See Vietnamese phonology | |||||
pronounced as /navigation/