| Above: | Voiceless palatal affricate |
| Ipa Number: | 107 (138) |
| Ipa Symbol: | cç |
| Decimal1: | 99 |
| Decimal2: | 865 |
| Decimal3: | 231 |
| X-Sampa: | c_C |
The voiceless palatal affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are (IPA|c͡ç) and (IPA|c͜ç), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c_C. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding (IPA|cç) in the IPA and cC in X-SAMPA.
This sound is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate.
The voiceless palatal affricate occurs in such languages as Hungarian and Skolt Sami, among others. The consonant is quite rare; it is mostly absent from Europe (with the Uralic languages and Albanian being exceptions). It usually occurs with its voiced counterpart, the voiced palatal affricate.
There is also the voiceless post-palatal affricate[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal affricate, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless velar affricate. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as (IPA|c̠͡ç̠), (IPA|c͡ç˗) (both symbols denote a retracted (IPA|c͡ç)) or (IPA|k̟͡x̟) (advanced (IPA|k͡x)) - this article uses only the first symbol. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_-_C_- and k_+_x_+, respectively.
Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal affricate may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar affricate ((IPA|k͡xʲ) or (IPA|k͜xʲ) in the IPA, k_x' or k_x_j in X-SAMPA).
Features of the voiceless palatal affricate:
It is not a sibilant. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar pronounced as /link/.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | Standard[2] | Albanian: [[Albanian alphabet|'''q'''aj]] | pronounced as /[c͡çaj]/ | 'I cry' | May merge with pronounced as /[t͡ʃ]/ in some dialects. Retained as pronounced as /link/ in some Tosk Albanian varieties, or alternatively pronounced as /[c͡ç]/. See Albanian language | |
| Asturian | Western dialects[3] | Asturian; Bable; Leonese; Asturleonese: mu'''yy'''er | pronounced as /[muˈc͡çeɾ]/ | 'woman' | Alternate evolution of --, --, -, - and - in the Brañas Vaqueiras area of Western Asturias. May be also realized as pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | |
| Kaingang | pronounced as /[c͡çɔi̯ɟ]/ | 'cranefly' | Possible word-initial realization of pronounced as //ç//. | |||
| Dutch | Dutch; Flemish: [[Dutch orthography|ba'''k'''je]] | pronounced as /[ˈbɑc̠͡ç̠jə]/ | 'tray' (dim.) | Post-palatal; allophone of pronounced as //k// before pronounced as //j//. See Dutch phonology | ||
| Korean | 켜다 / kyeoda | pronounced as /[c͡çɘː.dɐ]/ | 'turn on' | Allophone of pronounced as //kʰ// before pronounced as //i// and pronounced as //j//. See Korean phonology | ||
| Makassarese | pacce | pronounced as /[ˈpʰac.c͡çe]/ | 'empathic pain' | Allophone of pronounced as //c//. | ||
| Navajo | ashkii | pronounced as /[aʃc͡çiː]/ | 'boy' | Allophone of pronounced as //kʰ// before the front vowels pronounced as //i, e//. See Navajo phonology | ||
| Norwegian | Central and Western dialects | Norwegian: [[Norwegian alphabet|i'''kkj'''e]] | pronounced as /[ic͡çə]/ | 'not' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Skolt Sami | sääˊmǩiõll | pronounced as /[ɕa̟ːmʰc͡çjɘhlː]/ | 'Skolt Sami' | |||
| Tamil | Tirunelveli Tamil | கசப்பு / kacappu | [kɐc͡çɐpːɯ] | 'bitterness' | Realization of medial ச in Tirunelveli/Teṉpāṇṭi dialect. Contrasts with /s/ in most other dialects. | |
pronounced as /navigation/