| Ipa Symbol: | ɢ |
| Ipa Number: | 112 |
| Decimal1: | 610 |
| X-Sampa: | G\ |
| Braille2: | g |
| Imagefile: | IPA Unicode 0x0262.svg |
The voiced uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is (IPA|ɢ), a small capital version of the Latin letter g, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is G\.
pronounced as /[ɢ]/ is a rare sound, even compared to other uvulars. Vaux proposes a phonological explanation: uvular consonants normally involve a neutral or a retracted tongue root, whereas voiced stops often involve an advanced tongue root: two articulations that cannot physically co-occur. This leads many languages of the world to have a voiced uvular fricative pronounced as /[ʁ]/ instead as the voiced counterpart of the voiceless uvular plosive. Examples are Inuit; several Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Yakut; several Northwest Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz; several Mongolic languages such as Mongolian and Kalmyk, as well as several Northeast Caucasian languages such as Ingush.
There is also the voiced pre-uvular plosive[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular plosive, though not as front as the prototypical velar plosive. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as (IPA|ɢ̟) (advanced (IPA|ɢ)), (IPA|ɡ̠) or (IPA|ɡ˗) (both symbols denote a retracted (IPA|ɡ)). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are G\_+ and g_-, respectively.
Features of the voiced uvular stop:
| Family | Language | Word | Meaning | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Semitic | [[Arabic alphabet|بقرة]]|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[bɑɢɑrɑ]/ | 'cow' | Corresponds to pronounced as //q// in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology | |||
| Arabic: [[Arabic alphabet|قات]]|rtl=yes | 'Khat' | Some dialects. Corresponds to pronounced as //q// in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology | |||||
| Germanic | gaudy | pronounced as /[ˈɡ̠oːɾi]/ | 'gaudy' | Pre-uvular; allophone of pronounced as //ɡ// before pronounced as //ʊ oː ɔ oɪ ʊə//. See Australian English phonology | |||
| Yeniseian | báŋ'''q'''uk | pronounced as /[baŋ˩˧ɢuk˧˩]/ | 'cave in the ground' | Allophone of pronounced as //q// after pronounced as //ŋ//. | |||
| Wakashan | '''ǥ'''ilakas'la | pronounced as /[ɢilakasʔla]/ | 'thank you' | ||||
| Semitic | Lishan Didan | Urmi Dialect | בקא/baqqa | pronounced as /[baɢːɑ]/ | 'frog' | Allophone of pronounced as //q// when between a vowel/sonorant and a vowel. | |
| Dravidian | तें'''ग़े''' | pronounced as /[t̪eɴɢe]/ | 'to tell' | Allophone of pronounced as //ʁ// after pronounced as //ŋ//, pronounced as //ʁ, ŋʁ// is pronounced as //h// in Southern and Western dialects. | |||
| Mongolic | Mongolian: [[Mongolian Cyrillic script|Мон'''г'''ол]] Mongolian: [[Mongolian script|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ]] | pronounced as /[mɔɴɢɔ̆ɮ]/ | 'Mongolian' | Allophone of pronounced as //g// before back vowels, phonemic word-finally. | |||
| Isolate | [[Cyrillic script|ньыӈ '''ӷ'''ан]] | pronounced as /[ɲɤŋ ɢæn]/ | 'our dog' | Allophone of pronounced as //q// | |||
| Indo-Iranian | Iranian | Persian: [[Persian alphabet|قهوه]] | pronounced as /[ɢæhˈve]/ | 'coffee' | See Persian phonology. | ||
| Cushitic | Somali: Mu'''q'''disho | pronounced as /[muɢdiʃɔ]/ | 'Mogadishu' | Allophone of pronounced as //q//. See Somali phonology | |||
| Northeast Caucasian | [[Cyrillic script|ду'''г'''у]] | pronounced as /[d̪uɢu]/ | 'he' (ergative) | ||||
| Na-Dene | Tlingit: '''gh'''ooch | pronounced as /[ɢuːt͡ʃʰ]/ | 'hill' | Among some younger speakers, for standard pronounced as /[quːt͡ʃʰ]/. See Tlingit phonology | |||
| Northeast Caucasian | '''къг'''яйэ | pronounced as /[ɢajɛ]/ | 'stone' | ||||
| Turkic | '''g'''ar | pronounced as /[ɢɑɾ]/ | 'snow' | An allophone of /ɡ/ next to back vowels | |||
| Qiangic | Lower | pronounced as /[ɢʶo˩˥]/ | 'to stew' | Slightly affricated; occurs only in a few words. Corresponds to the cluster pronounced as //Nɡ// in Upper Xumi. | |||
| Pama-Nyungan | kuykurlu | pronounced as /[ɡ̠uɡ̟uɭu]/ | 'sacred' | Pre-uvular. Contrasts plain and prenasalized versions | |||
pronounced as /navigation/