| Ipa Symbol: | ɹ |
| Ipa Symbol2: | ð̠˕ |
| Ipa Number: | 151 |
| Decimal: | 633 |
| Xsampa: | r\ |
| Braille: | 3456 |
| Imagefile: | IPA Unicode 0x0279.svg |
| Ipa Symbol: | ɹ̠ |
The voiced alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is (IPA|ɹ), a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\.
The most common sound represented by the letter r in English is the voiced postalveolar approximant, pronounced a little more back and transcribed more precisely in IPA as (IPA|ɹ̠), but (IPA|ɹ) is often used for convenience in its place. For further ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions might use the symbol (IPA|r) even though this symbol represents the alveolar trill in phonetic transcription.
The bunched or molar r sounds remarkably similar to the postalveolar approximant and can be described as a voiced labial pre-velar approximant with tongue-tip retraction. It can be transcribed in IPA as (IPA|ψ)[1] or (IPA|ɹ̈).
Features of the voiced alveolar approximant:
| Language | Word | Meaning | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unknown | pronounced as /[ˈɟʑɛlbəɹ]/ | 'green' | ||||
| Armenian: [[Armenian alphabet|սու'''ր'''ճ]] | pronounced as /[suɹtʃ]/ | 'coffee' | ||||
| Assamese | pronounced as /[ɹɔŋa]/ | 'red' | ||||
| Alqosh dialect | ܪܒ | pronounced as /[ɹɑbɑ]/ | 'many' | Corresponds to pronounced as /link/ in most other Assyrian dialects. | ||
| Tyari dialect | ||||||
| Especially Eastern dialects | Bengali: [[Bengali alphabet|আবা'''র''']] | pronounced as /[abaɹ]/ | 'again' | Phonetic realisation of /r/, especially in some Eastern Dialects and sometimes in conjunct before consonants. Corresponds to [{{IPA link|r}} ~ {{IPA link|ɾ}}] in others. See Bengali phonology | ||
| Burmese: [[Burmese alphabet|ပ'''ရိ'''ဘောဂ]] | pronounced as /[pəɹḭbɔ́ɡa̰]/ | 'furniture' | Occurs only in loanwords, mostly from Pali or English. | |||
| pronounced as /[ŋiɹek]/ | 'two' | |||||
| pronounced as /[káð̠˕i]/ | 'work' | Apical. It is a common intervocalic allophone of pronounced as //d̠//, and may be a weak fricative pronounced as /link/ or simply a plosive pronounced as /link/ instead. | ||||
| Standard | Danish: [[Danish alphabet|ve'''d''']]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ve̝ð̠˕ˠ]/ | 'at' | Velarized and laminal; allophone of pronounced as //d// in the syllable coda. For a minority of speakers, it may be a non-sibilant fricative instead. See Danish phonology. | ||
| Central Netherlandic | Dutch; Flemish: [[Dutch alphabet|doo'''r''']]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[doːɹ]/ | 'through' | Allophone of pronounced as //r// in the syllable coda for some speakers. See Dutch phonology. | ||
| Western Netherlandic | ||||||
| Dutch; Flemish: [[Dutch alphabet|'''r'''at]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ɹat]/ | 'rat' | Corresponds to pronounced as //r// in other dialects. | |||
| Faroese: [[Faroese orthography|'''r'''óðu'''r''']]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ɹɔuwʊɹ]/ | 'rudder' | See Faroese phonology. | |||
| German | Moselle Franconian (Siegerland[2] and Westerwald[3] dialects) | German: [[German orthography|'''R'''ebe]] | pronounced as /[ˈɹeːbə]/ | 'vine' | Most other dialects use a voiced uvular fricative pronounced as /link/, a uvular trill pronounced as /link/ or an alveolar trill pronounced as /link/. See Standard German phonology. | |
| Silesian | ||||||
| Upper Lusatian | ||||||
| Greek, Modern (1453-);: [[Greek alphabet|μέ'''ρ'''α]] méra | pronounced as /[ˈmɛɹɐ]/ | 'day' | Allophone of pronounced as /link/ in rapid or casual speech and between vowels. See Modern Greek phonology. | |||
| Icelandic: [[Icelandic orthography|bró'''ð'''ir]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈprou̯ð̠˕ir]/ | 'brother' | Usually apical. See Icelandic phonology. | |||
| Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: main'''t'''enant|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈmæ̃ːn˦ð̠˕ənɑ̃ː˨]/ | 'now' | ||||
| Persian | فارسی | pronounced as /[fɒːɹˈsiː]/ | 'Persian' | Allophone of pronounced as //ɾ// before /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /l/. See Persian phonology. | ||
| Multiple Brazilian dialects, mostly inland Centro-Sul[4] | Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|amo'''r''']] | pronounced as /[aˈmoɹˠ]/ | 'love' | Allophone of pronounced as //pronounced as /link/ ~ pronounced as /link/// in the syllable coda. Velarized, may also be retroflex, post-alveolar and/or a rhotic vowel. See Portuguese phonology. | ||
| Andalusian[5] | doscientos | pronounced as /[do̞(ɹ)ˈθje̞n̪t̪o̞s]/ | 'two hundred' | Allophone of pronounced as //s// before [θ]. See Spanish phonology. | ||
| Belizean | invierno | pronounced as /[imˈbjeɹno]/ | 'winter' | Possible realization of pronounced as //r// in the syllable coda due to English influence. | ||
| Caribbean Colombian | ||||||
| Puerto Rican | ||||||
| Central Standard | Swedish: [[Swedish alphabet|sta'''r'''kast]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈs̪t̪äɹːkäs̪t̪]/ | 'strongest' | Allophone of pronounced as //r//. Some speakers have pronounced as /link/ (pronounced as /link/ when geminated) in all positions. See Swedish phonology. | ||
| Thai: [[Tagalog alphabet|pa'''r'''ang]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[paɹaŋ]/ | 'like-' | Allophone of the more usual and traditional flap or trill pronounced as /[{{IPAplink|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink|r}}]/ and is sometimes thus pronounced by some younger speakers due to exposure to mainstream English. | |||
| Turkish | Marmara Region | Turkish: [[Turkish alphabet|a'''r'''tık]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[aɹtɯk]/ | 'excess, surplus' | Occurs as an allophone of pronounced as /link/ in syllable coda, in free variation with post-alveolar pronounced as /link/. See Turkish phonology. | |
| Saigon | Vietnamese: [[Vietnamese alphabet|'''r'''a]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ɹa]/ | 'go out' | In free variation with pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/. See Vietnamese phonology. | ||
| rdɨ | pronounced as /[ɹd̪ɨ]/ | 'pass' | Allophone of pronounced as //ɾ// before consonants. | |||
See also: Retroflex approximant and Voiced retroflex approximant.
| Language | Word | Meaning | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| red | pronounced as /[ɹ̠ʷed]/ | 'red' | Often labialized. May also be a labialized retroflex approximant. For convenience it is often transcribed (r). See Australian English phonology, English phonology, Rhoticity in English and Pronunciation of English /r/. | |||
| Most American dialects[6] | ||||||
| Received Pronunciation | ||||||
| Igbo: '''r'''í|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ɹ̠í]/ | 'eat' | ||||
| Malay | راتوس / ratus | pronounced as /[ɹ̠ä.tos]/ | 'hundred' | More commonly trill [{{IPA|r}}] or flap [{{IPA|ɾ}}]. See Malay phonology | ||
| Some dialects | Maltese: malaj'''r'''|italic=yes | pronounced as /[mɐˈlɐjɹ̠]/ | 'quickly' | Corresponds to pronounced as /[{{IPAplink|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink|r}}]/ in other dialects. | ||
| roro | pronounced as /[ˈd̠ɹ̠o̽ɾ̠o̽]/ | 'to break into pieces' | Pre-stopped. Possible word-initial realization of pronounced as //r//. | |||
As an allophone of other rhotic sounds, pronounced as /[ɹ]/ occurs in Edo, Fula, Murrinh-patha, and Palauan.
pronounced as /navigation/