| En Name: | Vladikavkaz |
| Ru Name: | Владикавказ |
| Loc Name1: | Дзӕуджыхъæу/Дзӕуӕгигъӕу |
| Loc Lang1: | Ossetian |
| Coordinates: | 43.04°N 44.6775°W |
| Pushpin Map: | Russia North Ossetia-Alania#European Russia#Europe |
| Image Coa: | Coat of arms of Vladikavkaz.png |
| Holiday: | September 25 |
| Federal Subject: | Republic of North Ossetia–Alania |
| Adm Inhabloc Jur: | Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction |
| Capital Of: | Republic of North Ossetia–Alania |
| Adm Ctr Of1: | Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction |
| Inhabloc Cat: | City |
| Urban Okrug Jur: | Vladikavkaz Urban Okrug |
| Mun Admctr Of1: | Vladikavkaz Urban Okrug |
| Leader Title: | Head |
| Leader Name: | Boris Albegov |
| Leader Name Ref: | [1] |
| Representative Body: | Assembly of Representatives |
| Representative Body Ref: | [2] |
| Area Km2: | 291 |
| Pop 2010Census: | 311693 |
| Pop 2010Census Rank: | 60th |
| Established Date: | May 6, 1784 |
| Established Date Ref: | [3] |
| Current Cat Date: | 1860 |
| Postal Codes: | 362000 |
| Dialing Codes: | 8672 |
| Website: | http://vladikavkaz-osetia.ru |
Vladikavkaz, formerly known as Ordzhonikidze (Russian: Орджоники́дзе) and also known as Dzaudzhikau (Russian: Дзауджикау), is the capital city of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic at the foothills of the Caucasus, situated on the Terek River. The city's population was 295,830 as of the 2021 Census. As a result, Vladikavkaz is one of the most populous cities in the North Caucasus region.
The city is an industrial and transportation centre. Manufactured products include processed zinc and lead, machinery, chemicals, clothing and food products.
The name Vladikavkaz, derived from the Russian language, literally means "ruler of the Caucasus".The Ossetian name Dzæwdžyqæw/Dzæwægighæw literally means " settlement".[4] [5] [6]
In 1911, wrote that the Ossetians prove that fortress was founded on the site of the Ingush village Zaur by the name of Vladikavkaz in the Ossetian language:
In 1931, at the suggestion of the Ingush Regional Executive Committee, the city of Vladikavkaz was renamed Ordzhonikidze in honor of the Soviet political and military leader Sergo Ordzhonikidze, who during the Civil War established Soviet power in the region.
In 1944, after the deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, the city of Ordzhonikidze was renamed the city of Dzaudzhikau, and in 1954 again Ordzhonikidze.[7] In 1990, the city acquired a double name, Vladikavkaz in Russian and Dzaudzhikau in Ossetian.
The second part of the name Dzaudzhikau, i.e Kau (village), is a cognate of the word āguv (village) in the Eastern Iranian language of Khotanese Saka and the Avestan gava (district)[8]
The city was founded in 1784 as a Russian fortress at the entrance to the Darial Gorge on the site of the Ingush village Zaur,[9] which had the purpose of serving as an outpost for the routes of communication between Russia and Georgia.[10] Russian Encyclopedia states that the Vladikavkaz fortress was built around Ingush settlements.
The Georgian Military Highway, crossing the mountains, was constructed in 1799 to link the city with Georgia to the south, and in 1875 a railway was built to connect it to Rostov-on-Don and Baku in Azerbaijan. Vladikavkaz has become an important industrial centre for the region, with smelting, refining, chemicals and manufacturing industries. During the Russian Empire, the settlement was the administrative capital of the Vladikavkazsky Okrug of the Terek Oblast.
The city is one of the largest in the Russian-controlled Caucasus, along with Grozny, and was the capital of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, a Soviet Republic established after the annexation of the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus. It existed from 1921 to 1924 and comprised most of the modern-day territories of Chechnya, North Ossetia and Kabardino-Balkaria.
Vladikavkaz was fought over in both the Russian Civil War and World War II. In February 1919, the anti-Communist Volunteer Army under General Anton Denikin seized the city, before being expelled by the Red Army in March 1920. In early November 1942, the forces of Nazi Germany tried unsuccessfully to seize the city but were repelled by the Soviet army. The Nazis left North Ossetia in January 1943.
On 26 November 2008, Vitaly Karayev, the mayor of Vladikavkaz was assassinated by an unidentified gunman.[11] On 31 December 2008, his successor, Kazbek Pagiyev, was also assassinated by unidentified gunmen.
Vladikavkaz is the capital of the republic.[12] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with six rural localities, incorporated as Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[13] As a municipal division, Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction is incorporated as Vladikavkaz Urban Okrug.[14]
The city is served by the bus network (marshrutkas). There are also tram (since 1904) and trolleybus (since 1977) networks, plus the main Vladikavkaz railway station.
The city is served by Beslan Airport located about 9 kilometres from the city.
The Georgian Military Road, which is a part of European route E117, starts in Vladikavkaz and it connects the city with the South Caucasus.
According to the 1917 publication of the Kavkazskiy kalendar, Vladikavkaz had 73,243 residents in 1916, the national composition was as follows:
| Nationality | Number | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russians | 46,876 | 64.0% | |
| North Caucasians | 8,539 | 11.7% | |
| Armenians | 8,326 | 11.4% | |
| Other Europeans | 6,139 | 8.4% | |
| Shia Muslims | 2,463 | 3.4% | |
| Jews | 798 | 1.1% | |
| Roma | 102 | 0.1% | |
| TOTAL | 73,243 | 100% |
| Nationality | Number | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ossetians | 190,539 | 69.7% | |
| Russians | 60,052 | 22.0% | |
| Armenians | 7,953 | 2.9% | |
| Georgians | 4,478 | 1.6% | |
| Ingush | 1,802 | 0.7% | |
| Azerbaijanis | 1,655 | 0.6% | |
| Others | 6,818 | 2.5% | |
| No ethnicity stated | 38,041 | – | |
| TOTAL | 311,338 | 100% |
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz was an association football club based in Vladikavkaz, which won the Russian Premier League in 1995. The club folded in 2020, and was succeeded by FC Alania Vladikavkaz.
Vladikavkaz is home to one of the World's most prestigious Freestyle Wrestling academies, opened in February 2016:[16] The Wrestling Academy of Aslan Khadartsev - the biggest wrestling academy in the South of Russia.[17] It provides access to a number of facilities including a swimming pool, sauna, gym, personal dietitians, dorm rooms (which include a TV, comfortable beds, wardrobes, en-suite bathroom and showers),[18] for 45 athletes and the main training hall, consisting of six mats- this academy is capable of hosting 250 wrestlers at one time. There have been many Olympic, World and European champions training at the academy: Soslan Ramonov, Zaurbek Sidakov, Artur Naifonov, Chermen Valiev, Khetag Tsabolov are just some of the successful athletes in recent times to train and represent the academy. This academy is also home to the Freestyle team of North Ossetia, to ensure a high-level of preparation and coaching is given to aid success in international and domestic tournaments.
The Mukhtarov Mosque, built in 1906, dominates the city. In Vladikavkaz, there is a guyed TV mast, 198m (650feet) tall, built in 1961, which has six crossbars with gangways in two levels running from the mast structure to the guys.
The city's primary religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which is followed by the majority of Ossetians, Russians and Georgians. The rest of the Ossetian population adheres to the next largest religion, Sunni Islam, and to Uatsdin, an Ossetian folk religion, which is followed by 29% of the population nationwide. The remainder follow Protestantism, Armenian Orthodoxy and other beliefs.
See main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia.
Vladikavkaz is twinned with:
Vladikavkaz experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb/Dwb) with warm, wet summers and cold, drier winters (though very mild for Russia).