| Birth Place: | Voronezh, Russia |
| Sport: | Swimming |
| Show-Medals: | no |
Vitaly Viktorovich Melnikov (Russian: Виталий Викторович Мельников; born 20 March 1990) is a Russian backstroke swimmer.
At the 2013 European Short Course Swimming Championships, he won an individual silver medal in the 100 m backstroke and two medley relay gold medals, in the men's and mixed competitions, breaking world records in both medley events. Those results were annulled after a positive doping test of his samples taken during those European Championships. Melnikov was suspended from competitions in April 2014, and banned in March 2015 until 12 December 2015.