Virginia Held Explained

Virginia Held
Birth Name:	Virginia Potter Held
Birth Place:	Mendham, New Jersey
Main Interests:	Ethics of care, feminist ethics, morality of political violence
Institutions:	Columbia University, Hunter College, CUNY Graduate Center

Virginia Potter Held (born October 28, 1929) is an American moral, social/political and feminist philosopher whose work on the ethics of care sparked significant research into the ethical dimensions of providing care for others and critiques of the traditional roles of women in society.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Beliefs

Held defends care ethics as a moral framework distinct from Kantian, utilitarian and virtue ethics.^[1] She holds that care is fundamental to human institutes and practices, indeed to our survival. Tong and Williams quote: "There can be no ju[s]tice without care…for without care no child would survive and there would be no persons to respect."^[4]

Held's work on the morality of political violence viewed through the window of ethics of care has also been significantly influential.^[5]

Career

Held was named Distinguished Professor at the City University of New York – Graduate Center and Hunter College in 1996.

She received her Ph.D. in philosophy from Columbia University in 1968 and worked at Hunter College as lecturer (1965–69), assistant professor (1969–72), associate professor (1973–77) and full professor from 1977 to her retirement in 2001. Held was affiliated with the CUNY Graduate Center in 1973, and served as deputy executive officer of the Philosophy program at the CUNY Graduate Center from 1980 to 1984. She also served as president of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2001–2002.^[6]

Selected works

Books

• Book: Held, Virginia . The Public Interest and Individual Interests . registration . Basic Books . New York . 1970 . 9780465067732.
• Book: Held . Virginia . Morgenbesser . Sidney . Nagel . Thomas . Sidney Morgenbesser . Thomas Nagel . Philosophy, Morality, and International Affairs: Essays Edited for the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs . Oxford University Press . New York . 1974 . 9780195017595 . registration .
• Book: Held, Virginia . Rights and Goods: Justifying Social Action . University of Chicago Press . Chicago . 1989 . 9780226325880 . registration .
• Book: Held, Virginia . Feminist Morality : Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics . University of Chicago Press . Chicago . 1993 . 9780226325934.
• Book: Hunter College Women's Studies Collective, Virginia Held. Women's Realities, Women's Choices: An Introduction to Women's Studies . Oxford University Press . New York . 2005 . third . 9780195150353. etal.
• Book: Held, Virginia . The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global . registration . Oxford University Press . Oxford New York . 2006 . second . 9780195325904.
• Book: Held, Virginia . How Terrorism is Wrong: Morality and Political Violence . Oxford University Press . Oxford New York . 2008 . 9780195329599.

Journal articles

• Held . Virginia . Birth and death . . 99 . 2 . 362–388 . . January 1989 . 10.1086/293070 . 2381439 . 144938730 .

Encyclopedia articles

• Feminism and Political Theory in The Blackwell Guide to Social and Political Philosophy^[7]
• Rights: Moral and Legal from A Companion to Feminist Philosophy^[8]
• Feminist Social and Political Philosophy in Encyclopedia of Philosophy Supplement (1997).^[9]
• "Power" in Blackwell Dictionary of Business Ethics^[10]
• Mass Media, Moral Pluralism in Encyclopedia of Ethics^[11]

For further works see C.V.^[6]

External links

• Virginia Held Papers - Pembroke Center Archives, Brown University

Notes and References

1. Book: Saunder-Sault, Maureen. Care Ethics. 2011. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
2. Book: Tong, Williams, Rosemarie, Nancy. Feminist Ethics. 2009. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
3. News: Norms and Values: Essays on the Works of Virginia Held.(Review). https://web.archive.org/web/20140610193615/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-54896400.html. dead. 2014-06-10. Smiley. Marion. June 1999. American Political Science Review . HighBeam Research. December 30, 2013.
4. Virginia Held, The Ethics of Care 2006, p. 17
5. News: How Terrorism Is Wrong: Morality and Political Violence. June 25, 2013. Times Higher Education.
6. Web site: Held. Virginia. Virginia Held Curriculum Vitae. June 25, 2013.
7. Held, Virginia. "Feminism and Political Theory", in The Blackwell Guide to Social and Political Philosophy, ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.
8. Held, Virginia. "Rights: Moral and Legal", in A Companion to Feminist Philosophy, Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1998.
9. Held, Virginia. "Feminist Social and Political Philosophy", in Encyclopedia of Philosophy Supplement, New York: Macmillan, 1997.
10. Held, Virginia. "Power." Def. P. Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Business Ethics. 1 ed. New York: Macmillan, 1998. Print.
11. Held, Virginia. "Mass Media" and "Moral Pluralism", in Encyclopedia of Ethics, New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1992.