Virginia Foxx Explained

Virginia Foxx
Office:Chair of the House Rules Committee
Term Start:January 3, 2025
Predecessor:Michael C. Burgess
Office1:Chair of the House Education Committee
Term Start1:January 3, 2023
Term End1:January 3, 2025
Predecessor1:Bobby Scott
Successor1:Tim Walberg
Term Start2:January 3, 2017
Term End2:January 3, 2019
Predecessor2:John Kline
Successor2:Bobby Scott
Office3:Ranking Member of the House Education Committee
Term Start3:January 3, 2019
Term End3:January 3, 2023
Predecessor3:Bobby Scott
Successor3:Bobby Scott
Office4:Secretary of the House Republican Conference
Leader4:John Boehner
Paul Ryan
Term Start4:January 3, 2013
Term End4:January 3, 2017
Predecessor4:John Carter
Successor4:Jason T. Smith
State5:North Carolina
Term Start5:January 3, 2005
Predecessor5:Richard Burr
Office6:Member of the North Carolina Senate
Term Start6:January 1, 1995
Term End6:January 1, 2005
Predecessor6:Alexander Sands
Fred Folger
Successor6:John Garwood
Constituency6:12th district (1995–2003)
45th district (2003–2005)
Birth Name:Virginia Ann Palmieri
Birth Date:29 June 1943
Birth Place:New York City, New York, U.S.
Party:Republican
Children:1
Education:University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (BA)
University of North Carolina, Greensboro (MA, EdD)
Signature:Virginia Foxx signature.png

Virginia Ann Foxx (Palmieri;[1] [2] born June 29, 1943) is an American educator, businesswoman, and politician serving as the U.S. representative from since 2005. A member of the Republican Party, Foxx has served as chair of the House Rules Committee since 2025 and is the only woman leading a committee in the 119th Congress.[3] She also served as Secretary of the House Republican Conference from 2013 to 2017.[4] She was the ranking member of the House Committee on Education and Labor from 2019 to 2023 and served as the committee's chair from 2017 to 2019 and from 2023 to 2025. Foxx's district encompasses much of the northwestern portion of the state, including most of the city of Greensboro. Since January 2025, Foxx has been the dean of North Carolina's congressional delegation.

Early life and career

Foxx was born in the Bronx borough of New York City, to Dollie (née Garrison) and Nunzio John Palmieri. She was raised in a rural area of Avery County, North Carolina. Foxx grew up in a poor family and didn't live in a home with running water and electricity until age 14.[5]

While attending Crossnore High School in Crossnore, North Carolina, Foxx worked as a janitor at the school and was the first in her family to graduate from high school.[6] She graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with a bachelor's degree in 1968 and later earned both a Master of Arts in college teaching (1972) and an Ed.D (1985) from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro.[2] [7] Foxx and her husband owned and operated a nursery and landscaping business.[7]

Foxx worked as a research assistant and then an English instructor at Caldwell Community College & Technical Institute and Appalachian State University before moving into university administration. From 1987 until her 1994 entry into politics, she was president of Mayland Community College. Under North Carolina Governor James G. Martin, Foxx served as Deputy Secretary for Management.[7] From 1994 to 2004, she served in the North Carolina Senate.[8]

United States House of Representatives

Political campaigns

Foxx was first elected to the U.S. House in 2004, defeating Jim Harrell, Jr. with 59% of the vote.[9]

Foxx was briefly targeted for defeat in the 2006 elections, but the Democrats' top choice, Winston-Salem mayor Allen Joines, decided not to run. Joines later said he lacked the stomach for the kind of race he felt it would take to defeat Foxx.[10] Her 2006 opponent was Roger Sharpe, whom she defeated.

Roy Carter of Ashe County was Foxx's opponent in the 2008 election; she won by a substantial margin.

In 2010, Foxx was reelected with about 65% of the vote.[11]

In 2014, Foxx was reelected with about 60% of the vote, defeating software developer Josh Brannon.[12]

In 2016, Foxx was reelected with about 59% of the vote, again over Brannon.[13]

In 2018, Foxx was reelected with 57% of the vote, defeating DD Adams, a council member for the North Ward of Winston-Salem.[14]

In the 2020 general election, Foxx won over 66% of the vote, defeating Democrat David Brown.[15]

In 2022, Foxx sought re-election in the redrawn 5th congressional district, which favored Republicans.[16] Foxx was endorsed by former President Donald Trump in 2021.[17] She defeated Democrat Kyle Parrish, 63.2–36.8%.[18]

Tenure

Hurricane Katrina

In September 2005, Foxx was one of 11 members of Congress to vote against[19] the $51 billion aid package to victims of Hurricane Katrina.

Opposition to birthright citizenship

In January 2013, Foxx co-sponsored legislation that would stop children born in the United States to undocumented parents from gaining citizenship.[20]

First Trump impeachment

On December 18, 2019, Foxx voted against both articles of impeachment (abuse of power and obstruction of Congress) of President Donald Trump.

House security

In May 2021, Foxx became the fifth Republican representative to be fined for evading metal detectors put in place outside the chamber after the January 2021 storming of the Capitol. Foxx ran through the magnetometer, setting it off, and ignored officers attempting to prevent her entering the House floor.[21] [22] [23]

Behavior with the news media

Foxx has been known for frequently scolding reporters and staff for being on or near members-only elevators in Capitol buildings.[24] In October 2023 while among Republicans gathered for a press conference for then-House speaker nominee Mike Johnson, she was scrutinized for telling a reporter to "go away" and "shut up" when he was asked to speak about his efforts to overturn the 2020 U.S. Presidential election.[25] [26] [27]

Committee assignments

Caucus memberships

Political positions

Abortion

Foxx opposes legal access to abortion. She voted for a bill to repeal a rule requiring state and local governments to distribute federal funds to qualified health centers, even if they perform abortions.[32] In 2014 Foxx was asked whether there were any conditions under which she considered abortion acceptable. She replied that, even in the case of rape, incest, or the health of the mother, no exception should be made to justify abortion.[33]

Economy

In a 2007 interview, Foxx said, "We have the best economy we have had in 50 years."[34]

Foxx, along with all other Senate and House Republicans, voted against the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.[35]

Health care

An opponent of the Affordable Care Act, she has said, "we have more to fear from the potential of the Affordable Health Care for America Act passing than we do from any terrorist right now in any country."[36] [37] When commenting on the House version of the reform bill that funds counseling for end-of-life issues, Foxx said, "Republicans have a better solution that won't put the government in charge of people's health care" and "[The plan] is pro-life because it will not put seniors in a position of being put to death by their government."[38]

LGBT rights

In April 2009, Foxx expressed opposition to the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, claiming that Matthew Shepard's murder was not a hate crime. While debating the act in the House, she called the murder a "very unfortunate incident" but claimed "we know that that young man was killed in the commitment of a robbery. It wasn't because he was gay." She ultimately called that allegation "a hoax that continues to be used as an excuse for passing hate crimes bills".[39] Some media outlets, including The New York Times,[40] The Washington Post,[41] and The Huffington Post,[42] criticized her statements, as did Representative Debbie Wasserman Schultz.[43] Democratic sources claimed that Matthew Shepard's mother was present during Foxx's statements.

Foxx later retracted her comments, suggesting her use of the word "hoax" was in bad taste.[44] She suggested that Shepard's murder was a tragedy and that his killers had received appropriate justice.

In 2010, Foxx voted against the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act.[45]

In 2015, Foxx condemned the Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, which held that same-sex marriage bans violated the constitution.[46]

In 2019, Foxx strongly opposed the Equality Act, a bill that would expand the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, and urged Congress members to vote against it.[47]

In December 2022, Foxx voted against the Respect for Marriage Act, which codified same-sex and interracial marriage rights into federal law.[48] [49] [50]

Privacy rights

She introduced the 'Preserving Employee Wellness Programs Act' (H.R. 1313; 115th Congress) in 2017.[51] The bill would eliminate the genetic privacy protections of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (Public Law 110–233); allow companies to require employees to undergo genetic testing or risk paying a penalty of thousands of dollars; and let employers see that genetic and other health information.[52] [53]

Texas v. Pennsylvania

In December 2020, Foxx was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v. Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated Donald Trump.[54]

2021 Electoral College vote certification

On January 6, 2021, Foxx was one of 147 Republican lawmakers who objected to the certification of electoral votes from the 2020 presidential election.[55]

Marijuana

In December 2020, Foxx voted against the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act (MORE).[56] According to financial disclosure reports, she has made at least six investments in Altria, one of the world's largest tobacco companies and a leader in the burgeoning U.S. cannabis industry, since September 2020.[57] In all, records show she has purchased somewhere between $79,000 and $210,000 in Altria stock.[58]

Personal life

Foxx is Catholic.[59] Her former son-in-law, Mustafa Özdemir, is a Turkish businessman.[60] [61]

See also

External links

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Notes and References

  1. Web site: First-term women members of the 109th Congress . Government Printing Office . August 1, 2006 . 2012-07-19 . 2015-10-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151019065550/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc223/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc223-3-2.pdf . live .
  2. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=f000450 Foxx, Virginia Ann
  3. News: Lauren . Peller . Arthur II . Jones . Stacey . Dec . Virginia Foxx to be only woman leading House committees in 119th Congress . January 14, 2025 . January 27, 2025 . ABC News.
  4. Sherman, Jake. "House committee chairs all men" Politico. (Published 27 Nov 2012) Retrieved 28 Nov 2012.
  5. Web site: Virginia Foxx . Raleigh News & Observer . March 28, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120728014722/http://projects.newsobserver.com/dome/profiles/virginia_foxx . July 28, 2012 .
  6. Web site: Celebrities, Notable Public Figures Reveal Their Most Memorable Teachers. National Education Association. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120424201956/http://www.nea.org/grants/17345.htm. 2012-04-24.
  7. Web site: About Virginia Foxx. VirginiaFoxx.com. March 28, 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120216014452/http://www.virginiafoxx.com/about. February 16, 2012.
  8. Web site: Biography. February 24, 2015. February 9, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150209021440/http://foxx.house.gov/biography/. live.
  9. Web site: Statistics of the Presidential & Congressional Election of November 2, 2004. United States House of Representatives. 13 April 2016. 23 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170123044710/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/2004election.pdf. live.
  10. News: Sexton . Scott . Nasty battle against Foxx didn't suit Joines' style . . January 12, 2006 . . [Allen Joines] didn't have the stomach to run against U.S. Rep. Virginia Foxx, R-5th..
  11. News: House Results Map . The New York Times . 2010-11-11 . 2011-02-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110208100157/http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/house . live.
  12. News: TWC News Politics . 2014-11-05 . 2014-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141105092014/http://centralnc.twcnews.com/content/politics/713619/us-rep--foxx-wins-6th-term-in-nc-s-5th-district/ . live.
  13. Web site: The New York Times . . 2017-02-26 . 2017-02-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202063828/http://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/north-carolina-house-district-5-foxx-brannon . live.
  14. News: NY Times Elections. 2017-02-26. 2018-11-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20181106233956/https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/north-carolina-house-district-5. live.
  15. News: North Carolina Election Results: Fifth Congressional District . The New York Times . 3 November 2020 . 28 April 2022 . 28 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220428025408/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-north-carolina-house-district-5.html . live.
  16. News: Larson . David . Few competitive races, more safe incumbents as NC's congressional filing closes . 28 April 2022 . The Carolina Journal . 5 March 2022 . 28 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220428021902/https://www.carolinajournal.com/few-competitive-races-more-safe-incumbents-as-ncs-congressional-filing-closes/ . live.
  17. News: President Donald J. Trump Endorses Virginia Foxx for Re-Election in 2022 . 28 April 2022 . High Country Press . 4 June 2021 . 25 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210725034511/https://www.hcpress.com/front-page/president-donald-j-trump-endorses-virginia-foxx-for-re-election-in-2022.html . live .
  18. Web site: North Carolina Fifth Congressional District Election Results . The New York Times. July 6, 2023.
  19. News: McMurray. Jeffrey. Representatives stand by their votes against hurricane aid. Rome News-Tribune. September 22, 2005. April 1, 2020. December 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201213121424/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L-kvAAAAIBAJ&pg=4966,7230333&dq=katrina+virginia-foxx&hl=en. live.
  20. News: Elise . Foley . Steve King Introduces Bill To Stop 'Anchor Babies' . January 4, 2013 . . January 7, 2013 . January 6, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130106213350/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/04/steve-king-anchor-babies_n_2411989.html . live .
  21. Web site: Solender . Andrew . Rep. Virginia Foxx Is Latest Republican Fined $5,000 For Evading Metal Detector: 'Good Thing No One Stopped Me' . Forbes . 6 June 2021 . en . 6 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210606060813/https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2021/05/18/rep-virginia-foxx-is-latest-republican-fined-5000-for-evading-metal-detector-good-thing-no-one-stopped-me/?sh=314340f5528d . live .
  22. Web site: McFall . Caitlin . Rep. Virginia Foxx becomes 5th House member fined for failing to pass through metal detectors . Fox News . 6 June 2021 . 2021-05-18 . 2021-06-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210606060813/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/rep-virginia-foxx-becomes-5th-house-member-fined-for-failing-to-pass-through-metal-detectors . live .
  23. Web site: Zilbermints . Regina . Fourth House GOP lawmaker issued $5,000 metal detector fine . The Hill . 6 June 2021 . en . 2021-05-18 . 2021-06-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210606060813/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/554182-fourth-house-gop-lawmaker-issued-5000-metal-detector-fine . live .
  24. Web site: House Republican tells reporter to 'shut up' for asking Johnson about overturning 2020 election. https://web.archive.org/web/20231025151533/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4274345-republican-tells-reporter-to-shut-up-johnson-2020-election/. dead. October 25, 2023. Irwin. Lauren. The Hill. October 25, 2023. October 25, 2023. en.
  25. Web site: NC congresswoman tells reporter to shut up at House GOP news conference. Masten. Paige. The Charlotte Observer. October 25, 2023. October 25, 2023. en.
  26. Web site: Shouting down an election-denial question embodies the Republicans' problem. Bump. Philip. The Washington Post. October 25, 2023. October 25, 2023. en.
  27. Web site: 'Despicable behavior' Republican Virginia Foxx faces backlash for asking reporter to 'shut up'. Upadhayay. Prapti. The Hindustan Times. October 25, 2023. October 25, 2023. en.
  28. Web site: Committees Congresswoman Virginia Foxx. foxx.house.gov. en. 2018-10-23. 2017-07-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20170708085928/https://foxx.house.gov/biography/committees.htm. live.
  29. Web site: Member List. Republican Study Committee. 17 November 2017. 1 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190101195017/https://rsc-walker.house.gov/. live.
  30. Web site: Members. Congressional Constitution Caucus. 8 May 2018. 14 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180614044928/https://congressionalconstitutioncaucus-garrett.house.gov/about-us/membership. live.
  31. Web site: Members of the Caucus on U.S. - Türkiye Relations & Turkish Americans. Turkish Coalition of America. 26 September 2024.
  32. News: Tracking Virginia Foxx In The Age Of Trump. Bycoffe. Aaron. 2017-01-30. FiveThirtyEight. 2017-08-04. en-US. 2017-08-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20170805014829/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/congress-trump-score/virginia-foxx/. live.
  33. News: WXII 12 News . Virginia Foxx talks immigration, abortion, debt limit . 2014-10-15 . YouTube . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/RrqMQgBtuHk. 2021-12-12 . live . 2017-08-04.
  34. News: August 8, 2007 . Congresswoman Virginia Foxx to Young Turks . Turk of America Magazine . Turkish Coalition of America . live . April 13, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307172801/http://tc-america.org/in-congress/congresswoman-virginia-foxx-to-young-turks-72.htm . March 7, 2016.
  35. News: Hulse . Carl . March 6, 2021 . After Stimulus Victory in Senate, Reality Sinks in: Bipartisanship Is Dead . The New York Times . live . July 22, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210317011426/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/06/us/politics/stimulus-senate-bipartisanship-biden.html . March 17, 2021.
  36. Web site: November 2, 2009 . Rep. Foxx: Health Care Bill A Greater Threat Than Any Terrorist In The World . live . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/sA66v858_NU . 2021-12-12 . 2009-11-02 . YouTube.
  37. Web site: O'Brien . Michael . November 2, 2009 . Foxx: Health bill a greater threat than any terrorist . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20091106124211/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/65893-foxx-passign-health-bill-a-greater-threat-than-any-terrorist . 2009-11-06 . 2009-11-02 . The Hill.
  38. Web site: Tucker . Chad . July 30, 2009 . Virginia Foxx Uses Strong Words to Oppose Health Care Reform Bill . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090802035648/http://www.myfox8.com/wghp-foxx-health-care-comments-090730,0,2622612.story . August 2, 2009 . 2009-08-09 . . mdy-all.
  39. News: Mary Ann . Akers . 2009-04-29 . Virginia Foxx: Matthew Shepard's Murder Not a Hate Crime . . dead . 2009-05-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120612031310/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/sleuth/2009/04/virginia_foxx_mathew_shepards.html . 2012-06-12.
  40. News: May 5, 2009 . Matthew Shepard Act . The New York Times . live . 2012-07-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120617074639/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/06/opinion/06wed3.html?_r=1 . 2012-06-17.
  41. Web site: Akers . Mary Ann . April 29, 2009 . The Sleuth – Virginia Foxx: Matthew Shepard's Murder Not a Hate Crime . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120612031310/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/sleuth/2009/04/virginia_foxx_mathew_shepards.html . 2012-06-12 . 2012-07-19 . The Washington Times.
  42. News: Ryan . Grim . 2009-05-30 . Virginia Foxx: Story of Matthew Shepard's Murder A "Hoax" . . live . 2011-12-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111219175138/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/29/virginia-foxx-story-of-ma_n_192971.html . 2011-12-19.
  43. Web site: Thrush . Glenn . April 29, 2009 . Matthew Shepard killed in non-bias "robbery," Foxx says . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120718230944/http://www.politico.com/blogs/glennthrush/0409/Matthew_Shepard_killed_in_nonbias_robbery_Foxx_says.html?showall . 2012-07-18 . 2012-07-19 . Politico.
  44. Web site: Malcolm . Andrew . April 30, 2009 . Rep. Virginia Foxx retracts word 'hoax' in Matthew Shepard murder . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110129171034/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2009/04/matthew-shepard-virginia-foxx-gay.html . 2011-01-29 . 2012-07-19 . Los Angeles Times.
  45. Web site: Final Vote Results for Roll Call 317 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20101203054819/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2010/roll317.xml . 2010-12-03 . 2019-05-17.
  46. Web site: The Voter's Self Defense System . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220412202521/https://justfacts.votesmart.org/public-statement/989178/foxx-statement-on-supreme-court-decision-redefining-marriage . 2022-04-12 . 2022-04-12 . Vote Smart.
  47. News: May 17, 2019 . House Debate on the Equality Act . . live . June 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190804153435/https://www.c-span.org/video/?460685-3%2Fhouse-debate-equality-act . August 4, 2019.
  48. Web site: December 8, 2022 . Roll Call 513 Roll Call 513, Bill Number: H. R. 8404, 117th Congress, 2nd Session .
  49. News: Dormido . Hannah . Blanco . Adrian . Perry . Kati . December 8, 2022 . Here's which House members voted for or against the Respect for Marriage Act . en . . December 23, 2023.
  50. News: December 9, 2022 . North Carolina Republicans vote against same-sex, interracial marriage bill despite NC Sen. Tillis' religious freedom amendment . . December 23, 2023.
  51. Web site: H.R. 1313 – Text. United States Congress. 12 March 2017. 12 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170312012908/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1313/text. live.
  52. Web site: The GOP Wants To Let Your Boss Poke Around In Your Genome. Willingham. Emily. March 10, 2017. Forbes . 2017-03-12. 2017-03-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20170310215436/https://www.forbes.com/sites/emilywillingham/2017/03/10/the-gop-wants-to-let-your-boss-poke-around-in-your-genome/. live.
  53. Web site: House Republicans Would Let Employers Demand Workers' Genetic Test Results. Begley. Sharon. March 10, 2017. Scientific American . 2017-03-12. 2017-03-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20170311014937/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/house-republicans-would-let-employers-demand-workers-rsquo-genetic-test-results/. live.
  54. Web site: Blood. Michael R.. Riccardi. Nicholas. December 5, 2020. Biden officially secures enough electors to become president. live. December 12, 2020. Associated Press. December 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201208201209/https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-electoral-college-3e0b852c3cfadf853b08aecbfc3569fa.
  55. News: Yourish. Karen. Buchanan. Larry. Lu. Denise. The 147 Republicans Who Voted to Overturn Election Results. en-US. The New York Times. January 7, 2021. 2021-01-10. 0362-4331. 2021-01-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20210109000730/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/07/us/elections/electoral-college-biden-objectors.html. live.
  56. News: Porter . Jane . 2021-09-10 . Report: U.S. Rep. Virginia Foxx Opposes Marijuana Legalization But Invests in Cannabis Stock . 2021-09-19 . . en-us . 2022-06-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220623144556/https://indyweek.com/news/northcarolina/u-s-rep-virginia-foxx-opposes-marijuana-legalization-invests-in-cannabis-stock/.
  57. Web site: Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. 2021-09-19. disclosures-clerk.house.gov. 2021-09-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20210923003408/https://disclosures-clerk.house.gov/. live.
  58. Web site: Brett . Bachman . 2021-05-29 . Meet the anti-legalization GOP Congresswoman cashing in on marijuana stocks . 2021-09-19 . . en . 2021-09-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210918194203/https://www.salon.com/2021/05/29/meet-the-anti-legalization-gop-congresswoman-cashing-in-on-marijuana-stocks/ . live.
  59. Web site: Religious affiliation of members of the 119th Congress . Pew Research Center . January 8, 2025.
  60. http://www.turkishcoalition.org/young_turks%20_080807.html{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  61. News: Taniş . Tolga . 6 January 2011 . Ermeni tasarısı iki yıl yok . tr . Hürriyet . live . 11 January 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121018050903/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/16693239.asp?top=1 . 18 October 2012.

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