Virginia's 9th congressional district explained

State:	Virginia
District Number:	9
Image Caption:	Interactive map of district boundaries since 2023
Representative:	Morgan Griffith
Party:	Republican
Residence:	Salem
English Area:	9113.87
Distribution Ref:	^[1]
Percent Urban:	41.75
Percent Rural:	58.25
Population:	785,166^[2]
Population Year:	2022
Median Income:	$54,260
Percent White:	85.9
Percent Hispanic:	3.0
Percent Black:	5.6
Percent Asian:	1.7
Percent More Than One Race:	3.3
Percent Other Race:	0.5
Cpvi:	R+23^[3]

Virginia's ninth congressional district is a United States congressional district in the Commonwealth of Virginia, covering much of the southwestern part of the state. The 9th is Virginia's second-largest district in area, covering 9,113.87^{[4] [5]} square miles (slightly larger than the whole state of New Jersey). It has been represented by Republican Morgan Griffith since 2011. He took office after defeating 14-term incumbent Democrat Rick Boucher.^[6] With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+23, it is the most Republican district in Virginia.^[3]

The Ninth was the most competitive Virginia congressional district in the early 20th century, when the state was part of the Solid South. For twenty years (1903-1923), it was the only congressional district in Virginia — and one of the few in the entire former Confederacy — to be represented by a Republican. The district alternated between Democratic and Republican representation over the rest of the century. Some of the election results were so close — and questionable — that the district became known as "The Fighting Ninth."^[7]

Since the 1990s, the district has increasingly trended Republican in federal and state races, and it has taken over from the Shenandoah Valley-based Sixth as the most Republican district in the state. It last supported a Democrat for president in 1996, and has supported a Democrat in only two statewide contests since then.

The 9th is the only district in Virginia that cast more votes for Hillary Clinton than Barack Obama in the 2008 Democratic Presidential Primary. Clinton won more than 60% of the vote, despite local Congressman Rick Boucher endorsing Obama. Republican presidential candidate John McCain received 59% of the vote in the 9th district in the 2008 General Election, however, his best performance in any of Virginia's eleven congressional districts. Voters in the 9th district supported McCain over Obama in the general election, despite reelecting Democratic Congressman Rick Boucher.^[8] In the 2010 midterm elections, in which Democrats lost their majority in Congress, Virginia State Delegate Morgan Griffith unseated Congressman Boucher by aligning Boucher with President Barack Obama and Speaker Nancy Pelosi, both unpopular figures in the district at the time. Boucher's support for the American Clean Energy and Security Act, or Cap and Trade was unpopular in the district. Since then, the district has not supported a Democrat in a statewide or federal election.^[9]

As of 2017, the 9th district had the highest poverty rate of any Virginia congressional district, at 18.7 percent.^[10]

Recent election results from statewide races

Year	Office	Results
1996	U.S. President	align=right	Clinton 46%–43%–10%^[11]
	U.S. Senator	align=right	Warner 55%–44%^[12]
1997	Governor	align=right	Gilmore 57%–41%^[13]
	Lieutenant Governor	align=right	Hager 51%–44%^[14]
	Attorney General	align=right	Earley 56%–44%^[15]
2000	U.S. President	align=right	Bush 55%–42%^[16]
	U.S. Senator	align=right	Allen 57%–43%^[17]
2001	Governor	align=right	Warner 52%–47%^[18]
	Lieutenant Governor	align=right	Katzen 49%–49%
	Attorney General	align=right	Kilgore 69%–31%
2002	U.S. Senator	align=right	Warner 83%–8%–9%^[19]
2004	U.S. President	align=right	Bush 60%–39%^[20]
2005	Governor	align=right	Kilgore 55%–43%^[21]
	Lieutenant Governor	align=right	Bolling 57%–43%^[22]
	Attorney General	align=right	McDonnell 58%–42%^[23]
2006	U.S. Senator	align=right	Allen 55%–44%^[24]
2008	U.S. President	align=right	McCain 59%–40%^[25]
	U.S. Senator	align=right	Warner 63%–36%^[26]
2009	Governor	align=right	McDonnell 66%–34%^[27]
	Lieutenant Governor	align=right	Bolling 66%–34%^[28]
	Attorney General	align=right	Cuccinelli 66%–34%^[29]
2012	U.S. President	align=right	Romney 63%–35%^[30]
	U.S. Senator	align=right	Allen 62%–38%^[31]
2013	Governor	align=right	Cuccinelli 61%–32%–7%^[32]
	Lieutenant Governor	align=right	Jackson 61%–39%^[33]
	Attorney General	align=right	Obenshain 67%–33%^[34]
2014	U.S. Senator	align=right	Gillespie 59%–38%^[35]
2016	U.S. President	align=right	Trump 69%–27%
2017	Governor	align=right	Gillespie 68%–31%
	Lieutenant Governor	align=right	Vogel 69%–31%
	Attorney General	align=right	Adams 69%–31%
2018	U.S. Senator	align=right	Stewart 64%–35%^[36]
2020	U.S. President	align=right	Trump 70%–28%^[37]
2021	Governor	align=right	Youngkin 74%–24%^[38]

Area covered

The 9th district covers all or part of the following political subdivisions:

Counties

The entirety of:

• Lee
• Wise
• Dickenson
• Buchanan
• Scott
• Russell
• Tazewell
• Washington
• Smyth
• Bland
• Giles
• Grayson
• Wythe
• Pulaski
• Montgomery
• Carroll
• Craig
• Floyd
• Patrick

Portions of:

• Alleghany
• Roanoke
• Henry

Cities

• Bluefield
• Bristol
• Covington
• Galax
• Martinsville
• Norton
• Radford
• Salem

List of members representing the district

Representative	Party	Term	Cong- ress	Electoral history
District established March 4, 1789
align=left	Theodorick Bland		Anti-Administration	nowrap	March 4, 1789 – June 1, 1790		Elected in 1789. Died.
Vacant		nowrap	June 2, 1790 – December 6, 1790
William B. Giles		Anti-Administration	nowrap	December 7, 1790 – March 3, 1795		Elected in July 1790 to finish Bland's term and seated December 7, 1790. Re-elected later in 1790. Re-elected in 1793. Re-elected in 1795. Re-elected in 1797. Resigned.
		Democratic-Republican	nowrap	March 4, 1795 – October 2, 1798
Vacant		nowrap	October 3, 1798 – December 2, 1798
align=left	Joseph Eggleston		Democratic-Republican	nowrap	December 3, 1798 – March 3, 1801		Elected to finish Giles's term. Re-elected in 1799.
align=left	William B. Giles		Democratic-Republican	nowrap	March 4, 1801 – March 3, 1803		Elected in 1801. Redistricted to the and retired.
align=left	Philip R. Thompson		Democratic-Republican	nowrap	March 4, 1803 – March 3, 1807		Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1803. Re-elected in 1805. Re-elected in 1807. Re-elected in 1809. Retired.
align=left	John Love		Democratic-Republican	nowrap	March 4, 1807 – March 3, 1811		Elected in 1807. Re-elected in 1809. Moved to the and lost re-election there.
align=left	Aylett Hawes		Democratic-Republican	nowrap	March 4, 1811 – March 3, 1813		Elected in 1811. Redistricted to the .
align=left	John P. Hungerford		Democratic-Republican	nowrap	March 4, 1813 – March 3, 1817		Elected in 1813. Re-elected in 1815. Lost re-election.
align=left	William L. Ball		Democratic-Republican	nowrap	March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1823		Elected in 1817. Re-elected in 1819. Re-elected in 1821. Redistricted to the .
Andrew Stevenson		Democratic-Republican	nowrap	March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1825		Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1823. Re-elected in 1825. Re-elected in 1827. Re-elected in 1829. Re-elected in 1831. Redistricted to the
		Jackson	nowrap	March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1833
align=left	William P. Taylor		Anti-Jacksonian	nowrap	March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1835		Elected in 1833. Lost re-election.
align=left	John Roane		Jacksonian	nowrap	March 4, 1835 – March 3, 1837		Elected in 1835. Retired.
align=left	Robert M. T. Hunter		Whig	nowrap	March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1843		Elected in 1837. Re-elected in 1839. Re-elected in 1841. Lost re-election.
align=left	Samuel Chilton		Whig	nowrap	March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845		Elected in 1843. Retired.
align=left	John S. Pendleton		Whig	nowrap	March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1849		Elected in 1845. Re-elected in 1847. Lost re-election.
align=left	Jeremiah Morton		Whig	nowrap	March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1851		Elected in 1849. Lost re-election.
align=left	James F. Strother		Whig	nowrap	March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853		Elected in 1851. Lost re-election.
align=left	John Letcher		Democratic	nowrap	March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1859		Elected in 1853. Re-elected in 1855. Re-elected in 1857. Retired to run for Governor of Virginia.
align=left	John T. Harris		Independent Democratic	nowrap	March 4, 1859 – March 3, 1861		Elected in 1859. Retired.
District inactive		nowrap	March 4, 1861 – June 19, 1863		Civil War
District moved to West Virginia June 20, 1863
District re-established March 4, 1873
align=left	Rees T. Bowen		Democratic	nowrap	March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1875		Elected in 1872. Retired.
align=left	William Terry		Democratic	nowrap	March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877		Elected in 1874. Lost re-election.
align=left	Auburn L. Pridemore		Democratic	nowrap	March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1879		Elected in 1876. Lost re-election.
align=left	James B. Richmond		Democratic	nowrap	March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1881		Elected in 1878. Lost re-election.
align=left	Abram Fulkerson		Democratic	nowrap	March 4, 1881 – March 3, 1883		Elected in 1880. Retired.
align=left	Henry Bowen		Readjuster	nowrap	March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885		Elected in 1882. Lost re-election.
align=left	Connally F. Trigg		Democratic	nowrap	March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1887		Elected in 1884. Lost re-election.
align=left	Henry Bowen		Republican	nowrap	March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1889		Elected in 1886. Lost re-election.
align=left	John A. Buchanan		Democratic	nowrap	March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1893		Elected in 1888. Re-elected in 1890. Retired.
align=left	James W. Marshall		Democratic	nowrap	March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1895		Elected in 1892. Lost re-election.
align=left	James A. Walker		Republican	nowrap	March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1899		Elected in 1894. Re-elected in 1896. Lost re-election.
align=left	William F. Rhea		Democratic	nowrap	March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1903		Elected in 1898. Re-elected in 1900. Lost re-election.
align=left	Campbell Slemp		Republican	nowrap	March 4, 1903 – October 13, 1907		Elected in 1902. Re-elected in 1904. Re-elected in 1906. Died.
Vacant		nowrap	October 14, 1907 – December 16, 1907
align=left	C. Bascom Slemp		Republican	nowrap	December 17, 1907 – March 3, 1923		Elected to finish Slemp's term. Re-elected in 1908. Re-elected in 1910. Re-elected in 1912. Re-elected in 1914. Re-elected in 1916. Re-elected in 1918. Re-elected in 1920. Retired.
align=left	George C. Peery		Democratic	nowrap	March 4, 1923 – March 3, 1929		Elected in 1922. Re-elected in 1924. Re-elected in 1926. Retired.
align=left	Joseph C. Shaffer		Republican	nowrap	March 4, 1929 – March 3, 1931		Elected in 1928. Lost re-election.
align=left	John W. Flannagan Jr.		Democratic	nowrap	March 4, 1931 – March 3, 1933		Elected in 1930. Redistricted to .
District inactive		nowrap	March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935
align=left	John W. Flannagan Jr.		Democratic	nowrap	January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1949		Redistricted from and re-elected in 1934. Re-elected in 1936. Re-elected in 1938. Re-elected in 1940. Re-elected in 1942. Re-elected in 1944. Re-elected in 1946. Retired.
align=left	Thomas B. Fugate		Democratic	nowrap	January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1953		Elected in 1948. Re-elected in 1950. Retired.
align=left	William C. Wampler		Republican	nowrap	January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955		Elected in 1952. Lost re-election.
align=left	W. Pat Jennings		Democratic	nowrap	January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1967		Elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1956. Re-elected in 1958. Re-elected in 1960. Re-elected in 1962. Re-elected in 1964. Lost re-election.
align=left	William C. Wampler		Republican	nowrap	January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1983		Elected in 1966. Re-elected in 1968. Re-elected in 1970. Re-elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Re-elected in 1978. Re-elected in 1980. Lost re-election.
align=left	Frederick C. Boucher		Democratic	nowrap	January 3, 1983 – January 3, 2011		Elected in 1982. Re-elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Re-elected in 1992. Re-elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Lost re-election.
align=left	Morgan Griffith		Republican	nowrap	January 3, 2011 – present		Elected in 2010. Re-elected in 2012. Re-elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020. Re-elected in 2022.

Recent election results

2022

Historical district boundaries

The Virginia Ninth District started in 1788 covering the counties of Brunswick, Sussex, Greensville, Prince George, Dinwiddie, Mecklenburg, Lunenburg, Ameila, Cumberland and Powhatan.^[39]

See also

• Virginia's congressional districts
• List of United States congressional districts

References

• Book: Martis, Kenneth C. . The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress . Macmillan Publishing Company . 1989 . New York.
• Book: Martis, Kenneth C. . The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts . Macmillan Publishing Company . 1982 . New York.
• Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present

36.9833°N -81.3506°W

Notes and References

1. Web site: Congressional Districts Relationship Files (State-based) . . February 7, 2018 . April 2, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130402141525/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/cd_state.html . dead.
2. Web site: Center for New Media & Promotion (CNMP) . US Census Bureau . My Congressional District . www.census.gov.
3. Web site: 2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List. 2023-01-10. Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022 . en.
4. Web site: 9,113.87 .
5. Web site: Geography . US Census Bureau . Congressional Districts Relationship Files (state-based) . June 2, 2017 . www.census.gov . EN-US.
6. Web site: Virginia State Board of Elections . November 2, 2010 General and Special Elections Official Results: U.S. House of Representatives . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110721074243/https://www.voterinfo.sbe.virginia.gov/election/DATA/2010/EB24720D-F5C6-4880-8DC5-12AE4D0C3772/official/6_s.shtml . July 21, 2011 . September 25, 2018.
7. News: Bohlen . Celestine . The Fighting Ninth . May 18, 2020 . Washington Post.
8. Web site: Virginia Elections Database » 2008 President General Election . December 26, 2019 . Virginia Elections Database . en-US.
9. Web site: Virginia Elections Database » Search Elections . December 26, 2019 . Virginia Elections Database . en-US.
10. Web site: US Census Bureau . My Congressional District: Virginia . September 25, 2018 . www.census.gov . en-US.
11. Web site: Summarized by Congressional District . July 17, 2013 . Commonwealth Of Virginia – State Board of Elections ELECTION RESULTS November 5, 1996 General Election For Office of PRESIDENT/VICE PRESIDENT of the United States . Virginia State Board of Elections . December 28, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121228232425/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/1996/results1996-presvpres-district_totals.htm . dead .
12. Web site: Summarized by Congressional District . July 17, 2013 . Commonwealth Of Virginia – State Board of Elections ELECTION RESULTS November 5, 1996 General Election For Office of UNITED STATES SENATE . Virginia State Board of Elections . July 24, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130724230548/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/1996/results1996-us_senate-district_totals.htm . dead .
13. Web site: Summary by Congressional District . July 17, 2013 . Commonwealth Of Virginia/ELECTION RESULTS/November 4, 1997 GENERAL ELECTION/For Office of GOVERNOR/By Congressional District . Virginia State Board of Elections . December 28, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121228232100/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/1997/GOV97DST.htm . dead .
14. Web site: Commonwealth Of Virginia ELECTION RESULTS NOVEMBER 4, 1997 GENERAL ELECTION For Office of LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR By Congressional District . July 17, 2013 . Commonwealth Of Virginia/ELECTION RESULTS/November 4, 1997 GENERAL ELECTION/For Office of LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR/By Congressional District . Virginia State Board of Elections . December 19, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131219182053/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/1997/Ltgovdst.htm . dead .
15. Web site: SUMMARY OF NOVEMBER 4, 1997 GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS/by Congressional District . July 17, 2013 . Commonwealth Of Virginia/ELECTION RESULTS/November 4, 1997 GENERAL ELECTION/For Office of ATTORNEY GENERAL/By Congressional District . Virginia State Board of Elections . December 19, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131219182155/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/1997/ag97_dst.htm . dead .
16. Web site: U.S. President/Vice-President . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100617114507/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/2000/nov/nov2000/#01 . June 17, 2010 . July 17, 2013 . Commonwealth of Virginia/November 7, 2000 – General Election/OFFICIAL ELECTION RESULTS . Virginia State Board of Elections .
17. Web site: U.S. Senate . July 17, 2013 . Commonwealth of Virginia/November 7, 2000 – General Election/OFFICIAL RESULTS . Virginia State Board of Elections . January 31, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140131213452/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/2000/nov/nov2000/ussenate.htm . dead .
18. Web site: Official Results/Governor . July 17, 2013 . General Election – November 6, 2001 . Virginia State Board of Elections . December 29, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121229000128/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/2001/nov2001/html/d_03.htm . dead .
19. Web site: Official Results/U.S. Senate . July 17, 2013 . November 5, 2002 General Election Results . Virginia State Board of Elections . December 28, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121228235050/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/2002/nov/d_02.htm . dead .
20. Web site: Official Results/President . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121228232314/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/2004/Nov2004/#01 . December 28, 2012 . July 17, 2013 . Commonwealth of Virginia/November 2 – General Election . Virginia State Board of Elections .
21. Web site: Official Results/Governor . July 17, 2013 . General Election – November 8, 2005 . Virginia State Board of Elections . December 28, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121228235809/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/2005/nov2005/html/d_03.htm . dead .
22. Web site: Official Results/Lieutenant Governor . July 17, 2013 . General Election – November 8, 2005 . Virginia State Board of Elections . July 16, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120716185816/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/2005/nov2005/html/d_04.htm . dead .
23. Web site: Official Results/Attorney General . July 17, 2013 . General Election – November 8, 2005 . Virginia State Board of Elections . July 16, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120716185803/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/2005/nov2005/html/d_05.htm . dead .
24. Web site: Official Results/U.S. Senate . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130813131958/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/ElectionResults/2006/Nov/htm/index.htm#02 . August 13, 2013 . July 17, 2013 . General Election – November 7, 2006 . Virginia State Board of Elections .
25. Web site: President>President And Vice President>Votes By District . July 17, 2013 . November 2008 Official Results . Virginia State Board of Elections . March 4, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000450/https://www.voterinfo.sbe.virginia.gov/election/DATA/2008/07261AFC-9ED3-410F-B07D-84D014AB2C6B/Official/1_d_89BE12EC-7BBF-479C-935A-9B8C51DD3524_s.shtml . dead .
26. Web site: Congress>U.S. Senate>United States Senate>Votes By District . July 17, 2013 . November 2008 Official Results . Virginia State Board of Elections . June 11, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140611233021/https://www.voterinfo.sbe.virginia.gov/election/DATA/2008/07261AFC-9ED3-410F-B07D-84D014AB2C6B/Official/5_d_0F4812A9-B835-4B53-9D64-99F6A1DA3945_s.shtml . dead .
27. Web site: Governor>Votes by District . July 17, 2013 . November 2009 General Election Official Results . Virginia State Board of Elections . April 1, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120401165843/https://www.voterinfo.sbe.virginia.gov/election/DATA/2009/37C2EDEB-FACB-44C1-AF70-05FB616DCD62/Official/2_d_41C57304-C645-42F9-B344-968D3EE33B12_s.shtml . dead .
28. Web site: Lieutenant Governor>Votes by District . July 17, 2013 . November 2009 General Election Official Results . Virginia State Board of Elections . January 11, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140111193403/https://www.voterinfo.sbe.virginia.gov/election/DATA/2009/37C2EDEB-FACB-44C1-AF70-05FB616DCD62/Official/3_d_486A1522-49F4-4C3F-A8AF-AF34F83C7978_s.shtml . dead .
29. Web site: Attorney General>Votes by District . July 17, 2013 . November 2009 General Election Official Results . Virginia State Board of Elections . January 11, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140111193359/https://www.voterinfo.sbe.virginia.gov/election/DATA/2009/37C2EDEB-FACB-44C1-AF70-05FB616DCD62/Official/4_d_8BB30DFB-A850-4B96-B2C1-370D5C7FF9A4_s.shtml . dead .
30. Web site: President>President And Vice President>Votes By District . July 17, 2013 . November 2012 Official Results . Virginia State Board of Elections . August 9, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160809052651/https://www.voterinfo.sbe.virginia.gov/election/DATA/2012/68C30477-AAF2-46DD-994E-5D3BE8A89C9B/Official/1_d_1323CEA4-0C91-4BA4-BEC1-ECF0B10F499F_s.shtml . dead .
31. Web site: Congress>U.S. Senate>United States Senate>Votes By District . July 17, 2013 . November 2012 Official Results . Virginia State Board of Elections . January 11, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140111184738/https://www.voterinfo.sbe.virginia.gov/election/DATA/2012/68C30477-AAF2-46DD-994E-5D3BE8A89C9B/Official/5_d_DE97580C-F069-4752-92FF-28FB0BBAE1C4_s.shtml . dead .
32. Web site: 2013 Governor General Election . April 10, 2016 . November 2013 Official Results . Virginia State Board of Elections.
33. Web site: 2013 Lieutenant Governor General Election . April 10, 2016 . November 2013 Official Results . Virginia State Board of Elections.
34. Web site: 2013 Attorney General General Election . April 10, 2016 . November 2013 Official Results . Virginia State Board of Elections.
35. Web site: 2014 U.S. Senate General Election . April 10, 2016 . November 2014 Official Results . Virginia State Board of Elections.
36. Web site: 2018 U.S. Senate Results by Congressional District . June 16, 2018 . The Virginia Public Access Project . en.
37. Web site: Daily Kos Elections' presidential results by congressional district for 2020, 2016, and 2012.
38. 1460659975093686275. greggiroux. Certified results of Virginia governor's election by current congressional district. November 16, 2021.
39. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081883278&seq=658 Statute of 20 November 1788