Violaxanthin de-epoxidase explained

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase
Ec Number:	1.10.99.3
Cas Number:	57534-73-3

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) is an enzyme with systematic name violaxanthin:ascorbate oxidoreductase.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]} This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

\rightleftharpoons zeaxanthin + 2 L-dehydroascorbate + 2 H₂O (overall reaction)

(1a) violaxanthin + L-ascorbate

\rightleftharpoons antheraxanthin + L-dehydroascorbate + H₂O

(1b) antheraxanthin + L-ascorbate

\rightleftharpoons zeaxanthin + L-dehydroascorbate + H₂O

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase is a part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle for controlling the concentration of zeaxanthin in chloroplasts.

Notes and References

1. Yamamoto HY, Higashi RM . Violaxanthin de-epoxidase. Lipid composition and substrate specificity . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics . 190 . 2 . 514–22 . October 1978 . 102251 . 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90305-3 .
2. Rockholm DC, Yamamoto HY . Violaxanthin de-epoxidase . Plant Physiology . 110 . 2 . 697–703 . February 1996 . 8742341 . 157766 . 10.1104/pp.110.2.697 .
3. Bugos RC, Hieber AD, Yamamoto HY . Xanthophyll cycle enzymes are members of the lipocalin family, the first identified from plants . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 273 . 25 . 15321–4 . June 1998 . 9624110 . 10.1074/jbc.273.25.15321 . free .
4. Kuwabara T, Hasegawa M, Kawano M, Takaichi S . Characterization of violaxanthin de-epoxidase purified in the presence of Tween 20: effects of dithiothreitol and pepstatin A . Plant & Cell Physiology . 40 . 11 . 1119–26 . November 1999 . 10635115 . 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029496 . free .
5. Latowski D, Kruk J, Burda K, Skrzynecka-Jaskier M, Kostecka-Gugała A, Strzałka K . Kinetics of violaxanthin de-epoxidation by violaxanthin de-epoxidase, a xanthophyll cycle enzyme, is regulated by membrane fluidity in model lipid bilayers . European Journal of Biochemistry . 269 . 18 . 4656–65 . September 2002 . 12230579 . 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03166.x . free .
6. Goss R . Substrate specificity of the violaxanthin de-epoxidase of the primitive green alga Mantoniella squamata (Prasinophyceae) . Planta . 217 . 5 . 801–12 . September 2003 . 12748855 . 10.1007/s00425-003-1044-1 .
7. Latowski D, Akerlund HE, Strzałka K . Violaxanthin de-epoxidase, the xanthophyll cycle enzyme, requires lipid inverted hexagonal structures for its activity . Biochemistry . 43 . 15 . 4417–20 . April 2004 . 15078086 . 10.1021/bi049652g .