List of typefaces designed by Frederic Goudy explained

The following is a list of typefaces designed by Frederic Goudy.

Goudy was one of America's most prolific designers of metal type. He worked under the influence of the Arts and Crafts movement, and many of his designs are old-style serif designs inspired by the relatively organic structure of typefaces created between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, following the lead of earlier revivalist printers such as William Morris.^[1] Eric Sloane, who was his neighbour as a boy, recalled that he also took inspiration from hand-painted signs.^[2] He also developed a number of typefaces influenced by blackletter medieval manuscripts, illuminated manuscript capitals and Roman square capitals carved into stone.^[3] This means that several of his most famous designs such as Copperplate Gothic and Goudy Stout are unusual deviations from his normal style.^[4]

Goudy's taste matched a trend of the period, in which a preference for using mechanical, geometric Didone fonts introduced in the eighteenth and nineteenth century was being displaced by a revival of interest in the 'old-style' serif fonts (preferred by Goudy) developed before this, a change that has proved to be lasting, especially in book body text.^{[5] [6] [7] [8]}

Again unusually for type designers of the period, Goudy wrote extensively on his work and ambitions, partly in order to publicise his work as an independent artisan. He completed A Half-Century of Type Design and Typography, a two-volume survey of all his designs, late in life, in which he discussed all of his work.^{[9] [10]} Not all Goudy's designs survive or have been digitised: several, often designs never cut into metal, were lost in fires which burned down his studio in 1908 and again in 1939. Indeed, in his autobiography Goudy sometimes said he had little memory of some of his earlier designs. He worked extensively with his wife Bertha, who particularly collaborated with him on printing projects. He listed his typefaces with numbers in a similar way to the opus numbers used by composers.

Career

Unlike most type designers of the metal type era, Goudy worked as an independent designer not permanently employed by any one company, giving him particular latitude to work on his own projects. He generally avoided sans-serif designs, though he did create the nearly sans-serif Copperplate Gothic, inspired by engraved letters, early in his career and a few others later. As an independent artist and consultant, Goudy needed to undertake a large range of commissions to survive, and sought patronage from companies (and, especially later in life, universities) who would commission a typeface for their own printing and advertising.^[11] This led to him producing a large range of designs on commission, and promoting his career through talks and teaching.^[12] As a result, many of his designs may look somewhat similar to modern readers.

Goudy's career took place at a time of progress in printing technology. New pantograph engraving technology made it easier to rapidly engrave matrices), the moulds in which metal type would be cast or the punches used to stamp them in copper.^[13] This gave much cleaner results than pre-pantograph punches, which had to be carefully hand-carved at the size of the desired letter, with less difficulty and the ability to prepare designs more easily from large plan drawings.^[14]

During the early years of Goudy's career, hand typesetting was being superseded, especially for body text composition, by hot metal typesetting, and his client Monotype was one of the most popular manufacturers of these systems, in competition with that of Linotype. Both allowed metal type to be quickly cast under the control of a keyboard, eliminating the need to manually cast metal type and slot it into place into a printing press. With no need to keep type in stock, just the matrices used as moulds to cast the type, printers could use a wider range of fonts and there was increasing demand for varied typefaces. However, many of Goudy’s designs were used in hand-setting also.

While most of Goudy's designs are 'old-style' serif faces, they do still explore a wide range of aspects of the genre, with Deepdene offering a strikingly upright italic, Goudy Modern merging traditional old-style letters with the insistent, horizontal serifs of Didone faces of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and several such as Goudy Old Style being sold with a swash italic for display use.^{[15] [16]} His sans-serif series, Goudy Sans, adopts an eccentric humanist style with a calligraphic italic.^{[17] [18]} Quite unlike most sans-serif types of the period, it was unpopular in his lifetime but has been revived several times since by both LTC and ITC.^{[19] [20] [21]}

Goudy started his career as a full-time type designer later in life, creating his first font in his early thirties.^[22] In his earlier career he had worked first as a bookkeeper, and then as a printer and lettering artist.^[23]

Critical assessment

The printer Daniel Berkeley Updike, while respecting some of his work, echoed Goudy's student Dwiggins' comment that his work lacked 'a certain snap and acidity'.^{[24] [25] [26]} He also wrote that Goudy had "never gotten over" a desire to imitate medieval books.^[27]

The British printer Stanley Morison, also a veteran of fine book printing whose career at Monotype had moved in the direction of blending tradition with practicality, admired much of Goudy's work and ethos but wrote that Goudy had "designed a whole century of very peculiar looking types", and that he was glad that his company's Times New Roman did not look "as if it has been designed by somebody in particular - Mr. Goudy for instance."^[28] Goudy felt in his later life that his career had been overshadowed by new trends, with modernism and a trend towards sans-serifs and sharp geometric type leaving his work out of favor.^[29]

Walter Tracy, a leading historian of type design, devoted a section of his book Letters of Credit to a critical assessment of Goudy's work. He was impressed by Goudy Old Style, the blackletter Goudy Text, Goudy Heavy and to a certain extent Deepdene, but felt that Goudy was over-fond of eccentric detailing, such as a "restless" tilted 'e' common in early printing, and felt that Goudy's prolific work rate had prevented him from critically assessing his designs. He noted as an example how his "Bertham" type, named in memory of his late wife ("Bertha M."),^[30] was drawn and engraved in sixteen working days: "there cannot have been much time for the objective scrutiny which every design should undergo before it is allowed to emerge from the workshop."

Goudy gave his blackletter designs the adjective text, short for 'textura'. This designation was common in Goudy's time; it is now avoided due to confusion with fonts intended for body text.

1896 to 1904

• Camelot (1896, Dickinson Type Foundry), Goudy designed only the capitals, lower-case letters were later added, presumably by Dickinson's type designer Joseph W. Phinney or his team. A delicate Art Nouveau-inspired display face with small wedge serifs.^[31]
• Unnamed (1896) this was a second set of drawings sent to Dickinson Type Foundry that he sent them after they had accepted Camelot. It was neither accepted nor cast, but Goudy numbered it among his faces.
• Display Roman (1897, nc), based on some lettering in an issue of the British magazine The Studio. Goudy numbered it among his designs, though even he was unsure of what exactly it was beyond being "a display letter leaning to the bold side" or if it had ever been manufactured.
• DeVinne Roman (1898, Central Type Foundry, ATF), a book face based on a display type that had been earlier commissioned by Theodore Low De Vinne.

• Pabst Old Style or Pabst Roman (1902, ATF), based on hand lettering done by Goudy for advertisements for the Pabst Brewing Company, though commissioned by Schlesinger & Mayer, a Chicago department store. Cast by ATF with the proviso that the department store would have the exclusive use of the font for a time before it would be offered to the public. The design had a strikingly low x-height.^[32]
  • Pabst Roman Italic (1903, ATF), a companion to the above. Cut by Robert Wiebking, who would work extensively with Goudy in the following years.

• Powell (1903, Keystone Foundry), commissioned by one Mr. Powell, then advertising manager for Mandel Brothers department store (earlier he had commissioned Pabst Old Style for another store), and named after him.^[33] Another display type, partially inspired by lettering Goudy had done for the children's book Mother Goose, a design which Goudy felt had been pirated by the Inland Type Foundry as their font 'Hearst'. To give the font a different colour to Pabst or the 'Hearst' font, Goudy attempted to balance the x-height and height of the ascenders and descenders differently.
  • Goudy reported in his autobiography that Keystone later created a matching italic.
• The Village series was a family named after Goudy's own Village Press, which came to use it.
  • Village (1903, Wiebking, Harding & Co.^[34]), cut by Wiebking. It was originally designed for Kuppenheimer & Company for advertising use, who later decided it would be too expensive to cast, and later bought by Frederick Sherman. The design was very much under the influence of William Morris's 'Golden' type, itself influenced by the 1470s printing of Nicolas Jenson, as well as other (mostly British) fine printers such as the Doves, Montaigne and Merrymount presses. The matrices are still extant and cast by Dale Guild Foundry.
  • Village No. 2 (1932, Continental, later Lanston Monotype), cut by Goudy for an edition of Theodore Low De Vinne's The Old and the New, later marketed by Monotype.^{[35] [36]}
  • Village Italic (1934, Continental + Lanston Monotype), cut by Goudy. A companion to the No. 2 face.
• Cushing Italic Goudy thought that Clarence C. Marder asked him to draw an italic to complement ATF's existing Cushing Roman sometime after 1904. However, Goudy was unsure whether they ultimately used his design, and ATF catalogs show it as existing as early as 1898.
• Barron's Boston News Letter (1904, ATF), a private face cut for Clarence W. Barron's financial newsletter, matrices cut by Wiebking. Goudy wrote in 1946 that he had no knowledge of what became of the design and little memory of what it was.
• Engravers' Roman (1904, nc), inspired by copperplate engraving. Goudy was uncertain if this type had ever been cast.

• Copperplate Gothic (1905, ATF), originally designed for Marder, Luse, & Co., ATF immediately adopted it and made it the first in a hugely successful series: Clarence C. Marder and Morris Fuller Benton later cut dozens of variations for ATF. 'Gothic' was a contemporary term for sans-serif typefaces; it has nothing to do with 'gothic' or blackletter writing.
  Master printer J.L. Frazier, no great fan of sans-serif types, wrote of it in 1925 that it was a popular choice for the stationery of professionals such as lawyers and doctors: "a certain dignity of effect accompanies...due to the absence of anything in the way of frills."^[37]

• Caxton Initials (1905, ATF), a font included twenty-six 'Lombard capitals' and one leaf ornament only.

• Globe Gothic Bold (1905, ATF), a companion to Morris Fuller Benton's 'Globe Gothic'. Sans-serif design with variable stroke width.^[38] Utterly unlike Goudy's normal work, and created on commission. Goudy wrote that it "is the least satisfactory (to me) of all my types. Phinney paid me a sum that at that time I considered liberal, and I have never been able to free my mind from the suspicion that he wished to help me financially more than he required such a type for his foundry…Gerry Powell of A.T.F. insists that it sold in considerable quantities, but I have never come across many pieces of printing showing it."
• Caslon Revised (1905, never cast), for A.T.F. Caslon was a very popular typeface in the American printing of the period, becoming almost a genre with many derivatives and expansions. Clarence Marder of A.T.F. asked Goudy to draw a more regular version of the design, intended to have a more even colour on the page than the original design. Ultimately never cast.

• Goudy Light Roman + Italic (1908, Lanston Monotype), originally made for use in Life magazine (who, Goudy reported, ultimately never used it) and initially called "Monotype 38E" after its order number. Sometimes known as Gimbel because of its use in ads for Gimbel's Department Store.^[39] An elegant design, which Goudy described as better-adapted for advertising and display use than for body text.
• Norman Capitals (1910, privately cast by ATF), cut for Munder-Thompson Company, a Baltimore printing firm, and named for Norman Munder. Goudy was unsure what became of the font, although he held a specimen of it and reproduced it in his memoir.

1911 to 1926

From 1911 to 1926 (with a few exceptions) Goudy's designs were cut by Robert Wiebking. Some were private commissions, others were cut first and then offered for sale.

Kennerley series

See main article: Kennerley Old Style. The Kennerley Series, named for New York publisher Mitchell Kennerley, was Goudy's first major success in his own style.^[40]
Goudy described the design as extremely loosely suggested by the 'Fell Types', a set of type in the Dutch style collected by Bishop John Fell of Oxford for the Oxford University Press: "comparison of my type with the Fell letter will disclose little more than an identity of spirit."^[41] Others have compared it in some details, notably the tilted understroke on the 'e' of which Goudy was fond, to the type of late 15th century Venetian printer Nicolas Jenson.^[42] Many revivals and digitisations have been released since.^{[43] [44]}

• • Kennerley Old Style (1911, Village Letter Foundry + 1920, Lanston Monotype + 1927 Continental)

• • Kennerley Italic (1918, Village Letter Foundry + 1920, Lanston Monotype + 1927 Continental)
  • Kennerley Bold + Bold Italic (1924, Lanston Monotype + Continental)

• Forum Title (1911, Lanston Monotype), capitals only, based on the lettering on the Arch of Titus in the Roman Forum.^{[45] [46] [47]} Distinguishable from some of Goudy's other Roman-inspired fonts by the Greek-inspired curving capital 'Y' in the tradition of the Greek letter upsilon. Quite soft in appearance, which Tracy found "too much of a good thing".
• Sherman (1910), privately cast for publisher Frederick Sherman who never used it. After the death of Sherman and new ownership by his niece, Elizabeth Sherman Engelhardt, original proofs and remaining metal type were donated to Syracuse University for use exclusively by its faculty and students. The Sherman typeface was brought back to life and digitally redrawn by Chester Jenkins in 2016.^{[48] [49] [50]}
• Goudy Lanston (1912, Village Letter Foundry) Initially named 'Goudy Old Style', but in 1915, when ATF requested this name for his new face for them, Goudy agreed and renamed it. 26 Lead Soldiers noted that "Goudy's own Village Foundry was long the sole source of this face, 14-point roman only". When Lanston Monotype bought and issued the face, it was again renamed, in honour of Tolbert Lanston; it was originally called Goudy Antique. Issued in England, with some alterations, by Caslon under the name Ratdolt. Evidently, this altered English version, was issued under the names Foster and Moore by Barnhart Brothers & Spindler along with a "matching" italic (see below).
• Goudy Roman (1914), originally designed for Louis Orr of the Bartlett Press who was supposed to have them cast by Caslon Foundry, but Caslon refused to take on new work due to a "war scare". Later, Barnhart Brothers & Spindler expressed interest in the project cut trial matrices, which Goudy did not like, so he eventually cut the matrices himself. It is unclear if the type was ever cast in quantity.
• Klaxon (1914, cut for Klaxon Auto Warning Signal Company), the matrices, which were cut by Wiebking, were lost in Goudy's 1939 studio fire.
• Goudy Italic, a companion to Goudy Roman which never progressed past initial drawings which were then destroyed in Goudy's 1939 studio fire.

1915 to 1926: Cut by ATF

In 1915 and 1916, Goudy was on retainer for American Type Founders and all of his matrices were cut in house by ATF.

Goudy Old Style

See main article: Goudy Old Style. Described as 'an instant best-seller' by Lawson in Anatomy of a Typeface, Goudy Old Style (1915) has remained popular since its creation for ATF as a body text and display face.^[51] Goudy described the design as influenced by capitals on a painting, but later said he was unable to find which, although he thought it was by Hans Holbein (Goudy did not say which). The dots (tittles) on the 'i' and 'j' are diamond-pattern, and the descenders were kept short at ATF's insistence to allow tight line setting on their common line system.^[52] Many revivals have been released.^[53] Goudy later also designed an italic, and A.T.F. a bold weight and a medium, named 'Goudy Catalogue'.

Goudy Old Style became particularly commonly used for display and advertising use. Indeed, in 1937, the printing textbook 26 Lead Soldiers described the bold as 'better known' than the regular.

• Goudy Cursive (1916, ATF): a set of swash capitals and other alternate characters for Goudy Old Style.^{[16] [54]}
• Booklet Old Style (1916, ATF), apparently never marketed. Proof shown in Goudy's memoir.

• National Old Style (1916, ATF), quite similar to his Nabisco.^[55]
• Unnamed (1917), Goudy had zinc etchings made of this face and pulled proofs, which dissatisfied him. He scrapped the face and the drawings are now in the Library of Congress.
• Advertiser's Roman (1917, nc), patterns were cut but never cast, all traces lost in Goudy's 1939 studio fire.

• Cloister Initials (1918, ATF), a set of floral initials designed to be used with Morris Fuller Benton's Cloister Old Style.^{[56] [57]}
• Hadriano Title (1918, Lanston Monotype + 1927, Continental), matrices cut by Wiebking. Based on the appearance of worn stone capitals.
  • Hadriano Lower Case (1930, nc), designed by Goudy for Monotype but never cut. In 1932 Monotype released a full-font that consisted of Hadriano Title matched with Kennerley Bold lower case letters.

Goudy Open and Goudy Modern

• Goudy Open (1918, Village Letter Foundry + 1924, Monotype Ltd. + 1927, Continental), matrices cut by Wiebking. An open face design (similar to Imprint Shadowed) but influenced by Didone or Modern serif fonts, such as Didot and Bodoni. The influence is visible in exactly horizontal serifs on letters with ascenders, very different to other Goudy 'open face' designs.^[58] Goudy's aim was to 'redeem' the Didone letterform by letting more white space into it, in order to preserve the outline area and bulk of the letterforms while reducing the area of ink on the page.

• • Goudy Modern (1918, Village Letter Foundry + 1924, Monotype Ltd. + 1927, Continental), basically a "filled in" version of Goudy Open, matrices cut by Wiebking.^{[15] [59] [60]} Used in the Arion Press's 1980 edition of Moby Dick, typeset by Andrew Hoyem.^{[61] [62] [63]}
  • Goudy Open Italic + Modern Italic (1919, Village Letter Foundry + 1924, Monotype Ltd.), matrices cut by Wiebking. The normal italic was this time made first, then the open design.
• Collier Old Style (1919, ATF), a private type for Proctor & Collier, a Cincinnati advertising agency, matrices cut by Wiebking.

• Lining Gothic (1921, nc), a caps-only, almost sans-serif design with small wedge serifs on the stroke ends. Drawings for this face were complete, but when Wiebking was late in cutting the matrices, the order was cancelled and Goudy lost interest in the design. Example prints are shown in Goudy's autobiography and Elements of Lettering. Writing in 1946, he noted that had he resumed work, he could have anticipated Kabel and Futura with the design. It is also strikingly similar to Albertus of over a decade later.
• Nabisco (1921, privately cast), cut for the National Biscuit Company based on the hand-lettered logotype he had done for them twenty years ago, matrices cut by Wiebking.

Garamont

See main article: Garamond. One of Goudy's most popular typefaces in his lifetime, Garamont (1921, Lanston Monotype + 1927, Continental) was loosely based on metal types in the Imprimerie nationale, the French government printing-office, that were at the time thought to be the work of Claude Garamont. Research by Beatrice Warde, published in 1926, revealed that actually these designs were the work of Jean Jannon, working more than fifty years after Garamond's death.^{[64] [65]} An elegant sample created by Bruce Rogers was shown in a spring 1923 issue of Monotype's magazine.^[66] Garamont features a large range of swash characters. Mosley has described it as "a lively type, underappreciated I think."^[67] LTC's digitisation deliberately maintained its eccentricity and irregularity true to period printing, something Goudy had insisted on in his original design, avoiding perfect verticals.^[68]

• Goudy Newstyle (1921, Village Letter Foundry + 1927, Continental + 1941 Lanston Monotype), re-cut in 1935 and sold to Monotype who then marketed it as Goudy Bible. It was also used by the Grabhorn Press, who used it in an edition of Leaves of Grass.^[69] This face was then adapted by Bruce Rogers and Sol Hess for the famous Oxford Lectern Bible of 1948.
• Italian Old Style + Italic (1924, Lanston Monotype + 1927, Continental)^{[70] [71]} Often confused with some other faces of the same name, it is notable for its 'A' with serifs on either side of the top. It was used to set Goudy's autobiography.

• Goudy Heavy Face + Italic (1925, Lanston Monotype + 1927, Continental), intended to compete with Cooper Black.^[72] An ultra-bold typeface with minimal stress in the old-style pattern; Walter Tracy, not always a fan of Goudy's type designs, thought it "one of Goudy's best" and "superior" to its competitors.
• Marlborough (1925, Village Letter Foundry + 1927, Continental), a private face designed for a printer who lost interest in the project before completion. The matrices were cut by Wiebking and a few fonts were cast by Goudy, and these were destroyed in Goudy's studio fire of 1939. A revised version of this design was sold to Lanston Monotype in 1942, but Monotype apparently did not release it. A picture is shown in Goudy's 1946 memoir.
• Venezia Italic (1925, Monotype Ltd.), made at the request of type designer George W. Jones to accompany his Venezia Roman.

1926 to 1929

From 1926 until his death, Goudy cut all of his own faces (at least in the pilot sizes).^[73] From 1927-1929, Goudy cast type at his own Village Letter Foundry and marketed them through the Continental Type Founders Association. After 1929 he ceased casting his own fonts and they were cast for Continental by the New England Type Foundry.^[74]

• Goudy Antique (1926, privately cast by Village Letter Foundry + 1927, Continental), the first type matrices actually cut by Goudy himself.
• Aries (1926), privately cast for Spencer Kellogg's Aries Press. A medieval-inspired design with upper- and lower-case.^[75]
• Goudy Uncials (1927, nc), drawings were completed, all traces lost in Goudy's 1939 studio fire.
• Companion Old Style + Italic (1927, Lanston Monotype), a private face cut for the Woman's Home Companion magazine. Created with a very full character set, including italic swash caps and small capitals. A set of matrices survives in the collection of the Tampa Book Arts Studio.^[76] A favourite of Goudy's, who felt it showed more 'consistent original features than any other face I have ever made' (Tracy did not like it). (The Companion would later become one of the first magazines in the USA to switch to Times New Roman in 1943.^[77]) 2021 digitization by Steve Matteson.^{[78] [79]}

Deepdene series

See main article: Deepdene (typeface). A crisp design inspired by a typeface designed in the Netherlands, which Goudy's Paul Bennett wrote was Jan van Krimpen's Lutetia.^[80] One of Goudy's more popular designs, with several digital revivals, although as of 2016 only LTC's includes the swash capitals and small caps of Goudy's original design conception.^{[81] [82]} Named after Goudy's home in Marlborough.

• • Deepdene (1927, Continental, later Lanston Monotype) Changes were made to fit Monotype's machine composition system.
  • Deepdene Italic (1928, Continental, later Lanston Monotype), matrices cut by Bertha M. Goudy. Notable for a nearly-upright italic.
  • Deepdene Medium (1931, nc), designed for Lanston Monotype but evidently never cast.
  • Deepdene Bold + Bold Italic (1934, Lanston Monotype)

• Remington Typewriter (1927, Lanston Monotype) Though intended to be used on Remington typewriters, it was eventually picked up by Monotype. An attempt to avoid the feeling of unevenness of monospaced typefaces (which tend to make letters like 'i' seem too wide and 'W' too squashed) through creating an italic design.^[83] Goudy wrote that although he was paid well for the design, he did not know if it had ever been used by Remington.
• Record Title (1927), inspired by Roman capitals, privately cast for Architectural Record magazine at the commission of Charles DeVinne, grandson of the famous printer and type designer, Theodore Low De Vinne.^[84]
• Goudy Dutch (1927, nc), designs complete but never cut, all traces lost in Goudy's 1939 studio fire. Based on the handwriting of a letter from a correspondent in the Netherlands, rather than on Dutch printing styles.
• Goudytype (1928, ATF), designed and cut in 1916, not cast and sold until later.

• Goudy Text (1928, Continental, later Lanston Monotype) Originally named 'Goudy Black'.^{[85] [86]} A blackletter design, "text" is short for textura, another term for blackletter. Tracy admired it as "wholly admirable...the letters are very well matched to each other and produce a fine result when composed in text."
• Inscription Greek (1929, nc), a font of the eleven Greek capitals not found in the Roman alphabet. These were intended to be used with Kennerley Old Style small caps to form a Greek font.

• Lombardic Capitals (1929, Continental + Lanston Monotype), capitals only, intended to serve as alternate, decorative capitals for Goudy Text.^{[87] [88]}
• Goudy Sans Serif series An eccentric display-oriented sans-serif design with a highly calligraphic italic. Considered little-used by Goudy in his memoir, although digitised and revived several times since.^{[18] [19] [20] [21]}
  • Goudy Sans Serif Heavy or Sans Serif Bold (1929, Lanston Monotype)
  • Goudy Sans Serif Light (1930, Lanston Monotype)
  • Goudy Sans Serif Light Italic (1931, Lanston Monotype)
• Kaatskill (1929, Continental), a private face cut for the Limited Editions Club edition of Rip Van Winkle.^[89]
• Strathmore Title (1929), designed as part of a project for Strathmore Paper Company, only fourteen letters were cut before the project was abandoned.

1930 to 1934

• Unnamed (two faces) (1930), two designs with job numbers from 1930 were destroyed in the fire of 1939. Nothing else known.

• Trajan Title (1930, Continental, later Monotype Ltd.), a private face in the U.S., it was marketed in England and Europe by British Monotype.^[90]
• Mediaeval (1930, Continental). A free, romanised blackletter, inspired by 'a twelfth-century South German manuscript hand', and popular in Goudy's lifetime.^{[91] [92]}
• Advertisers Modern (1930, privately cast), cut for the Manuel Rosenberg, publisher of The Advertiser. Apparently little-used, but Goudy retained a proof, shown in his autobiography.

• Goudy Stout, only cut in 24 pt. capitals. Quirky typeface in the fat face genre. Goudy described it as unpopular in his lifetime, but revived several times since.^[4] Published 1939, Continental. Digital revivals by Castle Type, Rimmer and by Vincent Connare for Microsoft.^{[93] [94]}
• Truesdell + Italic (1930, Continental), first used for a preface published in the Colophon No. 5 and named for Goudy's mother.^[95]
  • Truesdell Italic (1931, Continental)
• Goudy Ornate or Ornate Title (1930, Continental), capitals only.^{[96] [97]}
• Deepdene Open Text (1931, Continental), cut as headings for a book by Edmund G. Greiss. A blackletter font for titles and headings, intended to complement but not match Deepdene.
  • Deepdene Text (1931, Continental), basically just a "filled-in" version of Deepdene Open Text.
• Goethe (1932, Continental), basically a lighter version of Goudy Modern, cut for the Goethe Centenary Exhibition in Leipzig.
  • Goethe Italic (1932, Continental), cut for the Limited Editions Club edition of Frankenstein.
• Quinian Old Style (1932, nc), named for the editor of American Mercury who commissioned the type, however the drawings were rejected and subsequently perished in Goudy's studio fire of 1939.
• Mostert (1932, nc), inspired by the calligraphy of Annelise Mostert. Project never progressed beyond first round of proofs. Goudy donated Mostert's text sample to the Library of Congress.
• Aries (re-cut) (1932, Continental), later sold to Edwin Grabhorn, a San Francisco printer, who had it cast by Lanston Monotype and renamed it Franciscan. Subsequently cast by McKenzie & Harris.^[98]
• Goudy Boldface (1932, nc), level of completion uncertain, records lost in Goudy's 1939 studio fire.
• Goudy Book (1933, nc), designs complete but never cut, all traces lost in Goudy's 1939 studio fire.
• Mercury (1933, nc), designs complete but never cut, all traces lost in Goudy's 1939 studio fire.
• Saks Goudy, Italic & Bold Caps (1934), a private type cast for Saks Fifth Avenue department store.^{[99] [100]}
  • Saks Goudy Bold Caps actually consists of the small capitals of larger sizes cast on larger bodies.
• Hasbrouck (1934, nc), designs complete but never cut, all traces lost in Goudy's 1939 studio fire
• Textbook Old Style (1934, nc), designs complete but never cut, all traces lost in Goudy's 1939 studio fire..

1935 to 1938

• Tory Text (1935, Continental), blackletter based on the letters of Geoffroy Tory. Used only for one book, though one of Goudy's favorites. Capitals later cannibalized for New Village Text.
• Atlantis (1935, nc), designs complete but never cut, all traces lost in Goudy's 1939 studio fire.
• Millvale (1935, nc), designs complete but never cut, all traces lost in Goudy's 1939 studio fire.
• Bertham (1936, Continental), named in memory of Goudy's wife, Bertha M. Goudy, who had died the year before.^{[101] [102]} Goudy's 100th typeface, done by request for American Printer Magazine. Based on Leonard Holle's 1482 design.
• Pax (1936, nc), matrices were cut, but Goudy was disappointed with the results and never cast the type.
• Ampersands (1936, nc), a collection of 65 ampersands engraved for the Typophiles club in New York for an article on the topic. A reproduction is in Goudy's 1946 memoirs. Most digitised.
• Friar (1937, Continental), designed for his own amusement, Goudy only cast a few fonts of this face in 12 point. Inspired by uncial script but with an upper and lower case.^[103]

University of California Old Style

See main article: University of California Old Style. Goudy's 'California' font (1938, Continental) was cut for the University of California Press. It is a 'Venetian' typeface, loosely inspired by the work of Nicolas Jenson. One of Goudy's most popular designs, several releases exist.

After the original type was commissioned for private use, 'California' was released publicly by different companies, first in 1958, by Lanston Monotype as 'Californian' and then famously under the name of 'Berkeley Old Style' by ITC.

In digital versions, 'California' was released by ITC under its pre-existing brand, as 'Californian' by LTC and Font Bureau (in different digitisations) and by Richard Beatty under the name of 'University Old Style'.^{[104] [105] [106] [107]}

Late designs, 1938 to 1945

• New Village Text (1938, Continental), not a new face but a mongrel cast by Goudy's son consisting of capitals from Tory Text and lower-case letters from Deepdene Text.
• Murchison (1938, Photostat Corporation): an experimental design in the new technology of cold type or phototypesetting, which did not become popular until after the end of Goudy's life. Named for the president of Photostat Corporation.
• Bulmer (1939, nc), an attempt to design a lower-case for fine capitals by William Bulmer, never completed.
• Scripps College Old Style (1941), a private face cast for Scripps College. Commissioned by college librarian Dorothy Drake, it was intended for the use of students interested in book making. Later released by Monotype.^{[108] [109]}
  • Scrips College Italic (1944)
• Spencer Old Style + Italic (1943, nc), commissioned for a large book printing firm but never accepted due to wartime restrictions. Later the design was given to Syracuse University and named for H. Lyle Spencer, dean of the School of Journalism.
• Marlborough Text (1944, Continental), a private face for International Printing Company. Though a complete design, only the letters to print "Certificate of Honor" were ever cut.
• Hebrew University (1945, nc), a font of Hebrew letters commissioned by the American Friends of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem]]. No casting information available.
• Goudy Thirty (1953, Lanston Monotype), cut with the intention of being issued after Goudy's death, "thirty" being a newspaper term for the end of the story. Goudy finished work on it in 1942 and Monotype waited several years after his death in 1947 before issuing the font.^{[110] [111]} The font is inspired by 'rotunda', a style of blackletter handwriting popular in southern Europe in the medieval period. Lawson reports that it was not a great financial success for Monotype, as blackletter type was unfashionable at the time, but that Bruce Rogers was a great admirer of the design.^[112]

"Goudy" faces designed by others

• Hearst (1902, Inland Type Foundry). Goudy claimed that this had been copied from lettering he had done for a book of verses for children. It is similar to his Pabst Roman.
• Powell Italic (1908, Keystone Foundry), designed in-house by Keystone. Has the distinction of being the first "non-kerning" italic where no character overhangs the body, an idea that proved quite popular. This is accomplished through the use of reverse curves in the taller letters, which first ascend to the right and then curve back to the left to avoid overhanging the next character.
• Goudy Bold (1916, ATF) and Goudy Bold Italic (1919, ATF), were designed by Morris Fuller Benton as companions to Goudy Old Style. The Lanston Monotype version of the italic includes cursive capitals by Sol Hess. There are some detail differences compared to Goudy Old Style Roman: the 'W' has three terminals not four and there is no serif at bottom right of the 'C'.
• Goudy Title (1918, ATF) is a full size variation on Goudy's small capitals from his Goudy Old Style and was designed by Morris Fuller Benton.
• Goudy Catalog (1919, ATF) and Goudy Catalog Italic (1921, ATF), were designed by Morris Fuller Benton as medium weight companions to Goudy Old Style.^[113]
• Goudy Handtooled + Italic (1922, ATF), were in-line versions of Goudy Bold + Italic and were probably designed by Charles H. Becker, though other authorities credit either Morris Fuller Benton or Wadsworth A. Parker. Again, the Lanston Monotype version of the italic includes cursive capitals by Sol Hess.^[114] The 1937 textbook 26 Lead Soldiers called it "Goudy Bold in a tuxedo." Morison was notably unimpressed by it.
• Italian Old Style Wide (1924, Lanston Monotype), designed by Sol Hess as a companion to Goudy's Italian Old Style.
• Number Eleven series (1924, Ludlow), are out-and-out copies of the Goudy Old Style series.
• Kennerley Open Capitals (1925, Lanston Monotype), were designed by Sol Hess.
• Goudy Heavy Face Open (1926, Lanston Monotype) and Goudy Heavy Face Condensed (1927, Lanston Monotype), were designed by Sol Hess.
• Goudy Extra Bold + Italic (1927, ATF), were a further extension of the Goudy Old Style series by Morris Fuller Benton.
• Foster Italic and Moore Italic (1927, BB&S), were designed by Richard N. McArthur, and based on the English alteration of Goudy Lanston mentioned above.

• Hadriano Stone Cut (1932, Lanston Monotype), was an in-line version of Hadriano Title designed by Sol Hess.
• Goudy Text Shaded (Lanston Monotype), was designed in house by Monotype.
• Pabst Old Style Condensed (Mergenthaler Linotype), was designed in house by Linotype. Pabst Extra Bold, though also cast by Linotype, has no relation to Goudy's face and is actually a knock-off of Cooper Black.
• Goudy Fancy (1970s), italic-only, origin uncertain but resembles a more condensed version of Goudy Heavy italic so may be based on that or one of Goudy's lettering projects. Has been digitised by Canada Type as 'Goudy Two Shoes'.^[115]
• Berkeley Old Style (1983, ITC), adaptation of Goudy's University of California Old Style (1938). See above.
• Daylilies, floral capitals based on Goudy Old Style by Judith Sutcliff.^[116]
• Goudy Swash, a URW++ release of Goudy Old Style Italic (only) with swash caps.^[117]

Goudy also cut the matrices for Foster Abstract, an ultra-bold Art Deco block letter designed by his friend Robert Foster. 1931, Continental with matrices cut by Goudy and cast privately.^[118] Goudy personally felt that the design 'violated every canon of type design'.

Considering digital revivals of Goudy's non-character typefaces, P22 has also published an anthology of Goudy's ornament designs, released along with their collection of Goudy's ampersands; Parachute Fonts has also released adaptations of Goudy's initials for Greek and Cyrillic.^{[119] [120]}

External links

Writings by Goudy

• "A half-century of type design and typography:" volumes 1 and 2, The Typophiles, New York, 1946. A complete list of Goudy's type designs with commentary.
• "The Alphabet: Fifteen Interpretive Designs" Mitchell Kennerley, N.Y.C, 1918. (alternative digitisation)
• Elements of Lettering (with Bertha Goudy), Mitchell Kennerley, N.Y.C, 1922
• Hello To Those Who Retain Their Sanity, essay, Monotype magazine, 1928
• Ars Typographisch, (Vol. 1, No. 4, 1934): an occasional journal guest-edited by Goudy for one issue in 1934. Contains Goudy's article Type Design: A Homily
• "The Trajan Capitals," Oxford University Press, New York, 1936
• "Typologia" University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1940

Additional sources

• Orton, Vrest "Goudy, Master of Letters", Black Cat Press, Chicago, 1939. A festschrift with an introduction by Goudy.
• Lewis, Bernard: Behind the Type: The Life Story of Frederic W. Goudy, Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1941. An extensive survey of Goudy's work. Goudy's 1938 talk on printing, The Ethics and Aesthetics of Type, is printed at the end.
• Rollins, Carl Purlington "American Type Designers and Their Work" in Print, V. 4, #1.
• MacGrew, Mac, "American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century," Oak Knoll Books, New Castle Delaware, 1993, .
• Bruckner, D.J.R., "Frederic Goudy," Documents of American Design series, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York City, 1990, .
• Type By Goudy (Popular Mechanics article by Andrew R. Boone, April 1942. Many pictures of Goudy at work.)
• Frederic Goudy - Pantagraph (Bloomington, IL newspaper)
• Typographer's Digest, No. 27 (1967): issue dedicated to Goudy's memory. Collects some of Goudy's more obscure writings and fonts, which are shown in a sample at the end.
• Frederick W. Goudy Collection Archives and Special Collections, Ball State University Libraries (PDF)
• The Frederick W. Goudy Collection From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
• Goudy type designs at Lanston Type Co.
• Goudy’s Matrices (Circuitous Root)
• The Deepdene Pantograph (Circuitous Root)
• Frederic W. Goudy Collection, McLean County Museum of History

Notes and References

1. Web site: Shaw. Paul. An appreciation of Frederic W. Goudy as a type designer. 12 July 2015.
2. Book: Sloane. Eric. Return to Taos : Eric Sloane's sketchbook of roadside Americana. 2006. Dover Publications. Mineola, NY. 9780486447735. 8.
3. Web site: Cameron. Alex. Type Tuesday: Scholarly and beautiful, a 1918 book by typographer Frederic W. Goudy. Eye Magazine. 5 February 2016.
4. Web site: Rimmer. Jim. Poster Paint. Fontspring. Canada Type.
5. Lawson, A. (1990). Anatomy of a typeface. Boston: Godine, p.200.
6. Ovink. G.W.. Nineteenth-century reactions against the didone type model - I. Quaerendo. 1971. 1. 2. 18–31. 10.1163/157006971x00301.
7. Ovink. G.W.. Nineteenth-century reactions against the didone type model - II. Quaerendo. 1971. 1. 4. 282–301. 10.1163/157006971x00239.
8. Book: Mosley. James. James Mosley. Reviving the Classics: Matthew Carter and the Interpretation of Historical Models. Mosley. James. Re. Margaret. Drucker. Johanna. Carter. Matthew. Typographically Speaking: The Art of Matthew Carter. 2003. Princeton Architectural Press. 9781568984278. 31–34. https://books.google.com/books?id=WqXd_w4S4SsC&pg=PA31. 30 January 2016.
9. Book: Goudy. Frederic. A Half-Century of Type Design and Typography: 1895-1945, Volume 1. 1946. The Typophiles. New York. 26 February 2016.
10. Book: Goudy. Frederic. A Half-Century of Type Design and Typography: 1895-1945, Volume 1. 1946. The Typophiles. New York. 26 February 2016.
11. Web site: Carter. Matthew. Goudy, the good ol' boy (Bruckner biography review). Eye Magazine. 5 February 2016.
12. News: Updike. John. John Updike. A Bull in the Typography Shop: a review of Frederic Goudy by D. J. R. Bruckner. New York Times. 16 December 1990. 5 February 2016.
13. Monotype matrices and moulds in the making. Monotype Recorder. 1956. 40. 3.
14. Web site: Morison. Stanley. Stanley Morison. Printing the Times. Eye. 28 July 2015.
15. Web site: LTC Goudy Modern. MyFonts. LTC. 27 August 2015.
16. Web site: LTC Goudy Old Style Cursive. MyFonts. LTC. 27 August 2015.
17. Web site: Majoor. Martin. My Type Design Philosophy.
18. Web site: LTC Goudy Sans. MyFonts. LTC. 27 August 2015.
19. Web site: Goudy Sans FS. Fontsite. 27 August 2015.
20. Web site: ITC Goudy Sans. ITC. MyFonts. 27 August 2015.
21. Web site: Adobe ITC Goudy Sans. MyFonts. Adobe. 27 August 2015.
22. Web site: TYPE BY GOUDY - Modern Mechanix. Modern Mechanix. 2016-02-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20061105145335/http://blog.modernmechanix.com/2006/09/01/type-by-goudy/. 2006-11-05. dead.
23. Book: Carter. Sebastian. Sebastian Carter. Twentieth century type designers. 2002. Lund Humphries. Aldershot. 9780853318514. 45. New.
24. Book: Updike. Daniel Berkeley. Printing types : their history, forms, and use; a study in survivals vol 2. 1922. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA. 243. 1st. 17 August 2015.
25. Book: Frazier. J.L.. Type Lore. 1925. Chicago. 103. 24 August 2015.
26. Book: Leslie Cabarga. Logo, Font & Lettering Bible. 15 February 2004. Adams Media. 1-58180-436-9. 108–9.
27. Book: Megan Benton. Beauty and the Book: Fine Editions and Cultural Distinction in America. January 2000. Yale University Press. 978-0-300-08213-5. 99–.
28. Book: Simon Loxley. Type: The Secret History of Letters. 12 June 2006. I.B.Tauris. 978-1-84511-028-4. 134–.
29. Book: Loxley, Simon. Type: The Secret History of Letters. 31 March 2006. I.B.Tauris. 978-0-85773-017-6. 93–102.
30. Book: Goudy, Frederic W. Bertha M. Goudy. Recollections by one who knew her best (Frederic W. Goudy).. 1939-01-01. Village Press. Marlboro, N.Y.. 6. 504760211. en.
31. Web site: LTC Camelot. MyFonts. LTC. 26 August 2015.
32. Web site: LTC Pabst Oldstyle. MyFonts. LTC. 26 August 2015.
33. Web site: LTC Powell. MyFonts. LTC. 27 August 2015.
34. [Alexander Lawson|Lawson, Alexander]
35. Web site: LTC Village No 2. MyFonts. 26 August 2015.
36. Web site: Village - Font Bureau. MyFonts. 26 August 2015.
37. Book: Frazier. J.L.. Type Lore. 1925. Chicago. 20. 24 August 2015.
38. Web site: Globe Gothic. MyFonts. LTC. 27 August 2015.
39. Web site: Usherwood & Jackaman. Goudy 38. MyFonts. Red Rooster Fonts. 27 August 2015.
40. News: Gross. John. The Fortunes of Mitchell Kennerley, Bookman (book review). New York Times. 21 October 1986. 5 February 2016.
41. Book: Frederic William Goudy. Typologia: Studies in Type Design & Type Making, with Comments on the Invention of Typography, the First Types, Legibility, and Fine Printing. 1940. University of California Press. 978-0-520-03308-5. 48–9.
42. Book: Lewis Blackwell. 20th-century Type. 2004. Laurence King Publishing. 978-1-85669-351-6. 191.
43. Web site: LTC Kennerley. MyFonts. LTC. 27 August 2015.
44. Web site: Schwartz. Barry. Goudy Bookletter 1911 (open-source revival, no italic). League of Movable Type. 27 August 2015.
45. Web site: Nolan. John. Steffmann. Dieter. Goudy Twenty. 1001 Fonts. Typographer Mediengestaltung. 27 August 2015.
46. Web site: LTC Forum Title. MyFonts. LTC. 25 February 2016.
47. Web site: Rickner. Tom. Goudy Forum Pro. MyFonts. Ascender. 25 February 2016.
48. Web site: Typography Brand Guidelines. brand.syracuse.edu. en-US. 2017-02-10.
49. News: Hidden Treasure in Special Collections Embodies Syracuse University Spirit. SU News. en-US. 2017-01-31.
50. Web site: Coyte . Madeline . Sherman Type Specimen Book . 20 December 2019 . 3 April 2021 . en.
51. Book: Alexander S. Lawson. Anatomy of a Typeface. January 1990. David R. Godine Publisher. 978-0-87923-333-4. 110–119.
52. Web site: Shaw. Paul. Flawed Typefaces. Print magazine. 12 May 2011. 30 June 2015.
53. Web site: Schwartz. Barry. Sorts Mill Goudy. League of Movable Type. 2 July 2015.
54. Web site: LTC Goudy Oldstyle. MyFonts. Monotype. 2 July 2015.
55. Web site: Curtis. Nick. National Old Style NF. MyFonts. Nick's Fonts. 25 February 2016.
56. Web site: Steffmann. Dieter. Goudy Initialen. 1001 Fonts. Typographer Mediengestaltung. 27 August 2015.
57. Web site: LTC Goudy Initials (more complex Cloister Initials digitisation with negative/positive elements). MyFonts. LTC. 27 August 2015.
58. Web site: LTC Goudy Open. LTC. Myfonts. 26 August 2015.
59. Web site: Goudy Modern (with review of digitisations). Fonts In Use. 6 January 2012. 27 August 2015.
60. Web site: Goudy Modern MT. Adobe/Monotype. MyFonts. 25 February 2016.
61. Web site: Sherman. Nick. Moby Dick, the Arion Press edition. Fonts In Use. 6 January 2012. 28 February 2016.
62. Grossman, C: "Andrew Hoyem of Arion Press: Champion of Literary Artistry", Biblio, September 1997.
63. Web site: Presidio's future -- less cash, more culture / Market-driven development needs a dose of soul-searching. 18 June 2006.
64. Warde. Beatrice. Beatrice Warde. The 'Garamond' Types. The Fleuron. 1926. 131–179.
65. Book: Allen Kent. Harold Lancour. Jay E. Daily. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 9 - Fore-Edge Painting to Germany: Libraries and Information Centers in: Training of Documentalists and Information Officers at the Nonuniversity Level in the Federal Republic of Germany. 1 July 1973. CRC Press. 978-0-8247-2109-1. 196–199.
66. Rogers. Bruce. Bruce Rogers (typographer). Printer's Note. Monotype: A Journal of Composing Room Efficiency. January 1923. 23. This issue of Monotype is set in a trial font of a new version of Garamond's design ... the type ornaments, modelled on 16th century ones, will also be available..
67. Web site: Mosley . James . James Mosley . Comments on Typophile thread . Typophile . 11 December 2015 . unfit . https://web.archive.org/web/20150202154618/http://typophile.com/node/37259 . February 2, 2015 .
68. Web site: LTC Garamont. MyFonts. LTC. 3 December 2015.
69. Book: Megan Benton. Beauty and the Book: Fine Editions and Cultural Distinction in America. January 2000. Yale University Press. 978-0-300-08213-5. 131–133.
70. Web site: Hunt & Grieshaber. LTC Italian Old Style. MyFonts. LTC. 27 August 2015.
71. Web site: Beatty. Richard. Italian Old Style (Beatty). Fontshop. 4 November 2015.
72. Web site: Goudy Heavy Face. Fonts In Use. 27 August 2015.
73. Rollins, Carl Purlington American Type Designers and Their Work. in Print, V. 4, #1.
74. Specimen Book of Continental Types, Continental Type Founders Association, N.Y.C., 1929, p. 123.
75. Web site: Kegler & Kahn. Goudy Aries. P22. 27 August 2015.
76. Web site: A "Lost" Goudy Type Becomes Our New Companion. 14 December 2014. Tampa Book Arts Studio. 27 August 2015.
77. Web site: Heller. Steven. Happiness is Times New Roman. Print magazine. 10 August 2015. 15 December 2016.
78. Web site: New Additions: August 2021 . . 12 September 2021.
79. Web site: Companion Old Style . FontSpring . Matteson Typographics . 12 September 2021.
80. Book: Walter Tracy. Letters of Credit: A View of Type Design. January 2003. D.R. Godine. 978-1-56792-240-0. 121.
81. Web site: LTC Deepdene. MyFonts. LTC. 27 August 2015.
82. Web site: Schwartz. Barry. Linden Hill. League of Movable Type. 27 August 2015.
83. Web site: LTC Remington. MyFonts. LTC. 26 August 2015.
84. Web site: LTC Record Title. MyFonts. LTC. 26 August 2015.
85. Web site: LTC Goudy Text. MyFonts. LTC. 27 August 2015.
86. Web site: Goudy Text CT. Fontspring. Castle Type. 27 August 2015.
87. Web site: Goudy Lombardy (digitisation with alternates). Fontspring. CastleType. 11 September 2015.
88. Web site: Goudy Lombardic Caps. Fontspring. Fontsite. 11 September 2015.
89. Web site: LTC Kaatskill. MyFonts. LTC. 27 August 2015.
90. Web site: Goudy Trajan Pro (medium weight free, otherwise commercial release). CastleType. 27 August 2015.
91. Web site: Beatty. Richard. Goudy Mediaeval. FontShop. Richard Beatty. 27 August 2015.
92. Web site: Steffmann. Dieter. Goudy Mediaeval TM. 1001fonts. Typographer Mediengestaltung. 27 August 2015.
93. Web site: Hardwig. Florian. Django's Spirit – A Tribute To Django Reinhardt. Fonts in Use. 9 February 2017. 11 February 2017.
94. Web site: Goudy Stout. Microsoft. 11 February 2017.
95. Web site: Matteson. Steve. Truesdell. Fontshop. Monotype. 27 August 2015.
96. Web site: LTC Goudy Ornate. MyFonts. LTC. 26 August 2015.
97. Web site: Goudy Ornate MT. MyFonts. Monotype. 25 February 2016.
98. Web site: Curtis. Nick. Franciscan Caps NF. MyFonts. Nick's Fonts. 25 February 2016.
99. Web site: Beatty. Richard. Goudy Saks (Richard Beatty). FontShop. 27 August 2015.
100. Web site: Beatty. Richard. Saks Goudy. Will Harris. 27 August 2015.
101. Web site: Pesala. Bhikku. Fonts. Softer Views. 4 September 2015.
102. Web site: Matteson. Steve. Bertham (with added italic). MyFonts. Ascender. 27 August 2015.
103. Web site: Friar. MyFonts. Ascender. 27 August 2015.
104. Web site: Californian FB. Font Bureau. 19 June 2015.
105. Web site: LTC Californian. MyFonts. LTC. 27 August 2015.
106. Web site: University Old Style (an alternative Berkeley Old Style digitisation by Fontsite). Fontsite. 27 August 2015.
107. Web site: Beatty. Richard. University Old Style. Fontshop. 4 November 2015.
108. Web site: Beatty. Richard. Claremont (Scripps digitisation). Will Harris. 27 August 2015.
109. Web site: Scripps College Old Style. MyFonts. Monotype. 27 August 2015.
110. Web site: LTC Goudy Thirty. P22. LTC. 27 August 2015.
111. Web site: Goudy Thirty TM. 1001 Fonts. Typographer Mediengestaltung. 27 August 2015.
112. Book: Alexander S. Lawson. Anatomy of a Typeface. January 1990. David R. Godine Publisher. 978-0-87923-333-4. 13–34.
113. Web site: Goudy Catalog MT. MyFonts. Monotype. 31 August 2015.
114. Web site: LTC Goudy Handtooled. MyFonts. LTC. 27 August 2015.
115. Web site: Goudy Two Shoes. MyFonts. Canada Type. 27 August 2015.
116. Web site: Daylilies and Dayleaves. Will Harris. Judith Sutcliff. 25 February 2016.
117. Web site: Goudy Swash. MyFonts. URW++. 25 February 2016.
118. Web site: Bomparte. John. Abstrak (Abstract Revival). MyFonts. Bomparte Fonts.
119. Web site: Goudy Aries Ornaments. MyFonts. 17 September 2015.
120. Web site: PF Goudy Initials. Behance. February 2010 . Parachute Fonts. 17 September 2015.