| Native Name: | Belarusian: Вілейская вобласць Russian: Вилейская область |
| Conventional Long Name: | Vilyeyka Region |
| Common Name: | Vilyeyka |
| Subdivision: | Region |
| Nation: | the Byelorussian SSR |
| Year Start: | 1939 |
| Date Start: | 4 December |
| Year End: | 1944 |
| Date End: | 20 September |
| P1: | Wilno Voivodeship (1926–1939) |
| Flag P1: | Flag of Poland.svg |
| S1: | Molodechno Region |
| Flag S1: | Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1937-1951).svg |
| Image Map Caption: | Map of the Byelorussian SSR in 1940, of which Vilyeyka Voblast was a part. |
| Capital: | Vilyeyka |
| Political Subdiv: | 22 districts |
| Stat Year1: | 1941 |
| Stat Area1: | 20700 |
| Stat Pop1: | 938000 |
Vilyeyka Region (Belarusian: Вілейская вобласць|translit=Viliejskaja voblasc; Russian: Вилейская область|translit=Vileyskaya oblast) was a territorial entity in the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic created on 4 December 1939 out of the eastern powiats of the Wilno Voivodeship after the Soviet annexation of Western Belorussia of (then part of the Kresy Zachodnie region in Poland) into the Byelorussian SSR on 14 November 1939. The administrative centre of the region was the city of Vilyeyka.
Initially the region consisted of Vilyeyka, Ashmyany, Braslaw, Dzisna, Pastavy, and Sventiany districts. In January 1940, it consisted of 22 districts: Astravyets, Ashmyany, Braslaw, Vidzy, Gadutsishki, Hlybokaye, Dzisna, Dokshytsy, Dunilavichy, Ilya, Kryvichy, Kuraniets, Maladzyechna, Miory, Miadzieł, Pastavy, Plisa, Radashkovichy, Smarhon, Sventiany, Svir and Sharkawshchyna. In November 1940, the Gadutsishki and Sventiany districts, as well as parts of the Astravyets, Ashmyany, Pastavy and Svir districts were transferred to the Lithuanian SSR. Also, during the German occupation between 1941 and 1944, Ashmyany District was part of Wilna Land General Bezirk at Litauen and was part of General Bezirk Weissruthenien in Reichskommissariat Ostland.
On 20 September 1944, the oblast was renamed to Molodechno Region, and the administrative centre was relocated to Maladzyechna. On the same day, Vidzy, Hlybokaye, Dzisna, Dokshitsi, Dunilovichi, Miory, Plisa, and Sharkovshchina Districts, as well as Kuropolye village in Postavy District were transferred to Polatsk Voblast, and the Iwye, Valozhyn, and Yuratsishky districts of Baranavichy Region were transferred to Molodechno. Vilyeyka, the former regional centre, was part of Kuraniets District and became a district centre after the district was renamed Vilyeyka on 5 July 1946.