Janina vilayet explained

Native Name:Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ولايت يانیه
Vilâyet-i Yānyâ
Common Name:Janina Vilayet
Subdivision:Vilayet
Nation:Ottoman Empire
Year Start:1867
Year End:1912
Event Start:Vilayet Law
Event End:First Balkan War
P1:Ioannina Eyalet
Flag P1:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg
S1:Kingdom of Greece
Flag S1:State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg
S2:Principality of Albania
Flag S2:Albania 1914 Flag.svg
Image Map Caption:The Janina Vilayet in 1867–1912
Capital:Yanya (Ioannina)
Stat Year1:1897[1]
Stat Pop1:595,108
Stat Year2:1911[2]
Stat Pop2:560,835
Today:Albania
Greece

The Vilayet of Janina, Yanya or Ioannina (Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ولايت يانیه|Vilâyet-i Yanya)[3] was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, established in 1867. In the late 19th century, it reportedly had an area of 18320km2.[4] It was created by merging the Pashalik of Yanina and the Pashalik of Berat with the sanjaks of Janina, Berat, Ergiri, Preveze, Tırhala and Kesriye. Kesriye was later demoted to kaza and bounded to Monastir Vilayet and Tırhala was given to Greece in 1881.

History

Greek National Movement in Epirus

Although part of the local population contributed greatly to the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830) the region of Epirus did not become part of the Greek state that time. In 1878, a rebellion broke out with the revolutionaries, mostly Epirotes, taking control of Sarandë and Delvinë. However, it was suppressed by the Ottoman troops, who burned 20 villages of the region.[5]

In the following year, the Greek population of Ioannina region authorized a committee in order to present to the European governments their wish for union with Greece.[6]

In 1906 the organization Epirote Society was founded by members of the Epirote diaspora, Panagiotis Danglis and Spyros Spyromilios, that aimed at the annexation of the region to Greece[7] by supplying local Greeks with firearms.[8]

Albanian National Awakening

See also: Albanian National Awakening. Janina Vilayet was one of the main centers of the cultural and political life of Albanians who lived in Janina Vilayet and Monastir Vilayet.[9] One of the most important reasons was the influence by Greek education and culture south-Albanian writers received in the famous Greek school of Ioannina, the Zosimaia.[9] Abdyl Frashëri, the first political ideologue of the Albanian National Awakening was one of the six deputies from Janina Vilayet in the first Ottoman Parliament in 1876–1877.[10] Abdyl Frashëri, from Frashër, modern Albania, together with Mehmet Ali Vrioni from Berat (also in modern Albania), and some members of Ioannina's Albanian community, founded the Albanian Committee of Janina in May 1877.[9] Frashëri fought against decisions of the Treaty of San Stefano.[9] However, the League of Prizren, was primarily Muslim Albanian, while the local Orthodox Christians felt more sympathy to the Greek cause.[11] [12]

End of Ottoman rule

During the Albanian Revolt of 1912 Janina Vilayet was proposed as one of four vilayets consisting Albanian Vilayet. The Ottoman government ended the Albanian revolts by accepting almost all demands of Albanian rebels on September 4, 1912, which included the formation of the vilayet later in 1912.[13]

Following the First Balkan War of 1912–1913 and the Treaty of London the southern part of the vilayet, including Ioannina, was incorporated into Greece.[14] Greece had also seized northern Epirus during the Balkan Wars, but the Treaty of Bucharest, which concluded the Second Balkan War, assigned Northern Epirus to Albania.[15]

Demographics

The vilayet of Janina was ethnically, linguistically and culturally diverse.

There have been a number of estimates about the ethnicity and the religious affiliation of the local population. The Ottoman Empire classified and counted its citizens according to religion and not ethnicity, which led to inefficient censuses and lack of classification of populations according to their ethnic groups.[16] [17] [18] [19] [20] The vilayet was predominantly inhabited by Albanians and Greeks, while the major religions were Islam and Christian Orthodoxy.[21] [22] [23] The districts of Janina which were later incorporated into Greece were heavily Greek.[24] [25]

According to the 1890/91 Ottoman Yearly report, the vilayet of Janina had 512,812 inhabitants, of which 44% were Muslims, 48% were orthodox Christians 7% were Aromanians, and 0.7% were Jewish. Orthodox Albanians constituted for 52% of the Orthodox population, whilst Greeks constituted 48% of the Orthodox population. Albanians accounted for 69% of the population whilst Greeks accounted for 23% of it.[26]

According to Aram Andonyan and Zavren Biberyan in 1908 of a total population of 648,000, 315,000 inhabitants were Albanians, most of which were Muslims and Orthodox, and some who were adherents of Roman Catholicism.[27] Aromanians and Greeks were about 180,000 and 110,000 respectively.[27] Smaller communities included Bulgarians, Turks, Romanis and Jews.[27]

According to Tom Winnifrith and Eleftheria Nikolaidou the Ottoman statistics of 1908 after the recognition of the Aromanian community provide the following figures per ethnic group: out of a total population of 550,000 the Greeks were the most numerous (300,000), followed by Albanians (210,000), Aromanians (25,000) and the Jewish community (3,000).[28] [29] Nikolaidou adds that the sanjaks of Janina, Preveza and Gjirokastër were predominantly Greek, the sanjak of Igoumenitsa (then Gümeniçe, Reşadiye between 1909 and 1913 due to honour of Mehmet V, Ottoman Sultan) had a slight majority of Greeks, and that of Berat north was predominantly Albanian.[28] According to her the official Ottoman statistics in the Vilayet of Janina had the tendency to favor the Albanian element at the expense of the Greek one.[30] Winnifrith states that a decline of the population is noticeable in these figures as a result of emigration to Greece and America, while the Aromanian figure appears small.[29]

Heraclides & Kromidha (2023) argue that Albanians were the majority in the whole vilayet with 2/3 of Albanians being Muslims, while Christian Orthodox Greeks formed a strong minority. Albanians were dominant in the north and center of the vilayet, and Greeks dominant in the south.[31]

According to Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb in 1895 there were c. 224,000 Muslims. The Orthodox population included c. 118,000 Greeks (partly of Albanian origin, Hellenized over a century by Greek religious and educational institutions) and c. 129,500 Albanians, and the Jewish population amounted to 3,500 people.[32] According to Zafer Golen two-thirds of the population were Albanian Muslims,[33] while according to Dimitrios Chasiotis c. 419,403 of the total population were Greeks, along with 239,000 Turks and Albanians, and 6,000 Jews.[34] Lontos estimated that 3/4 of the population was Christian.[34]

Ottoman Official statistic of 1893 & 1911
Group1893[35] 1911
Orthodox ("Greeks") 286,304 311,032
Muslims ("Turks") 225,415 244,638
Jews3,677 3,990
Catholics83 -
Other997 1,175
Total 516,476560,835
Ethnicity1890-91(Dushku)1895 (Gibb)[36] 1908 (Andonyan & Biberyan)1908 (Nikolaidou, Winnifrith)
Albanians353,840129,517 - 353,495315,000210,000
Greeks117,947118,033110,000300,000
Aromanians35,897180,00025,000
Turks0 - 223,88510,00020,000
Bulgarians20,000
Romani7,000
Jews3,5903,5176,0003,000
Total512,812474,952648,000550,000

Administrative divisions

Sanjaks of the Vilayet:[37]

  1. Sanjak of Ioannina (Yanya, Aydonat, Filat, Maçova, Leskovik, Koniçe)
  2. Sanjak of Ergiri (Ergiri, Delvine, Sarandoz, Premedi, Fraşer, Tepedelen, Kurvelesh, Himara)
  3. Sanjak of Preveze (Preveze, Loros, Margliç)
  4. Sanjak of Berat (Berat, Avlonya, Loşine, Fir)

See also

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Mutlu. Servet. Late Ottoman population and its ethnic distribution. 29–31. 2012-12-24. 2015-09-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20150918193153/http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/nbd_cilt25/mutlu.pdf. dead. Corrected population for Mortality Level=8.
  2. http://lfh.edu.gr/histoiregeographie/sites/default/files/Ressources%20pedagogiques/conseils_bibliographiques/WorkBook3.pdf Teaching Modern Southeast European History
  3. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003515306 Salname-yi Vilâyet-i Yanya
  4. https://archive.org/stream/earth01recluoft#page/152/mode/1up Europe
  5. M. V. Sakellariou. Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotike Athenon., p. 292.
  6. Sakellariou M. V.. Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotikē Athēnōn, 1997,, p. 293
  7. Book: Sakellariou, M. V. . Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotike Athenon . 1997 . 310 . 978-960-213-371-2.
  8. Book: Sakellariou, M. V. . Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotike Athenon . 1997 . 360 . 978-960-213-371-2.
  9. Book: Trencsényi. Balázs. Kopeček. Michal. Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries. Late Enlightenment - Emergence of the Modern National Idea. 1. 2006. Central European University Press. 963-7326-52-9. 348.
  10. Book: Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945). 19 September 2010. Balázs Trencsényi, Michal Kopeček. In the first Ottoman parliament of 1876–1877 he was one of six deputies appointed for Iannina villayet. 9789637326523. 2006. Central European University Press.
  11. Book: Skendi, Stavro. The Albanian national awakening, 1878–1912. 1967. Princeton University Press. 108. 9780691650029 .
  12. Γιάννης Χατζής. Η Αλβανική Εθνική Κίνηση και η Προοπτική μιας Ελληνοαλβανικής Προσσέγγισης. p. 67
  13. Book: Shaw , Stanford J. . Stanford J. Shaw. Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey. https://books.google.com/books?id=AIET_7ji7YAC&q=demands+of+albanian+rebels+1912&pg=PA293. January 10, 2011. 2. 1977. 2002. The Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge. United Kingdom. 0-521-29166-6. 293. Clearing the Decks: Ending the Tripolitanian War and the Albanian Revolt.

  14. "In February 1913 the Greek Army seized Ioannina, the capital of Epirus. The Turks recognized the gains of the Balkan allies by the Treaty of London, in May 1913."

  15. "The Second Balkan War had short duration and the Bulgarians... to an independent Albania."

  16. https://books.google.com/books?id=_xLgtpBsovwC&q=Ottomans&pg=PA15 classified Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774–2000
  17. https://books.google.com/books?id=E_WXPJH5kAcC&q=Ottomans&pg=PA96 Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
  18. https://books.google.com/books?id=OkQ5bS095egC&dq=Ottomans+classified&pg=PA17 Sarajevo:A Bosnian Kaleidoscope
  19. https://books.google.com/books?id=6RveDmHbIv8C&dq=Ottoman+statistics+%2B+religion&pg=PA130 Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe
  20. https://books.google.com/books?id=ES8OAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Ottoman+Empire+did+not+use+language+group+as+a+population+classification.+As+a+religious+state%2C+it+divided+its+citizens+into+religious+groups%2C+mi+1+1+ets+%2C+and+classified+them+by+religion The Arab world, Turkey, and the Balkans (1878–1914): a handbook of historical statistics
  21. Justin McCarthy. Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922. Darwin Press, 1995., p. 162
  22. Stephanie Schwanders-Sievers,Bernd Jürgen Fischer. Albanian identities: myth and history. Indiana University Press, 2002., p. 57.
  23. https://books.google.com/books?id=9j71caZgTHQC&q=However%2C+there+were+also+regions%2C+such+as+the+province+of+Kossovo+and+Janina+where+the+population+was+predominantly+Albanian&pg=PA250 The revolution of 1908 in Turkey
  24. Justin McCarthy. and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922. Darwin Press, 1995., p. 162
  25. Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers,Bernd Jürgen Fischer.myth and history. Indiana University Press, 2002., p. 57.
  26. Dushku . Ledia . 2019-12-01 . The Vilayet of Ioannina in Front of Hellenism . Südost-Forschungen . 78 . 1 . 70 . 10.1515/sofo-2019-780106 . 229165927 . 2364-9321.
  27. Book: Erickson, Edward J.. Defeat in detail: the Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913. 23 January 2011. 2003. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-275-97888-4. 41.
  28. Nikolaidou . Eleftheria . From the Congress of Berlin to the Liberation of Epirus . Epirus: 4000 of Greek Culture and Civilization . 1997 . Ekdotike Athenon. 356. 9789602133712 .
  29. Book: Winnifrith . Tom . Badlands, Borderlands: A History of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania . 2002 . Duckworth . 978-0-7156-3201-7 . 120 . en. Turkish figures in 1908, after the authorities... Vlachs is remarkably small.
  30. Nikolaidou . Eleftheria . From the Congress of Berlin to the Liberation of Epirus . Epirus: 4000 of Greek Culture and Civilization . 1997 . 356 . 978-960-213-371-2.
  31. Book: Heraclides . Alexis . Kromidha . Ylli . Greek-Albanian Entanglements since the Nineteenth Century: A History . 2023 . Taylor & Francis . 9781003224242 . 9 . In the Pashalik of Janina under Ali Pasha, a multiethnic semi-independent entity of some 75,000 square kilometres, which dominated the scene for more than 30 years, from 1788 until late 1821, the Greeks (Greek speakers to be more exact) formed the majority because the Pashalik was not confined to the original vilayet of Janina, but included other parts of southern Albania, a section of central Macedonia, most of Thessaly and even a large chunk of Sterea Ellada (Rumeli as it was then known), save for Viotia and Attica, as well as the city of Patras in Peloponnese (Morea as it was then known). (.) According to Nathalie Clayer and other specialists, to the north and centre of the vilayet, the Albanians dominated and in the south the Greeks. Most commentators tended to draw a line in the vilayet, from Saranda to Konica or from Himara and Girokaster to Konica, on the north of which the Albanians dominated and in the south the Greeks were preponderant. But there were several exceptions to this demarcation, such as the Chams in the south and the Vlachs and Roma in various places. In the whole vilayet, the Greek presence and influence were considerable in these 90 years, with the Greeks a strong minority but with the Albanian speakers, be they Muslim and Orthodox Christians, the majority of the population, two-thirds of which were Muslim Tosks and one-third Orthodox Christian Tosks, living mainly in the santzak of Girokaster and in the north and west of the Janina santzak. .
  32. Book: Gibb, Hamilton. Encyclopedia of Islam. 5 March 2011. 1954. Brill. 652. "According to the Ottoman year-book of 1895 there were, in the province of Yanya (Epirus and Albania south of the Devoll River), 223,885 Muslims, 118,033 Greeks, 129,517 Orthodox Albanians, 3,517 Jews and only 93 Roman Catholics. It must be added that a part of these Greeks were in origin Orthodox Albanians graecised through the Greek religious and educational institutions which were zealously founded beginning with the second half of the 18th century.".
  33. https://uam.mehmetakif.edu.tr/mehmetakif/files/ZaferGOLEN_makif_yenipazar%20.pdf MEHMET AKĠF ERSOY’UN GENÇLĠĞĠNDE BALKANLAR’DA OSMANLI
  34. M. V. Sakellariou. Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotikē Athēnōn, 1997,, p. 356
  35. Kemal H. Karpat. Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82-1893 Int. J. Middle East Stud. 9 (1978), 237-274, p. 37
  36. Book: Gibb, Hamilton. Encyclopedia of Islam. 5 March 2011. 1954. Brill. 652.
  37. http://tarihvemedeniyet.org/2009/10/yanya-vilayeti/ Yanya Vilayeti | Tarih ve Medeniyet

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