| Conventional Long Name: | Vilayet of Syria |
| Common Name: | Syria Vilayet |
| Subdivision: | Vilayet |
| Nation: | the Ottoman Empire |
| Year Start: | 1865 |
| Year End: | 1918 |
| P1: | Damascus Eyalet |
| Flag P1: | Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg |
| P2: | Sidon Eyalet |
| Flag P2: | Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg |
| P3: | Tripoli Eyalet |
| Flag P3: | Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg |
| S1: | Occupied Enemy Territory Administration |
| Flag S1: | Flags of France and the UK.png |
| Image Map Caption: | Vital Cuinet's 1896 map of Syria, showing the Syria Vilayet divided into the sanjaks of Hama, Damascus, Hauran and Ma'an |
| Capital: | Damascus |
| Stat Year1: | 1897[1] |
| Stat Pop1: | 701,812 |
| Today: | Syria Jordan |
The Vilayet of Syria[2] (Arabic: ولاية سوريا; Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ولايت سوريه|Vilâyet-i Sûriye),[3] also known as Vilayet of Damascus,[4] was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire.
At the beginning of the 20th century, it reportedly had an area of 24009sqmi, while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 1,000,000.[5] The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered.[5]
In 1864, the Vilayet Law was promulgated.[6] The new provincial law was implemented in Damascus in 1865, and the reformed province was named Suriyya/Suriye, reflecting a growing historical consciousness among the local intellectuals.[6] Jerusalem was separated from the rest of the province, and made into an independent sanjak of Jerusalem that reported directly to Istanbul, rather than Damascus. Mount Lebanon had been similarly made into a self-governing mutesarrifate in 1864.[6]
In 1872, a new administrative region was created, with its center in Ma'an, but the costs for the new administrative unit far outweighed the revenues, and it was closed the following year.[7] In 1884, the governor of Damascus made a proposal to establish a new vilayet of southern Syria, though nothing came out of this.[7]
In 1888, a vilayet of Beirut was formed from the coastal areas of the vilayet of Syria.[6] [8] In May 1892, another proposal was made for a regional government centered in Ma'an, which was approved in August.[7] In mid-1895, the centre of this mutasarrifiyya was moved to Karak (Mutasarrifate of Karak), marking the southernmost extent of Ottoman rule in the vilayet of Syria.[7]
As of 1897, the Vilayet Syria was divided into four sanjaks: Damascus, Hama, Hauran and Karak. The Vilayet's capital was Damascus.[9]