| Native Name: | Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ولايت بصره Vilâyet-i Basra |
| Common Name: | Basra Vilayet |
| Year Start: | 1884 |
| Year End: | 1918 |
| Life Span: | 1875–1880 1884–1918 |
| Event End: | Armistice of Mudros |
| P1: | Baghdad Vilayet |
| Flag P1: | Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg |
| S1: | Mandatory Iraq |
| Flag S1: | Flag of Iraq 1924.svg |
| Image Map Caption: | The Basra Vilayet in 1900 |
| Capital: | Basra[1] |
| Today: | Iraq Kuwait Qatar Saudi Arabia |
| Stat Year1: | 1900 |
| Stat Area1: | 42690 |
| Stat Pop1: | 500,000 |
| Title Leader: | Governor |
| Leader1: | Nasir Pasha |
| Year Leader1: | 1875-1877 |
| Leader2: | Khalil Pasha |
| Year Leader2: | 1916-1918 |
| Conventional Long Name: | Vilayet of Basra |
| Status Text: | Province of the Ottoman Empire |
The Basra Vilayet (Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ولايت بصره|''Vilâyet-i Basra'') was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. It historically covered an area stretching from Nasiriyah and Amarah in the north to Kuwait in the south.[1] To the south and the west, there was theoretically no border at all, yet no areas beyond Qatar in the south and the Najd Sanjak in the west were later on included in the administrative system.[2]
At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of 16482sqmi, while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 200,000.[3] The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered.[3]
The capital of the vilayet, Basra, was an important military centre, with a permanent garrison of 400 to 500 men, and was home to the Ottoman Navy in the Persian Gulf.[1]
It was a vilayet from 1875 to 1880,[1] and again after 1884, when it was recreated from the southern sanjaks of the Baghdad Vilayet.[4]
After 1884, the vilayet was briefly expanded down the littoral of the Gulf to incorporate Najd and al-Hasa, including Hofuf, Qatar, and Qatif, the incorporation of Najd only lasted until 1913 before the end of the Basra Vilayet.[5]
In 1899, Shaikh Mubarak concluded a treaty with Britain, stipulating that Britain would protect Kuwait against any external aggression, de facto turning it into a British protectorate.[6] Despite the Kuwaiti government's desire to either be independent or under British rule, the British concurred with the Ottoman Empire in defining Kuwait as an autonomous caza of the Ottoman Empire. This would last until World War I.
Basra fell to the British on 22 November 1914, and the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force had occupied almost the whole of the vilayet by July 1915.[7]
thumb|right|250px|Map of subdivisions of Basra Vilayet in 1907Sanjaks of the vilayet:[8]
Governors of the Basra Vilayet:[11]
Basra. 3. 489.