| Birth Date: | 21 December 1937 |
| Office: | Chairman of the USSR State Bank |
| Term Start: | 1989 |
| Term End: | 1991 |
| Office1: | Governor of the Central Bank of Russia |
| Term1: | 1992 - 1994, 1998 - 2002 |
| Office2: | member of the State Duma |
| Term Start2: | 2003 |
| Term End2: | 2007 |
| Party: | Rodina |
| Native Name Lang: | ru |
Viktor Vladimirovich Gerashchenko (Russian: Ви́ктор Влади́мирович Гера́щенко; born 21 December 1937), nicknamed Gerakl (the Russian version of Heracles, or sometimes of debacle), was the Chairman of the State Bank of the USSR, then Governor of the Bank of Russia during much of the Perestroika and post-Perestroika periods.
Viktor Gerashchenko was born in Leningrad on 21 December 1937. His father was a leading Soviet banker who ran the Financial Department of the Foreign Office in the 1940s before ending his career as deputy chairman of the State Bank.[1] Due to his father's connections, Viktor made a brilliant career in the Soviet banking system. At the age of 28 he became director of the first Soviet bank abroad, Moscow Narodny Bank, based in London.
In 1982 Gerashcheko moved to work in the Vneshtorgbank, responsible for the Soviet foreign trade. Seven years later he was appointed chairman of the Board of the USSR State Bank. In 1989, Gerashchenko became the last chairman of the State Bank of the USSR. For three years, which proved to be some of the most difficult for the Russian national economics, he steered the nascent banking system as governor of the Bank of Russia.
For approximately seven years during the 1990s, the Kremlin's obshchak («общак») or black cash was stored in the vaults of Vnesheconombank (VEB) because Gerashchenko stated that in 1992 VEB became an agency for the return of the state debt of the USSR due to a decree by the Supreme Soviet: "Vnesheconombank does not have a central banking license. It does not need it, since it does not conduct any commercial operations." He also added, "Due to the lack of a license, this is the only Russian bank that the Central Bank does not check – it does not have the right."[2]
His activities as Central Bank governor were controversial: for example, he was accused of illegally supplying money to the anti-reform forces in the Supreme Soviet during the 1993 Russian Constitutional Crisis. Gerashchenko has also been accused of being largely responsible for the Russian "Black Tuesday" of October 1994, when the Russian ruble crashed 24 percent in one day. Former Harvard economist Jeffrey Sachs in 1995 called Gerashchenko "the worst central banker in the world."[3]
Gerashchenko resigned in 1994, but returned to the office following the 1998 Russian financial crisis. Under his leadership, the economy of Russia rapidly recovered after the excruciating default. Gerashchenko made frequent TV appearances and became quite popular for his sardonic, dry sense of humor.
In March 2002 Gerashchenko resigned again, citing his advanced age, and accepted the post of chairman of the board in the notorious oil company Yukos. He then joined the Rodina party as a co-chairman and made it to the State Duma as their representative.[4]
Gerashchenko ran in the 2004 Russian presidential election.
He was originally believed to have been acting as a back-up candidate to Rodina leader Sergey Glazyev, in case something were to prevent Glazyev from running.[5] However, a divide between Glazyev and Geraschchenko became apparent when Rodina nominated Geraschchenko for president instead of Glazyev.[6]
Geraschenko was ultimately refused registration by the Central Election Commission due to a technicality.[6] The Supreme Court upheld his disqualification.[6]
Four years later he considered running as an opposition candidate in the 2008 Russian Presidential election.[7]
ru:Кротов, Николай Иванович
. "Путь Геракла : история банкира Виктора Геращенко, рассказанная им Николаю Кротову" – читать . The Way of Hercules (debacle): the story of the banker Viktor Gerashchenko, told by him to Nikolai Krotov . ru . knigosite.org . 7 April 2022 . 19 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220319060432/http://knigosite.org/library/read/93233.