Vienna North West (National Council electoral district) explained

Vienna North West
Nativename:German: Wien Nord-West
Constituency Type:Electoral District
Parl Name:National Council
District Label:District
Region Label:State
Region:Vienna
Population:286,236 (2024)[1]
Electorate:170,992 (2019)
Area:51 km2 (2023)[2]
Year:1994
Members Label:Members[3]
Previous:Vienna

Vienna North West (German: Wien Nord-West), also known as Electoral District 9F (German: Wahlkreis 9F), is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the districts of Döbling, Hernals, Ottakring and Währing in the city-state of Vienna. The electoral district currently elects five of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 170,992 registered electors.

History

Vienna North West was one 43 regional electoral districts (German: regionalwahlkreise) established by the "National Council Electoral Regulations 1992" (German: Nationalrats-Wahlordnung 1992) passed by the National Council in 1992.[4] It consisted of the districts of Döbling, Hernals, Ottakring and Währing in the city-state of Vienna.[5] The district was initially allocated six seats in May 1993.[6] Electoral regulations require the allocation of seats amongst the electoral districts to be recalculated following each national census and in September 2002 the number of seats allocated to Vienna North West was reduced to five based on the population as at the 2001 national census.[7]

Electoral system

Vienna North West currently elects five of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system.[8] [9] [10] The allocation of seats is carried out in three stages.[11] In the first stage, seats are allocated to parties (lists) at the regional level using a state-wide Hare quota (German: wahlzahl) (valid votes in the state divided by the number of seats in the state).[12] [13] In the second stage, seats are allocated to parties at the state/provincial level using the state-wide Hare quota (any seats won by the party at the regional stage are subtracted from the party's state seats).[12] [13] In the third and final stage, seats are allocated to parties at the federal/national level using the D'Hondt method (any seats won by the party at the regional and state stages are subtracted from the party's federal seats).[12] [13] Only parties that reach the 4% national threshold, or have won a seat at the regional stage, compete for seats at the state and federal stages.[12] [13]

Electors may cast one preferential vote for individual candidates at the regional, state and federal levels.[13] Split-ticket voting (panachage), or voting for more than one candidate at each level, is not permitted and will result in the ballot paper being invalidated.[13] [14] At the regional level, candidates must receive preferential votes amounting to at least 14% of the valid votes cast for their party to over-ride the order of the party list (10% and 7% respectively for the state and federal levels).[14] Prior to April 2013 electors could not cast preferential votes at the federal level and the thresholds candidates needed to over-ride the party list order were higher at the regional level (half the Hare quota or of the party votes) and state level (Hare quota).[13] [15] [16]

Election results

Summary

Election valign=bottom colspan=3Communists
KPÖ+ / KPÖ !
valign=bottom colspan=3Social Democrats
SPÖ !
valign=bottom colspan=3Greens
GRÜNE !
valign=bottom colspan=3NEOS
NEOS / LiF !
valign=bottom colspan=3People's
ÖVP !
valign=bottom colspan=3Freedom
FPÖ
colspan=3 colspan=3 colspan=3 colspan=3 colspan=3 colspan=3
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
1,008 0.79% 0 29,006 22.83% 1 30,650 24.12% 1 15,297 12.04% 0 33,561 26.41% 1 12,396 9.76% 0
2,080 1.56% 0 42,286 31.74% 1 9,929 7.45% 0 10,930 8.20% 0 34,031 25.54% 1 21,453 16.10% 0
2,075 1.70% 0 32,116 26.27% 1 23,237 19.01% 0 12,133 9.92% 0 23,512 19.23% 0 19,908 16.28% 0
1,322 1.02% 0 38,800 29.79% 1 24,155 18.55% 0 6,347 4.87% 0 29,583 22.71% 1 21,586 16.57% 0
1,434 1.13% 0 44,267 34.97% 1 25,490 20.13% 1 35,067 27.70% 1 14,984 11.84% 0
652 0.49% 0 50,024 37.54% 1 22,234 16.69% 0 1,468 1.10% 0 47,746 35.83% 1 10,303 7.73% 0
929 0.73% 0 41,502 32.78% 1 14,159 11.18% 0 9,901 7.82% 0 27,776 21.94% 1 29,551 23.34% 1
434 0.31% 0 53,735 38.51% 2 8,933 6.40% 0 12,955 9.28% 0 34,874 24.99% 1 26,898 19.27% 1
453 0.34% 0 44,578 33.43% 1 13,911 10.43% 0 14,603 10.95% 0 28,388 21.29% 1 29,643 22.23% 1

Detailed

2010s

2019

Results of the 2019 legislative election held on 29 September 2019:[17] [18]

Party Votes per district align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"Total
Votes !
align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"% !align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Döb-
ling
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Her-
nals
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Otta-
kring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Wäh-
ring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Voting
card
ÖVP 11,874 5,647 8,485 6,803 752 33,561 26.41% 1
align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"GRÜNE 6,459 6,295 9,700 7,433 763 30,650 24.12% 1
SPÖ 7,461 5,452 11,298 4,376 419 29,006 22.83% 1
NEOS 5,179 2,700 3,192 3,857 369 15,297 12.04% 0
FPÖ 3,482 2,315 4,487 1,885 227 12,396 9.76% 0
JETZT 1,036 769 1,182 787 106 3,880 3.05% 0
KPÖ+ 214 191 416 164 23 1,008 0.79% 0
WANDL 154 156 244 135 20 709 0.56% 0
BIER 146 89 210 90 12 547 0.43% 0
align=left colspan=3Valid Votes 36,005 23,614 39,214 25,530 2,691 127,054 100.00% 3
align=left colspan=3Rejected Votes 237 165 328 140 13 883 0.69%
align=left colspan=3Total Polled 36,242 23,779 39,542 25,670 2,704 127,937 74.82%
align=left colspan=3Registered Electors 48,508 32,524 57,151 32,809 170,992
align=left colspan=3Turnout 74.71% 73.11% 69.19% 78.24% 74.82%

The following candidates were elected:[19] [20]

Nurten Yılmaz (SPÖ) resigned on 14 December 2022 and was replaced by Christian Oxonitsch (SPÖ) on 15 December 2022.[21]

2017

Results of the 2017 legislative election held on 15 October 2017:[22] [23]

Party Votes per district align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"Total
Votes !
align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"% !align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Döb-
ling
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Her-
nals
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Otta-
kring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Wäh-
ring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Voting
card
SPÖ 10,526 8,145 15,456 7,351 808 42,286 31.74% 1
ÖVP 12,181 5,743 7,727 7,640 740 34,031 25.54% 1
FPÖ 5,690 4,116 8,240 3,057 350 21,453 16.10% 0
NEOS 3,401 1,936 2,413 2,826 354 10,930 8.20% 0
PILZ 2,670 2,149 3,398 2,359 291 10,867 8.16% 0
align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"GRÜNE 1,907 2,067 3,125 2,553 277 9,929 7.45% 0
KPÖ 321 453 840 417 49 2,080 1.56% 0
GILT 288 190 386 219 19 1,102 0.83% 0
The Whites WEIßE 44 20 45 30 1 140 0.11% 0
FLÖ 34 22 49 16 2 123 0.09% 0
Homeless in Politics ODP 34 17 47 19 0 117 0.09% 0
EUAUS 26 11 41 9 1 88 0.07% 0
SLP 17 15 38 15 1 86 0.06% 0
align=left colspan=3Valid Votes 37,139 24,884 41,805 26,511 2,893 133,232 100.00% 2
align=left colspan=3Rejected Votes 223 169 340 160 13 905 0.67%
align=left colspan=3Total Polled 37,362 25,053 42,145 26,671 2,906 134,137 77.73%
align=left colspan=3Registered Electors 48,358 33,195 58,159 32,858 172,570
align=left colspan=3Turnout 77.26% 75.47% 72.47% 81.17% 77.73%

The following candidates were elected:[24] [25]

2013

Results of the 2013 legislative election held on 29 September 2013:[26] [27]

Party Votes per district align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"Total
Votes !
align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"% !align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Döb-
ling
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Her-
nals
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Otta-
kring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Wäh-
ring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Voting
card
SPÖ 8,728 5,820 12,478 4,573 517 32,116 26.27% 1
ÖVP 8,663 3,821 4,848 5,593 587 23,512 19.23% 0
align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"GRÜNE 5,120 4,732 7,213 5,497 675 23,237 19.01% 0
FPÖ 5,287 3,855 7,741 2,682 343 19,908 16.28% 0
NEOS 4,192 2,086 2,539 3,035 281 12,133 9.92% 0
FRANK 1,437 837 1,387 780 90 4,531 3.71% 0
BZÖ 904 636 880 548 81 3,049 2.49% 0
KPÖ 409 438 801 376 51 2,075 1.70% 0
PIRAT 319 242 443 235 22 1,261 1.03% 0
WANDL 61 83 94 51 4 293 0.24% 0
SLP 29 23 66 23 1 142 0.12% 0
align=left colspan=3Valid Votes 35,149 22,573 38,490 23,393 2,652 122,257 100.00% 1
align=left colspan=3Rejected Votes 458 312 553 307 30 1,660 1.34%
align=left colspan=3Total Polled 35,607 22,885 39,043 23,700 2,682 123,917 71.12%
align=left colspan=3Registered Electors 49,213 33,512 59,053 32,469 174,247
align=left colspan=3Turnout 72.35% 68.29% 66.12% 72.99% 71.12%

The following candidates were elected:[28] [29]

2000s

2008

Results of the 2008 legislative election held on 28 September 2008:[30] [31]

Party Votes per district align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"Total
Votes !
align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"% !align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Döb-
ling
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Her-
nals
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Otta-
kring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Wäh-
ring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Voting
card
SPÖ 10,029 6,869 14,867 5,247 1,788 38,800 29.79% 1
ÖVP 10,903 4,571 5,421 6,977 1,711 29,583 22.71% 1
align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"GRÜNE 5,850 4,709 6,726 5,651 1,219 24,155 18.55% 0
FPÖ 5,346 4,110 8,275 2,894 961 21,586 16.57% 0
LiF 1,946 1,093 1,553 1,435 320 6,347 4.87% 0
BZÖ 1,746 1,081 1,665 920 302 5,714 4.39% 0
KPÖ 275 249 484 253 61 1,322 1.02% 0
FRITZ 273 182 280 206 66 1,007 0.77% 0
RETTÖ 218 152 223 123 47 763 0.59% 0
DC 148 86 95 124 17 470 0.36% 0
TRP 108 59 87 63 21 338 0.26% 0
LINKE 43 36 43 25 6 153 0.12% 0
align=left colspan=3Valid Votes 36,885 23,197 39,719 23,918 6,519 130,238 100.00% 2
align=left colspan=3Rejected Votes 499 333 570 340 92 1,834 1.39%
align=left colspan=3Total Polled 37,384 23,530 40,289 24,258 6,611 132,072 74.65%
align=left colspan=3Registered Electors 50,559 33,842 59,355 33,159 176,915
align=left colspan=3Turnout 73.94% 69.53% 67.88% 73.16% 74.65%

The following candidates were elected:[32] [33]

2006

Results of the 2006 legislative election held on 1 October 2006:[34] [35]

Party Votes per district align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"Total
Votes !
align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"% !align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Döb-
ling
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Her-
nals
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Otta-
kring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Wäh-
ring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Voting
card
SPÖ 10,693 7,624 16,429 5,623 3,898 44,267 34.97% 1
ÖVP 11,474 5,015 6,469 7,189 4,920 35,067 27.70% 1
align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"GRÜNE 5,995 4,399 6,402 5,605 3,089 25,490 20.13% 1
FPÖ 3,509 2,812 5,508 2,013 1,142 14,984 11.84% 0
MATIN 639 448 726 365 264 2,442 1.93% 0
BZÖ 617 357 665 350 216 2,205 1.74% 0
KPÖ 313 287 481 231 122 1,434 1.13% 0
NFÖ 112 72 122 56 28 390 0.31% 0
SLP 84 54 121 42 17 318 0.25% 0
align=left colspan=3Valid Votes 33,436 21,068 36,923 21,474 13,696 126,597 100.00% 3
align=left colspan=3Rejected Votes 344 268 436 216 96 1,360 1.06%
align=left colspan=3Total Polled 33,780 21,336 37,359 21,690 13,792 127,957 73.46%
align=left colspan=3Registered Electors 49,895 33,329 58,325 32,627 174,176
align=left colspan=3Turnout 67.70% 64.02% 64.05% 66.48% 73.46%

The following candidates were elected:[36] [37]

2002

Results of the 2002 legislative election held on 24 November 2002:[38] [39]

Party Votes per district align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"Total
Votes !
align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"% !align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Döb-
ling
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Her-
nals
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Otta-
kring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Wäh-
ring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Voting
card
SPÖ 12,817 8,463 18,750 6,793 3,201 50,024 37.54% 1
ÖVP 15,425 7,617 10,768 9,829 4,107 47,746 35.83% 1
align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"GRÜNE 5,408 3,976 5,956 4,966 1,928 22,234 16.69% 0
FPÖ 2,680 1,916 3,434 1,603 670 10,303 7.73% 0
LiF 421 262 441 255 89 1,468 1.10% 0
KPÖ 148 115 250 101 38 652 0.49% 0
SLP 142 114 198 80 15 549 0.41% 0
70 51 82 44 17 264 0.20% 0
align=left colspan=3Valid Votes 37,111 22,514 39,879 23,671 10,065 133,240 100.00% 2
align=left colspan=3Rejected Votes 304 196 427 195 88 1,210 0.90%
align=left colspan=3Total Polled 37,415 22,710 40,306 23,866 10,153 134,450 79.84%
align=left colspan=3Registered Electors 48,921 31,453 56,141 31,886 168,401
align=left colspan=3Turnout 76.48% 72.20% 71.79% 74.85% 79.84%

The following candidates were elected:[40] [41]

Maria Rauch-Kallat (ÖVP) resigned on 4 March 2003 and was replaced by Walter Tancsits (ÖVP) on 5 March 2003.[42]

1990s

1999

Results of the 1999 legislative election held on 3 October 1999:[43] [44]

Party Votes per district align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"Total
Votes !
align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"% !align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Döb-
ling
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Her-
nals
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Otta-
kring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Wäh-
ring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Voting
card
SPÖ 10,339 6,867 14,820 5,462 4,014 41,502 32.78% 1
FPÖ 7,263 5,211 9,734 4,452 2,891 29,551 23.34% 1
ÖVP 8,982 4,011 5,019 6,060 3,704 27,776 21.94% 1
align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"GRÜNE 3,531 2,394 3,610 3,037 1,587 14,159 11.18% 0
LiF 2,991 1,557 2,130 2,162 1,061 9,901 7.82% 0
DU 544 371 706 310 184 2,115 1.67% 0
KPÖ 247 166 317 141 58 929 0.73% 0
No to NATO and EU –
Neutral Austria Citizens' Initiative
NEIN 163 108 210 131 59 671 0.53% 0
align=left colspan=3Valid Votes 34,060 20,685 36,546 21,755 13,558 126,604 100.00% 3
align=left colspan=3Rejected Votes 369 212 474 230 87 1,372 1.07%
align=left colspan=3Total Polled 34,429 20,897 37,020 21,985 13,645 127,976 75.95%
align=left colspan=3Registered Electors 49,047 31,467 55,719 32,264 168,497
align=left colspan=3Turnout 70.20% 66.41% 66.44% 68.14% 75.95%

The following candidates were elected:[45] [46]

Gerhart Bruckmann (ÖVP) was replaced by Maria Rauch-Kallat (ÖVP) on 3 July 2001.[47]

1995

Results of the 1995 legislative election held on 17 December 1995:[48] [49]

Party Votes per district align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"Total
Votes !
align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"% !align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Döb-
ling
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Her-
nals
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Otta-
kring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Wäh-
ring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Voting
card
SPÖ 13,997 9,502 19,471 7,805 2,960 53,735 38.51% 2
ÖVP 12,106 5,423 6,759 8,133 2,453 34,874 24.99% 1
FPÖ 6,659 5,062 9,385 4,320 1,472 26,898 19.27% 1
LiF 4,021 2,193 3,190 2,756 795 12,955 9.28% 0
align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"GRÜNE 2,226 1,622 2,419 2,020 646 8,933 6.40% 0
No – Civic Action Group
Against the Sale of Austria
NEIN 404 258 460 270 75 1,467 1.05% 0
KPÖ 116 71 173 61 13 434 0.31% 0
ÖNP 62 56 75 47 17 257 0.18% 0
align=left colspan=3Valid Votes 39,591 24,187 41,932 25,412 8,431 139,553 100.00% 4
align=left colspan=3Rejected Votes 430 319 697 324 62 1,832 1.30%
align=left colspan=3Total Polled 40,021 24,506 42,629 25,736 8,493 141,385 80.70%
align=left colspan=3Registered Electors 50,745 32,883 57,869 33,701 175,198
align=left colspan=3Turnout 78.87% 74.52% 73.66% 76.37% 80.70%

The following candidates were elected:[50] [51]

1994

Results of the 1994 legislative election held on 9 October 1994:[52] [53]

Party Votes per district align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"Total
Votes !
align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"% !align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Döb-
ling
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Her-
nals
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Otta-
kring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Wäh-
ring
!
align=center valign=bottom width="50"Voting
card
SPÖ 11,386 7,691 15,866 5,973 3,662 44,578 33.43% 1
FPÖ 7,149 5,357 9,816 4,699 2,622 29,643 22.23% 1
ÖVP 9,270 4,244 5,262 6,322 3,290 28,388 21.29% 1
LiF 4,581 2,299 3,416 3,026 1,281 14,603 10.95% 0
align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"GRÜNE 3,773 2,412 3,488 2,985 1,253 13,911 10.43% 0
No – Civic Action Group
Against the Sale of Austria
NEIN 333 215 394 227 117 1,286 0.96% 0
KPÖ 119 69 157 77 31 453 0.34% 0
ÖNP 61 56 69 57 13 256 0.19% 0
Citizen Greens Austria – Free Democrats BGÖ 32 17 28 34 11 122 0.09% 0
United Greens Austria – List Adi Pinter VGÖ 28 24 40 20 9 121 0.09% 0
align=left colspan=3Valid Votes 36,732 22,384 38,536 23,420 12,289 133,361 100.00% 3
align=left colspan=3Rejected Votes 371 282 540 238 94 1,525 1.13%
align=left colspan=3Total Polled 37,103 22,666 39,076 23,658 12,383 134,886 75.33%
align=left colspan=3Registered Electors 51,316 33,797 59,527 34,418 179,058
align=left colspan=3Turnout 72.30% 67.07% 65.64% 68.74% 75.33%

The following candidates were elected:[54] [55]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn nach Politischen Bezirken bzw. Wiener Gemeindebezirken seit 2002 . . 9 July 2024 . Vienna, Austria . de.
  2. Web site: Stadtgebiet nach Nutzungsklassen und Gemeindebezirken . . 9 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625151846/https://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/ogd/jahrbuch/stadtraum/tab_1.1.2_stadtgebiet_.csv . 25 June 2024 . Vienna, Austria . de.
  3. Web site: Nationalrat: Abgeordnete zum Nationalrat . . 17 July 2024 . Vienna, Austria . de.
  4. 471. Bundesgesetz über die Wahl des Nationalrates (Nationalrats-Wahlordnung 1992 — NRWO) . . 4 August 1992 . 1992 . 164 . 1885 . 10 July 2024 . Vienna, Austria . de . https://web.archive.org/web/20240404022745/https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/1992_471_0/1992_471_0.pdf . 4 April 2024 . Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes.
  5. 471. Bundesgesetz über die Wahl des Nationalrates (Nationalrats-Wahlordnung 1992 — NRWO) . . 4 August 1992 . 1992 . 164 . 1920 . 10 July 2024 . Vienna, Austria . de . https://web.archive.org/web/20240404022745/https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/1992_471_0/1992_471_0.pdf . 4 April 2024 . Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes.
  6. 322. Kundmachung: Zahl der auf jeden Wahlkreis entfallenden Mandate für die Wahl des Nationalrates . . 11 May 1993 . 1993 . 118 . 2708 . 10 July 2024 . Vienna, Austria . de . https://web.archive.org/web/20231029000533/https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/1993_322_0/1993_322_0.pdf . 29 October 2023 . Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes.
  7. 337a. Kundmachung: Zahl der auf jeden Wahlkreis entfallenden Mandate für die Wahl des Nationalrates . . 19 September 2002 . 2002 . 2426b . 10 July 2024 . Vienna, Austria . de . https://web.archive.org/web/20240619170953/https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/2002_337a_2/2002_337a_2.pdf . 19 June 2024 . Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes.
  8. Web site: Nationalratswahlen: Wahlkreiseinteilung . . 10 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240421071143/https://www.bmi.gv.at/412/Nationalratswahlen/Wahlkreiseinteilung.aspx . 21 April 2024 . Vienna, Austria . de.
  9. Web site: Austrian National Council 2019 General . Election Guide . . 10 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240228065006/https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3350/ . 28 February 2024 . Arlington, U.S.A..
  10. Web site: Electoral Assistance: ElecData, Compendium of Electoral Data - Austria . . 10 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240403205755/https://www.coe.int/en/web/electoral-assistance/elecdata-austria . 3 April 2024 . Strasbourg, France.
  11. Book: Müller . Wolfgang C. . Gallagher . Michael . Mitchell . Paul . The Politics of Electoral Systems . 15 September 2005 . . Oxford, UK . 9780191603280 . 396–416 . 10 July 2024 . Austria: A Complex Electoral System with Subtle Effects.
  12. Web site: Nationalratswahlen: Überblick . . 10 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231231143451/https://www.bmi.gv.at/412/Nationalratswahlen/ . 31 December 2023 . Vienna, Austria . de.
  13. Web site: Reimink . Elwin . Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945: Austria . Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945 . Jean-Benoit Pilet and Alan Renwick . 10 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240226131754/https://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Files/media/MEDIA_764/FILE/Austria_summary.pdf . 26 February 2024 . 7–8.
  14. Web site: Nationalratswahlen: Vorzugsstimmen . . 10 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240119191451/https://www.bmi.gv.at/412/Nationalratswahlen/Vorzugsstimmen.aspx . 19 January 2024 . Vienna, Austria . de.
  15. Web site: Demokratiepaket soll Kluft zwischen Politik und Bürgern reduzieren . . 10 July 2024 . Vienna, Austria . de . 31 January 2013.
  16. Web site: Bundesrat befürwortet Stärkung des Persönlichkeitswahlrechts . . 10 July 2024 . Vienna, Austria . de . 5 April 2013.
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