A video game content rating system is a system used for the classification of video games based on suitability for target audiences. Most of these systems are associated with and/or sponsored by a government, and are sometimes part of the local motion picture rating system. The utility of such ratings has been called into question by studies that publish findings such as 90% of teenagers claim that their parents "never" check the ratings before allowing them to rent or buy video games,[1] and as such, calls have been made to "fix" the existing rating systems.[2] [3] Video game content rating systems can be used as the basis for laws that cover the sales of video games to minors, such as in Australia. Rating checking and approval is part of the game localization when they are being prepared for their distribution in other countries or locales. These rating systems have also been used to voluntarily restrict sales of certain video games by stores, such as the German retailer Galeria Kaufhof's removal of all video games rated 18+ by the USK following the Winnenden school shooting.[4]
A comparison of current video game rating systems, showing age on the horizontal axis. Note however that the specific criteria used in assigning a classification can vary widely from one country to another. Thus a color code or age range cannot be directly compared from one country to another.
Key:
White – No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating. Yellow – Advisory: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range. Purple – Strong advisory: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted. Red – Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences. Black – Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Purchase age-restricted / Banned.| Country/System | Age rating | Other | Notes | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0/1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | ||||
| National/Regional Ratings Systems | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Argentina | ATP | +13 | +18 | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Australia | G | M < | -- ACB's M rating is recommended for audiences 15 years and up, not 13. But the rating is not restricted. --> | R 18+ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| MA 15+ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brazil | L | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | N/A | |||||||||||||||||
| Chile | TE | 8+ | 14+ | 18+ | Educational | |||||||||||||||||||
| China | N/A | 8+ | 12+ | 16+ | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||
| Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) | E | E10+ | [5] | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Germany | 0 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 18 | StGB confiscated (Banned) | ||||||||||||||||||
| BzKJ restricted | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Country/System | 0/1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | Other | Notes | |
| Hong Kong Macau | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| International Age Rating Coalition (IARC) | 3+ | 7+ | 12+ | 16+ | 18+ | N/A | [6] | |||||||||||||||||
| Indonesia | SU | 3+ | 7+ | 13+ | 18+ | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||
| Iran | +3 | +7 | +12 | +15 | +18 | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||
| Japan | A | B | C | D | Z | |||||||||||||||||||
| Japan | G | 12 | 15 | 18 | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||
| Mexico | A | B | B15 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| New Zealand | G | R13 | R15 | R18 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| PG | R16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pan-European Game Information (PEGI) | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Country/System | 0/1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | Other | Notes | |
| Russia | 0+ | 6+ | 12+ | 16+ | 18+ | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||
| Saudi Arabia | N/A | 3 | 7 | 12 | 16 | 18 | [7] | |||||||||||||||||
| Banned | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Singapore | ADV16 | M18 | Refused classification | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Slovakia | 12 | 15 | 18 | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||||
| U | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7+ | 12+ | 15+ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| South Africa | A | 13 | 16 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| PG | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| South Korea | ALL | 12 | 15 | 19 | Refused classification | [8] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Taiwan | 0+ | 6+ | 12+ | 15+ | 18+ | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||
| United Arab Emirates | N/A | 3 | 7 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 21 | N/A | ||||||||||||||||
| Country/System | 0/1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | Other | Notes | |
| Storefront Ratings Systems | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| App Store (iOS/iPadOS) | 4+ | 4+ | 9+ | 12+ | 17+ | [9] | ||||||||||||||||||
| 4+ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Roblox Experiences[10] [11] | All Ages | 9+ | 13+ | 17+ | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||
| Samsung Galaxy Store | All | 4+ | 12+ | 16+ | 18+ | Banned | ||||||||||||||||||
| Country/System | 0/1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | Other | Notes | |
In the above table, Italics indicate a multinational/transnational organization.
See main article: Video game controversies. Similar to other forms of media, video games have been the subject of argument between leading professionals and restriction and prohibition. Often these bouts of criticism come from use of debated topics such as video game graphic violence, virtual sex, violent and gory scenes, partial or full nudity, drug use, portrayal of criminal behavior or other provocative and objectionable material.Video games have also been studied for links to addiction and aggression. A meta analysis of studies from both eastern and western countries yielded evidence that "strongly suggests that exposure to violent video games is a causal risk factor for increased aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, and aggressive affect and for decreased empathy and prosocial behavior."[12]
There are also groups that have argued to the contrary, that few if any scientifically proven studies exist to back up these claims, and that the video game industry has become an easy target for the media to blame for many contemporary issues.[13] [14] [15] Researchers have also proposed potential positive effects of video games on aspects of social and cognitive development and psychological well-being.[16] It has been shown that action video game players have better hand-eye coordination and visuo-motor skills, such as their resistance to distraction, their sensitivity to information in the peripheral vision and their ability to count briefly presented objects, than non-players.[17]
The law 26.043 (passed in 2005) states that the National Council of Children, Youth and Family ('Consejo Nacional de la Niñez, Adolescencia y la Familia') in coordination with the National Institute of Cinema and Audiovisual Arts will be the government agencies that assigns age ratings.[18] [19] [20] The Argentine Game Developer Association (Asociación de Desarrolladores de Videojuegos Argentina) was critical of the law.[21] [22] [23] There are three ratings: "Suitable for all public", "Suitable for those over 13 years of age" and "Suitable for those over 18 years of age".[24]
See main article: Australian Classification Board.
The Australian Classification Board (ACB) is a statutory classification body formed by the Australian Government which classifies films, video games and publications for exhibition, sale or hire in Australia since its establishment in 1970. The Classification Board was originally incorporated in the Office of Film and Literature Classification (OFLC) which was dissolved in 2006. Originally a part of the Attorney-General's Department and overseen by the Minister for Justice, the ACB is now a branch of the Department of Communications and the Arts which provides administrative support to the Board and is overseen by the Minister for Communications & the Arts. Decisions made by the Board may be reviewed by the Australian Classification Review Board.
There is no uniform ratings system in Austria, and the nine states regulate content in different ways. The two main systems are PEGI (applied in Vienna) and Germany's USK system (applied in Salzburg).[25]
See main article: Brazilian advisory rating system.
The advisory rating (ClassInd) (Classificação Indicativa in Portuguese) rates films, games and television shows in Brazil. It is controlled by the Ministry of Justice (Ministério da Justiça).
See main article: Chilean video game content rating system.
Games are classified by the Council of Cinematographic Classification (Consejo de Calificación Cinematográfica) which is a central agency under the Ministry of Education.[26]
The current age ratings are:
The manufacturers, importers, suppliers and merchants are only permitted to sell and rent video games that are classified as 8, 14 or 18, to those who prove they meet those ages respectively. In the case of each sale or lease by physical means, the respective identity card is required.[27]
China introduced a pilot content rating system in December 2020 called the Online Game Age-Appropriateness Warning, which is overseen by the governmental agency (CADPA). Games with online components are required to show one of the three classifications on websites and registration pages: green for "8+" (appropriate for players 8 years and older), blue for "12+", and yellow for "16+".[28]
See main article: PEGI.
The Pan European Game Information (PEGI) is a European video game content rating system established to help European parents make informed decisions on buying computer games with logos on games boxes. It was developed by the Interactive Software Federation of Europe (ISFE) and came into use in April 2003; it replaced many national age rating systems with a single European system. The PEGI system is now used in more than thirty-one countries and is based on a code of conduct, a set of rules to which every publisher using the PEGI system is contractually committed. PEGI self-regulation is composed by five age categories and seven content descriptors that advise the suitability and content of a game for a certain age range based on the games content. The ratings are:
The ratings do not indicate the difficulty of the game or the skill required to play it.[29]
See main article: Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle.
Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle (USK) (Entertainment Software Self-control), is Germany's software rating organization founded in 1994.
See also: Office of the Communications Authority. There is no game grading system in Hong Kong and Macau, but a unified publication classification is adopted, which is divided into three categories: I, II and III. Class I publications can be purchased at all ages without any restrictions. Class II publications need to be marked with warnings and cannot be provided to people under the age of 18, which is equivalent to a restricted level. Class III publications are not allowed to be sold publicly, but there is no restriction on private or friend-to-friend communication. This classification system is equivalent to a hidden classification, The Obscene Articles Tribunal is responsible for the classification and evaluation.[30] The Regulation on the Control of Obscene and Indecent Articles requires that Class II publications must use this statutory warning slogan, and must be marked in both Chinese and English, and the font size must account for 20% of the total area.[31]
See main article: Indonesian Game Rating System.
The Indonesian Game Rating System (IGRS) is an official video game content rating system founded and set by the Indonesian Ministry of Communication and Informatics in 2016.[32] IGRS rates games that are developed and published in Indonesia. There are 5 classifications of ratings based on the game content, which includes the use of alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, violence, blood, language, sexual content, etc.
These are the following classifications:
As of November 2019, various imported PlayStation titles released since then have been rated by the IGRS after SIE Asia opened their Indonesian office. Those titles are also marked as "Official Indonesia Products" (Indonesian: Produk Resmi Indonesia|links=yes).
See main article: International Age Rating Coalition.
Some app stores that support the International Age Rating Coalition (IARC) use this rating in countries and regions where there is no rating system. The classification standard adopted by IARC is the same as that of PEGI. This rating is not recognized in some countries.[33]
See main article: Entertainment Software Rating Association.
The Entertainment Software Rating Association (Persian: اسرا) (ESRA) is a governmental video game content rating system that is used in Iran. Games that have been exempt from the rating are de facto banned from sale in Iran.
In practice, the rating applies largely to PC and mobile games, as none of the console games are officially released for the Iranian market.
In Japan, the content rating is not required by law, but most commercial video game publishers take the industry self-regulations. Console manufacturers force for video game publishers that games must be rated by CERO. Distributors of PC games (mostly dating sims, visual novels, and eroge) require games having the approval of EOCS or Japan contents Review Center.[34] These ratings are referred to by local governments, and the Ordinance Regarding the Healthy Development of Youths (青少年健全育成条例) prohibits retailers from supplying 18+ rating games to persons under 18.[35] [36] Dōjin softs do not have such restrictions, but distribution of obscene materials can be punished under the Article 175 of the Penal Code of Japan.
See main article: Computer Entertainment Rating Organization.
The (CERO) is an organization that rates video games in Japan, with different levels of rating that inform the customer of the nature of the product and what age group it suits. It was established in June 2002 as a branch of the Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association, and became an officially recognized non-profit organization in December 2003. It currently consists of five age categories and nine content descriptors.
The (EOCS, or Sofurin)[37] is an incorporated association that rates PC games in Japan. It was established on November 20, 1992,[38] and was incorporated in 2009. The association also works to crack down on copyright infringement of PC games for the companies it represents, and sponsors the to help PC game sales.[39]
The current ratings are:[40]
See main article: Japan contents Review Center.
The is a cooperative that reviews adult videos and adult PC games in Japan. The organization was founded on December 1, 2010 as after the dissolution of the Content Soft Association (CSA).[41]
See main article: General Guidelines of the Mexican System of Classification Equivalencies for Video Game Content.
On November 27, 2020, the Secretariat of the Interior (SEGOB) published a new set of guidelines on the Official Journal of the Federation called Lineamentos Generales del Sistema Mexicano de Equivalencias de Clasificación de Contenidos de Videojuegos (General Guidelines of the Mexican System of Classification Equivalencies for Video Game Content).[42] This states that all games distributed in Mexico will have their own set of ratings effective May 27, 2021, replacing the ESRB ratings system that was being used, while still being in accordance with them.
The ratings are as follows:
See main article: Office of Film and Literature Classification.
The Office of Film and Literature Classification (OFLC) is the government agency in New Zealand that is responsible for classification of all films, videos, publications, and some video games in New Zealand. It was created by the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 (FVPC Act), replacing various film classification acts, and is an independent Crown entity[43] in terms of the Crown Entities Act 2004. The head of the OFLC is called the Chief Censor, maintaining a title that has described the government officer in charge of censorship in New Zealand since 1916.
The current ratings are:[44]
The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) is a self-regulatory organization that assigns age and content ratings, enforces industry-adopted advertising guidelines, and ensures responsible online privacy principles for computer and video games and other entertainment software in countries of North America.[45] PEGI ratings are used on some French-language games sold in Canada. Despite being self-regulatory, in Canada, games rated by the ESRB are required by law to be rated and/or restricted, though this only varies at a province and territory level. ESRB ratings can be found on games for Nintendo systems in the countries of Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates. This system was used in Mexico as well until it was replaced by a local rating system on May 27, 2021.
A similar system also exists for arcade video games, which is enforced by the American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA) and the Amusement and Music Operators Association (AMOA).[46] It is called the Parental Advisory System, and uses three colors for ratings - green (Suitable for All Ages), yellow (Mild Content), and red (Strong Content). Stickers displaying the ratings are placed on the game marquees, and the rating can also be displayed during the attract mode if the game's developer or publisher chooses to do so.[47] [48]
The Age classification of information products is a new statutory classification set of rules formed by the Russian Government after enacting in September 2012 a Federal Law of Russian Federation no. 436-FZ of 2010-12-23 “On Protecting of Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development” (Russian: Федеральный закон Российской Федерации от 29 декабря 2010 г. N 436-ФЗ «О защите детей от информации, причиняющей вред их здоровью и развитию»), which classifies films, video games and publications for exhibition, sale or hire in Russia since 1 September 2012. The Ministry of Culture provides administrative support to the classification.
In December 2022, the federal government has announced plans to establish a dedicated regulation procedure and age rating specifically for digital products, which include video games. There are concerns this may encompass excessive regulation and costs, as the new regulation will focus on interactive and online elements rather than just audiovisual content.[49]
See main article: General Commission for Audiovisual Media.
The General Commission for Audiovisual Media (Arabic: الهيئة العامة للإعلام المرئي والمسموع|Alhy'eh Al'amah lel-E'elam Almar'ey wal-Masmoo') (GCAM) is responsible for the age-ratings of films, television programs and interactive games.[50] [51]
The Info-communications Media Development Authority (IMDA) is a statutory board of the Singapore Government which regulates films, television programs and video games in Singapore.
Jednotný systém označovania (English: Unified System of Age Rating/Labeling) (JSO) is a statutory board of Ministry of Culture of Slovakia under act 589/2007, which regulates age restriction of films, television programs and video games in Slovakia.[52]
The current age ratings are:
In addition, educational game ratings are:
The labeling is mandatory for all physical releases (Games redeemable from gift cards including), but there is no legislative basis for labeling electronic releases (instead, PEGI rating is shown).
See main article: Film and Publication Board.
The South African Film and Publication Board (FPB) is a statutory classification body formed by the South African Government under the Films and Publications Act of 1996 which classifies films, publications, and video games for exhibition, sale or hire in South Africa. Distributors and exhibitors are legally compelled to comply with the age ratings.
The ratings, as of August 1, 2022 are;[53]
See main article: Game Rating and Administration Committee.
The Game Rating and Administration Committee (게임물관리위원회 Geimmul Gwanri Wiwonhoe) (GRAC) is the South Korean video game content rating board. A governmental organization, the GRAC rates video and computer games to inform customers of the nature of game contents.
See main article: Game Software Rating Regulations.
Game Software Rating Regulations (遊戲軟體分級辦法), also translated as Game Software Rating Management Regulations, is the video game content rating system used in Taiwan.[54]
See main article: National Media Council (United Arab Emirates).
The National Media Council (Arabic: المجلس الوطني للإعلام|al-Majlis al-Watani li'al-Ealam) (NMC) was a body of the federal U.A.E. government which regulated all aspects of media production, publication, and media trade in the United Arab Emirates. The body was established under Federal Law (1) of 2006, and had full authority over the media in the country, both commercial and government related.
In 2018, the NMC introduced local age rating systems for various media, including video games available in retail.[55] [56]
In June 2021, the Ministry of Culture & Youth launched the Media Regulatory Office (Arabic: مكتب تنظيم الإعلام|Maktab Tanzheem al-Ealam) (MRO) to execute a number of functions and tasks previously under the National Media Council,[57] following a restructure of the federal U.A.E. government that was approved in July 2020.[58] In June 2022, the 2018 NMC rating labels for video games began phasing out in favour of new labels reflecting the corporate image of the MRO. The ratings themselves are unchanged.
The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), originally British Board of Film Censors, is a non-governmental organisation, funded by the film industry and responsible for the national classification of films within the United Kingdom.[59] It has a statutory requirement to classify videos and DVDs. It no longer has responsibility for rating video games in the UK. This role has been passed to the Video Standards Council (formerly known as the VSC Rating Board).[60]
In July 2012, the VSC Rating Board became the sole UK statutory video games regulator for the UK. The VSC Rating Board has been a PEGI Administrator since 2003 and subsequently uses the PEGI criteria to classify video games. The UK Interactive Entertainment Association, a UK industry trade group, works with the VSC to help properly label such games and provide informational material to parents. Games featuring strong pornographic content or ancillary mini-games to be included with a DVD feature will still be rated by the BBFC.
The image below presents outdated usage of various video game content rating systems around the world. Countries filled with gradients are using several rating systems.