Viktor Pshonka Explained

Viktor Pshonka
Office:11th Prosecutor General of Ukraine
President:Viktor Yanukovych
Term Start:3 November 2010
Term End:22 February 2014
Predecessor:Oleksandr Medvedko
Successor:Oleh Makhnitsky [1]
Birth Name:Viktor Pavlovych Pshonka
Birth Date:6 February 1954[2]
Birth Place:Serhiivka, Sloviansk Raion, Donetsk Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
(now Ukraine)
Native Name:

Viktor Pavlovych Pshonka (Ukrainian: Віктор Павлович Пшонка, Russian: Виктор Павлович Пшонка; born 6 February 1954) is a politician from Ukraine, who served as Prosecutor General of Ukraine from 2010[3] to 2014. He was also the State Counselor of Justice of Ukraine and member of the High Council of Justice of Ukraine.[4] [5] He holds a Doctor of Laws degree, and is a member of the International Association of Prosecutors.[5]

During his tenure as General Prosecutor, Pshonka focused on modernisation, environmental standards and is noted for starting an investigation into Burisma. He is believed to have fled to Russia, and later taken up its citizenship, following the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution.[6] The new authorities have issued an arrest warrant in his name.[7]

Early life and education

Viktor Pshonka was born on 6 February 1954 in Serhiivka, Slovyansk District of Donetsk Oblast. After graduating from high school he was called up for military service in the Soviet Army. Having discharged from army, he got a job at one of the enterprises in Donetsk Oblast.

In 1975, Viktor Pshonka enrolled at the Kharkiv Law Institute.

Career

In 1980, he began work at Kramatorsk Prosecutor's Office in Donetsk Oblast, where he served as investigator, and eventually as an assistant to prosecutor of the city of Kramatorsk.

From 1986 till 1997, Viktor Pshonka served as prosecutor of Kramatorsk City.

In 1997, he was appointed first deputy prosecutor of Donetsk Oblast.

In 1998–2003, he was prosecutor of Donetsk Oblast, one of the biggest regions in Ukraine.

In November 2003, Viktor P. Pshonka was appointed Deputy Prosecutor General of Ukraine. He was in charge of prosecutor's supervision over observance of laws by the agencies of the Ministry of Interior, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU), tax police and special units combating organized crime and corruption. He was also responsible for supervision over state customs service and border guard.

He resigned voluntarily from his office in December 2004, but returned to the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine[8] at the end of 2006.

In November 2010, members of Ukraine's Parliament voted in favor (292 votes) of Viktor Pshonka's appointment as the General Prosecutor of Ukraine.[9]

General Prosecutor of Ukraine

Since his appointment to office, Viktor Pshonka has laid emphasis in his activity on bringing Ukrainian prosecution service in line with European standards. Speaking on the Ukrainian TV channel Inter four days after his appointment, Pshonka called himself "a member of President Viktor Yanukovych's team".[10]

In this regard, V. Pshonka takes active part in consultations and discussions on the issues of improving of the work of prosecution service with experts and representatives of European and international organizations, in particular, the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Venice Commission, etc.,[11] [12] as well as exchange of experience with law enforcement authorities of other states.[13] [14]

In accordance with the new Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine CPC, which entered into force in 2012, the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine led by Pshonka introduced the Unified Register of Pretrial Investigations (computerized system, where all complaints and applications regarding criminal offences in Ukraine are registered), which is used by Ukrainian law enforcement agencies.[15]

In November 2012, the Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics for employees of the prosecution service was adopted by all-Ukrainian Conference of Members of prosecuting agencies.[16]

On 3 March 2012, another innovation during Pshonka's tenure was establishment of the Dnipro Ecological Prosecutor's Office, the main task of which is to oversee compliance with environmental laws in respect of drainage basin of the Dnieper River within the territory of Ukraine.[17]

In 2012, Pshonka as the Prosecutor General of Ukraine began investigating Burisma Holdings owner, Mykola Zlochevsky, over allegations of money laundering, tax evasion, and corruption during 2010-2012.[18] [19]

Discovery of Ukraine's Watergate papers

Together, Viktor Pshonka, Viktor Yanukovych, and Vitaly Zakharchenko became guests on the 11th floor of the Hotel Ukraina in Moscow on 25 February 2014.[20] On 21 February 2014, Yanukovych traveled by helicopter to Kharkiv and then to Donetsk but was denied permission to takeoff from Donetsk, so, he drove to Crimea and then left Crimea for Russia on a Russia government boat.[20] Similarly, on 22 February 2014, Pshonka left the VIP terminal at Donetsk airport for Russia by having his security detachment occupy the Ukraine border guards.[21]

Upon Pshonka's departure, the luxurious Pshonka mansion near Kyiv at Gorenichi, Kyiv-Svyatoshinsky district (Ukrainian: Гореничи, Києво-Святошинський район)[22] was searched and numerous files were discovered.[23] [24] Revealed on 31 May 2016 by Serhiy Anatoliyovich Leshchenko (Ukrainian: Сергій Анатолійович Лещенко), the secret bookkeeping of Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Regions' Black Ledger (Ukrainian: Чорної книги) or Barn Book (Ukrainian: амбарна книга) which implicated numerous persons to improper payments including Paul Manafort for which the book included the handwritten records of 22 payments over five years to Manafort from pro Kremlin and pro Putin sources, nine of which had been signed by Vitaly Anatolyevich Kalyuzhny (Ukrainian: [[:uk:Калюжний Віталій Анатолійович|Віталій Анатолійович Калюжний]]) who was the Verkhovna Rada's foreign relations committee chairman.[25] [26] On 17 August 2016, Donald Trump removed Paul Manafort as Trump's campaign chairman following Trump's first national security briefing directly because of the records in the secret ledger.[27] [28] [29] [30] In September 2016, Leshchenko referred to these papers as Ukraine's Watergate.[31] [32]

Criminal prosecution

On 22 February 2014, as a part of the Euromaidan Revolution, the Verkhovna Rada ousted Pshonka in a no-confidence vote.[6] On 23 February 2014, an arrest warrant was issued to arrest Pshonka.[7]

But, on 5 December 2015, Interpol denied a request to put former Prosecutor General of Ukraine Viktor Pshonka on the wanted list allegedly due to the weakness of the evidence submitted by the competent authorities of Ukraine.[33]

Early March 2014, the EU froze Pshonka's accounts.[34]

Controversies

Murder of Ihor Aleksandrov

Ihor Oleksandrovych Aleksandrov who was an investigative reporter and presenter for the independent television station TOR TV (Ukrainian: «ТОР») in Sloviansk was murdered in 2001 while producing a program for the series "Bez Retushi" (Without Touching Up) (Ukrainian: Без ретуші) which was exposing links between politicians, law enforcement, and organized crime in Kramatorsk;[35] [36] [37] [38] [39] Pshonka was one of two men Aleksandrov had identified as godfathering the Kramatorsk underworld.[38] [39] Pshonka then oversaw the investigation of the murder.[36] [39] A homeless man was later charged but acquitted in the case, dying of 'mysterious circumstances' soon after; the same fate that befell the two witnesses and investigating police officer.[39]

Missing GPU files

In early April 2015, Ukraine Prosecutor General Viktor Shokin stated that the Prosecutor General of Ukraine (GPU) files disappeared about criminal orders from former Prosecutor General Pshonka along with Pshonka's secret casework and secret materials: Viktor Shokin: I will tell you more: not only criminal cases, but secret materials are missing - secret casework. Including, as far as Victor Pshonka's orders were concerned." (Russian: Viktor Shokin: "Я вам больше скажу: пропали не только уголовные дела, но секретные материалы – секретное делопроизводство. В том числе, то, что касалось распоряжений Виктора Пшонки.").[40] [41] [42] During the search for the missing files, the Head of the Special Investigations Division of the General Investigation Department of the GPU, Serhiy Viktorovych Horbatyuk (Ukrainian: [[:uk:Горбатюк Сергій Вікторович|Сергій Вікторович Горбатюк]]), believed that Pshonka had ordered those files and many others to be transferred to Crimea.[43] On 10 April 2015, Mustafa Nayyem stated that he was with members of the Right Sector when they entered Pshonka's mansion and that the Right Sector recovered numerous GPU files from Pshonka's mansion including some items from under the tiles in the Pshonka mansion's sauna.[23] [44] On 15 April 2015, Nayyem recovered missing GPU files about Yulia Tymoshenko in Pechersk's regional department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Kyiv.[45] The Tymoshenko files were sent to Pechersk after the Right Sector (Ukrainian: [[:uk:Правого сектора|Правого сектора]]) left the Dnipro Hotel.[45]

Membership

Family and personal life

Pshonka's son Artyom Pshonka was a constituency candidate in Zaporizhia for Party of Regions during the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election.[46] He was elected into parliament.[47] [48]

After his removal as General Prosecutor of Ukraine media reported in late February 2014 that photos of Pshonka's mansion were "astonishing by their luxury".[49] [50]

When Pshonka and his son Artyom appealed the EU accounts freeze in late May 2014, they both had Russian citizenship, although it was unclear since when.[34] Both Viktor and Artem listed their residences as Moscow with the European Court of Justice.[20] [51] The last time Pshonka appeared in public was during a joint press conference with former President Viktor Yanukovych and former Ukrainian Interior Minister Vitaliy Zakharchenko on 13 April 2014 in the Russian city of Rostov-on-Don.[52]

In the fall of 2014, Pshonka moved his family's jewelry businesses, Gold Standard Jewelry Factory LLC (Ukrainian: ТОВ "Ювелірний завод "Золотий стандарт") and others, from Kramatorsk, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, to Sebastopol in Russian annexed Crimea.[53] [54] Russia has illegally occupied Crimea since the Russian invasion of Ukraine beginning March 2014. Pshonka dominated the gold jewelry industry in Kramatorsk which was the third largest production center in Ukraine behind only Kyiv and Kharkiv in production.[54]

International sanctions

For his roles in destabilizing Ukraine, his role in the Victor Yanukovych government, his support for pro-Russia individuals and entities in Ukraine, abuse of office, and embezzlement of public funds, Pshonka is under sanctions by the European Union, Austria, Switzerland, Lichtenstein, and Norway since 28 February 2014.[55] [56] and Canada since 5 March 2014.[57] [58]

For his roles in destabilizing Ukraine, his son, Artem or Artyom, has been under sanctions since early March 2014 by the European Union, Austria, Switzerland, Lichtenstein, and Norway;[55] [56] and since 5 March 2014 by Canada.[58] [57]

In 2022, the European Union did not extend the sanctions against Pshonka and his son. On July 26, 2023, the European General Court annulled the decision to impose sanctions, considering that it was made on the basis of insufficiently solid facts.[59]

Awards

In view of special accomplishments in strengthening of the due course of law in Ukraine, V. Pshonka was awarded a rank of State Counselor of Justice of Ukraine, Honored Jurist of Ukraine and Third Class Order of Merit by the Decrees of the President of Ukraine.

In 2000, he was named Jurist of the Year in the nomination among prosecutors.

In 2002, he was awarded the Certificate of Honor of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.

Viktor Pshonka was awarded lapel badges of the "Honorable Member of Prosecution Service of Ukraine”, “Statehood. Fairness. Honesty” of 2nd Degree.

He also received “Acknowledgement of Honest Service in Prosecution Service of Ukraine” of 1st Degree, as well as awards from the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Ukrainian parliament appoints Makhnitsky as prosecutor general . . 24 February 2014 . 26 November 2019 . en . 28 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140228035555/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/192523.html.
  2. Web site: Viktor P. Pshonka Biography . . 26 November 2019 . en . 16 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141116075519/http://www.vru.gov.ua/index.php?e,pvpe,pshonkave . live .
  3. News: Update: Yanukovych signs law on new prosecutor general . . . 4 November 2010. 26 November 2019 . en . 5 November 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101105120424/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/88698/.
  4. Web site: ПШОНКА Віктор Павлович. Генеральний прокурор України . Pshonka Viktor Pavlovych. General Prosecutor Ukraine . Ukraine High Council of Justice website . 14 October 2013 . 25 November 2019 . 14 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131014014317/http://www.vru.gov.ua/member/15 . uk.
  5. Web site: Генеральний прокурор України, державний радник юстиції України: Пшонка Віктор Павлович . Prosecutor General of Ukraine, State Advisor of Justice for Ukraine: Pshonka Viktor Pavlovych . General Prosecutor of Ukraine website . 25 November 2019 . 4 December 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121204045042/http://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/guidance_gpu.html . uk.
  6. News: Ukrainian parliament expresses no-confidence to Viktor Pshonka . . 22 February 2014 . 26 November 2019 . en . 27 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141227195059/https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/2245153.html.
  7. News: Ukraine: Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president ]. . 23 February 2014 . 26 November 2019 . 3 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140303223143/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26312008.
  8. Web site: Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine . 13 September 2013 . 28 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210228172251/http://www.gp.gov.ua/ . live .
  9. News: В Україні новий генпрокурор . New General Prosecutor in Ukraine . . 4 November 2010 . 26 November 2019 . 29 December 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052258/http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2010/11/4/5542069/ . uk.
  10. News: Viktor Pshonka: 'I'm a member of the president's team' . . 8 November 2010 . 26 November 2019 . en . 9 November 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101109211322/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/89164/.
  11. News: Пшонка рассказал в Страсбурге о «феномене» украинской прокуратуры . Pshonka told in Strasbourg about the "phenomenon" of the Ukrainian prosecutor's office . . 26 March 2013 . 26 November 2019 . 28 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130328102318/http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2013/03/26/6986456/ . ru.
  12. News: Пшонка заявил о готовности к глубинным реформам в прокуратуре: Украинская прокуратура готова к глубинным реформам, поэтому рекомендации Венецианской комиссии относительно законопроекта "О прокуратуре" будут восприняты с полным пониманием. . Pshonka stated his readiness for deep reforms in the prosecutor's office: The Ukrainian prosecutor's office is ready for deep reforms, so the recommendations of the Venice Commission regarding the bill "On the Prosecutor's Office" will be fully understood. . . 6 September 2013 . 26 November 2019 . 10 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130910143953/http://www.unian.net/news/593874-pshonka-zayavil-o-gotovnosti-k-glubinnyim-reformam-v-prokurature.html . ru.
  13. News: Prosecutor General Pshonka visiting Germany for experience exchange . . . 23 January 2013 . 26 November 2019 . en . 12 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130912204924/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/prosecutor-general-pshonka-visiting-germany-for-experience-exchange-319251.html . live .
  14. News: Пшонка рассказал чешскому МВД и полиции о реформе в Украине . Pshonka told the Czech Interior Ministry and police about reform in Ukraine . . 4 September 2013 . 26 November 2019 . 5 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131005060531/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rus/news/pshonka_rasskazal_cheshskomu_mvd_i_politsii_o_reforme_v_ukraine_1553682 . ru.
  15. Web site: Зі вступом в силу нового Кримінального процесуального кодексу всім правоохоронним органам доведеться перебудовуватися для роботи в нових умовах", - Генеральний прокурор України . "With the entry into force of the new Criminal Procedure Code, all law enforcement agencies will have to rebuild to work in new conditions," - the Prosecutor General of Ukraine . Prosecutor General`s Office of Ukraine official website . 22 August 2012 . 26 November 2019 . 5 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003355/http://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/news.html?_m=publications&_t=rec&_c=view&id=110532 . uk.
  16. News: Ukraine adopts code of ethics and professional conduct for prosecutors . . . 29 November 2012 . 26 November 2019 . en . 29 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121129153852/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-adopts-code-of-ethics-and-professional-conduct-for-prosecutors-316902.html.
  17. News: Пшонка відкрив контору по «охороні» берегів Дніпра . Pshonka opened an office for "guarding" the banks of the Dnieper . comments.ua . . 5 March 2012 . 14 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131014013858/http://kyiv.comments.ua/news/2012/03/05/161239.html . uk.
  18. News: Trump, Biden and Ukraine: Sorting Out the Accusations . Vogel . Kenneth P. . Kenneth P. Vogel . . 22 September 2019 . 27 November 2019 . 23 September 2019 . https://archive.today/20190923041752/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/22/us/politics/biden-ukraine-trump.html . live . limited.
  19. News: Ukraine agency says allegations against Burisma cover period before Biden joined . Ivanova . Polina . Polityuk . Pavel . . . 27 September 2019 . 27 November 2019 . 1 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191001031306/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-whistleblower-ukraine-buris/ukraine-agency-says-allegations-against-burisma-cover-period-before-biden-joined-idUSKBN1WC1LV . live .
  20. News: Ousted Ukraine Officials Enjoy Life of Luxury in Moscow . Nechepurenko . Ivan . . 19 February 2015 . 13 December 2019 . 13 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191213060555/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2015/02/19/ousted-ukraine-officials-enjoy-life-of-luxury-in-moscow-a44086 . live .
  21. News: Пшонка и Клименко, убегая из Украины, устроили потасовку с пограничниками. (Видео): Телеканал "Интер" обнародовал видео с камер наблюдения донецкого аэропорта, на котором видно, как бывший генпрокурор Виктор Пшонка и экс-министр доходов и сборов Александр Клименко 22 февраля прорывались через пограничный пункт в VIP-терминале аэропорта. . Pshonka and Klimenko, running away from Ukraine, arranged a fight with border guards. (Video): Inter TV channel released a video from surveillance cameras at the Donetsk airport, which shows how former Prosecutor General Viktor Pshonka and former Minister of Revenue and Duties Alexander Klimenko broke through the border checkpoint at the airport’s VIP terminal on February 22. . . 7 April 2014 . 13 December 2019 . uk . 14 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003227/https://gordonua.com/news/society/pshonka-i-klimenko-ubegaya-iz-ukrainy-ustroili-potasovku-s-pogranichnikami-17188.html . live .
  22. News: Активисты и журналисты осмотрели дом Пшонки. Фоторепортаж . Activists and journalists inspected Pshonka’s house. Photoreport . . 23 February 2014 . 13 December 2019 . uk . 14 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003224/https://gordonua.com/news/maidan/aktivisty-i-zhurnalisty-osmotreli-dom-pshonki-fotoreportazh-11256.html . live .
  23. News: Prize Catch for Ukrainians at Boat Harbor: A Soggy Trove of Government Secrets . NYT . Kramer . Andrew E. . 26 February 2014 . 13 December 2019 . 14 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003224/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/27/world/europe/a-prize-catch-for-ukrainians-at-a-boat-harbor-an-ousted-presidents-secrets.html . live .
  24. News: Paul Manafort's Ukrainian Legacy . Leshchenko . Sergii . Serhiy Leshchenko . . 1 September 2016 . 13 December 2019 . 20 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170920170900/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/paul-manafort-s-ukrainian-legacy/.
  25. News: Рукописи не горят. Черная бухгалтерия Партии регионов: фамилии, даты, суммы . Manuscripts do not burn. Party of Regions Black Bookkeeping: surnames, dates, amounts . . Лещенко . Сергей . Марчук . Антон . Мусаева-Боровик . Севгиль (Leshchenko, Serhiy; Marchuk, Anton; Musayeva-Borovik, Sevgil) . Serhiy Leshchenko. 31 May 2016 . 13 December 2019 . 1 June 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160601131600/https://www.pravda.com.ua/cdn/graphics/2016/05/black-pr/ . uk.
  26. News: Ukraine, Seeking U.S. Missiles, Halted Cooperation With Mueller Investigation . NYT . Kramer . Andrew E. . 2 May 2018 . 13 December 2019 . 27 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190927014107/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/02/world/europe/ukraine-mueller-manafort-missiles.html.
  27. News: Donald Trump Receives First Intelligence Briefing. Dilanian. Ken. Windrem. Robert. 17 August 2016. NBC News. 13 December 2019. 17 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160817222402/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/what-donald-trump-s-intelligence-briefing-will-entail-n632816.
  28. News: Ukraine secret documents show $12.7 million in payments for Manafort . . Vasilyeva . Nataliya . 19 August 2016 . 13 December 2019 . 15 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191015100159/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/ukraine-secret-documents-show-12-7-million-earmarked-manafort.
  29. News: What Did Ex-Trump Aide Paul Manafort Really Do in Ukraine? . NBC News . Abou-Sabe . Kenzi . Winter . Tom . Tucker . Max . 27 June 2017 . 13 December 2019 . 14 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191014125506/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/what-did-ex-trump-aide-paul-manafort-really-do-ukraine-n775431.
  30. News: Trump, Giuliani, and Manafort: The Ukraine Scheme . . Waas . Murray . 25 September 2019 . 13 December 2019 . 14 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191014094403/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/09/25/trump-giuliani-and-manafort-the-ukraine-scheme/.
  31. News: Тайны "амбарной книги" регионалов . Secrets of the "black book" of the regionals . Новое Время Страны (Novoya Vremya) . Лещенко . Сергей (Leshchenko, Serhiy) . Serhiy Leshchenko . 27 August 2016 . 15 January 2020 . ru . 14 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220214050236/https://nv.ua/opinion/tajny-ambarnoj-knigi-205168.html . live .
  32. News: Watergate в руках Лещенко, ... . Watergate is in the hands of Leshchenko, ... . censor.net . 17 March 2017 . 15 January 2020 . ru . 16 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200116040658/https://censor.net.ua/photo_news/432435/watergate_v_rukah_leschenko_parubiyi_napomnil_o_moskovskoyi_orde_a_oppoblokovtsev_interesovala_skidka . live .
  33. Web site: Interpol denies request for putting Pshonka on wanted list quoting evidence as unconvincing – Ukraine's PGO. Interfax-Ukraine. 5 December 2015 . 2016-03-16 . 12 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151212193406/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/309185.html.
  34. News: Пшонка та його син мають громадянство Росії . Pshonka and his son have Russian citizenship . . 13 June 2014 . 26 November 2019 . 22 June 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140622173138/http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/06/13/7028982/ . uk.
  35. News: Ukraine: Journalist Aleksandrov Murdered . . 10 July 2001 . 26 November 2019 . 25 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225024603/https://www.rferl.org/a/1096893.html . live .
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  38. News: Ukrainians Mark 10th Anniversary Of Journalist's Murder . . 8 July 2011 . 26 November 2019 . 21 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200921071443/https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine_marks_10th_anniversary_journalists_murder/24259349.html . live .
  39. A Bit of the Old Ultraviolence: On the streets of Eastern Ukraine, the droogs are loose and chaos reigns. . Carroll . Oliver . . 7 May 2014 . 26 November 2019 . 24 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141224013617/https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/07/a-bit-of-the-old-ultraviolence/.
  40. News: Хроніка 10 квітня. Мерседес для "Нафтогазу" та прощання з Яценюком . The Chronicle of April 10. Mercedes for Naftogaz and farewell to Yatsenyuk . Халілов . Рустем (Khalilov, Rustem) . . 10 April 2017 . 26 November 2019 . 10 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170410214910/https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2017/04/10/7140756/ . uk.
  41. News: Shokin: Tymoshenko case files missing from PGO . . 10 April 2015 . 26 November 2019 . en . 10 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150710200105/https://www.unian.info/politics/1066032-shokin-tymoshenko-case-files-missing-from-pgo.html.
  42. News: Віктор Шокін: "Команду стріляти по Майдану давав Янукович" . Viktor Shokin: "Yanukovych gave command to shoot on Maidan" . Кошкина . Соня (Koshkina, Sonia) . . 9 April 2015 . 26 November 2019 . 4 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151204003351/https://ukr.lb.ua/news/2015/04/09/301451_viktor_shokin_komandu_strilyati.html . uk.
  43. News: ГПУ: Справи проти Тимошенко Пшонка наказав вивезти у Крим . GPU: Case against Tymoshenko Pshonka ordered to take to Crimea . . 15 April 2015 . 13 December 2019 . 14 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191214023320/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/04/15/7064802/ . live .
  44. News: Матеріали справи проти Тимошенко можуть бути у "Правого сектора" - Найєм . The case against Tymoshenko may be with the Right Sector - Nayem . . 15 April 2015 . 13 December 2019 . 14 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191214023318/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/04/10/7064396/ . live .
  45. News: Матеріали у справі Юлії Тимошенко знайшли - Найєм . The materials in the case of Yulia Tymoshenko were found by Nayem . . 15 April 2015 . 13 December 2019 . 14 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191214023317/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/04/15/7064751/ . live .
  46. News: Wealthy, entertainers, relatives fill party lists . . 2 August 2012 . 26 November 2019 . en . 3 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120803212517/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/wealthy-entertainers-relatives-fill-party-lists-310939.html.
  47. News: Results of the vote count . . 9 November 2012 . 26 November 2019 . en . 1 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130101011420/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/results-of-the-vote-count-continuously-updated-315153.html.
  48. News: Список депутатів нової Верховної Ради . List of deputies of the new Verkhovna Rada . . 11 November 2012 . 26 November 2019 . 15 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121115092359/http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2012/11/11/6977259/ . uk.
  49. News: Ex-Ukraine attorney general's lavish estate is on Internet (PHOTOS) . . Armenia . 24 February 2014 . 26 November 2019 . en . 27 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140227070222/http://news.am/eng/news/195734.html.
  50. News: Pshonka's house beats Mezhyhirya for luxury . . Ukraine . 24 February 2014 . 26 November 2019 . en.
  51. News: Команда Януковича від А до Я: одні ще тут, інші далеко . Yanukovych Team A to Z: Some are here, others are far away . . Хоменко . Святослав (Khomenko, Svyatoslav) . 20 February 2015 . 13 December 2019 . uk . 29 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201129011119/https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/politics/2015/02/150220_yanukovych_team_sx . live .
  52. News: З дачі Пшонки зникли мармурові леви - журналіст . From Pshonka mansion disappears the marble lions - journalist . Тарасовська . Наталя (Tarasovska, Natalia) . . 5 November 2016 . 25 November 2019 . uk . 15 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200315201942/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/11/5/7125899/ . live .
  53. News: Родина Пшонки перевезла ювелірний бізнес до Криму – "Схеми" . Pshonka's family transports jewelry business to Crimea - Schemes . . 4 November 2016 . 25 November 2019 . uk . 20 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200320193104/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/11/4/7125757/ . live .
  54. News: Золото Пшонки (розслідування) . Wheat gold (investigation) . Чорновалов . Олександр (Chornalov, Alexander) . . 4 November 2016 . 25 November 2019 . uk . 14 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191214133308/https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/28095246.html . live .
  55. News: Yanukovych heads list of those wanted for crimes . . Rachkevych . Mark . 7 March 2014 . 13 December 2019 . 6 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221206095422/https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/yanukovych-heads-list-of-those-wanted-for-crimes-338668.html . live .
  56. Web site: Side-by-Side List of Sanctioned Russian and Ukrainian/Crimean Entities and Individuals . Bryan Cave . 22 December 2014 . 13 December 2019 . 27 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180427120600/https://www.bryancave.com/images/content/2/2/v2/2258/Bryan-Cave-Side-by-Side-List-of-Ukraine-Related-Sanctions-v14.pdf . live .
  57. News: Canada extends sanctions against Yanukovych and his associates: The Government of Canada extended economic sanctions against former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych and 15 of his associates. . . 23 March 2019 . 13 December 2019 . 13 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191213060601/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/2665864-canada-extends-sanctions-against-yanukovych-and-his-associates.html . live .
  58. Web site: Comparison of Persons Subject to Sanctions Imposed by the United States, EU, Canada, and Australia Regarding Ukraine and Russia . Stewart Law . 22 March 2014 . 13 December 2019 . 21 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093813/http://www.stewartlaw.com/Content/Documents/Comparison%20of%20Ukraine%20and%20Russian%20Sanction%20Regimes%2021-Mar-2014.pdf.
  59. Web site: Ex-Ukraine Prosecutor Who Fled to Russia Wins EU Sanctions Fight. 2023-07-26. Bloomberg.

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