Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples explained

Vittorio Emanuele
Prince of Naples
Duke of Savoy (disputed)
Succession:Head of the House of Savoy
(disputed)
Reign:18 March 1983 – 3 February 2024
Reign-Type:Period
Predecessor:King Umberto II
Successor:Prince Emanuele Filiberto
Full Name:Italian: Vittorio Emanuele Alberto Carlo Teodoro Umberto Bonifacio Amedeo Damiano Bernardino Gennaro Maria di Savoia
House:Savoy
Issue:Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice
Father:Umberto II of Italy
Mother:Marie-José of Belgium
Birth Date:12 February 1937
Birth Place:Naples, Kingdom of Italy
Death Place:Geneva Cantonal Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
Burial Date:10 February 2024
Burial Place:Basilica of Superga, Turin, Italy

Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, Prince of Naples (Vittorio Emanuele Alberto Carlo Teodoro Umberto Bonifacio Amedeo Damiano Bernardino Gennaro Maria di Savoia;[1] [2] 12 February 1937 – 3 February 2024), was the only son of Umberto II, the last King of Italy, and Marie-José of Belgium. Vittorio Emanuele also used the title Duke of Savoy and claimed the headship of the House of Savoy. These claims were disputed by supporters of his third cousin, Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, and later by Amedeo's son, Aimone.

He lived for most of his life in exile, following the constitutional referendum of 1946 which affirmed the abolition of the monarchy and the creation of the Italian Republic. On several occasions, he was the centre of controversy in Italy and abroad due to a series of incidents, including remarks that were seen by some as antisemitic. He was revealed to be a member of Propaganda Due (P2), the state within a state responsible for high-level corruption and political manipulation.[3] In France he was tried on a murder charge, of which he was cleared of unlawful killing but convicted of a firearms offence. Vittorio Emanuele was arrested in 2006 on charges of criminal association, racketeering, conspiracy, corruption, and exploitation of prostitution.[4] He was acquitted of all charges in 2007 and 2010.[5] [6]

Early life and family

Vittorio Emanuele was born 12 February 1937 in Naples to Umberto, Prince of Piedmont, who would later become the last King of Italy as Umberto II, and Princess Marie-José of Belgium.[1] [2] The Italian royal family was exiled from Italy when he was nine years old. He lived in Switzerland from the time he was exiled until his death.[7] Vittorio Emanuele had three sisters, an older sister Princess Maria Pia and two younger sisters, Princess Maria Gabriella and Princess Maria Beatrice. Princess Maria Pia married Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia in 1955, the son of Prince Paul of Yugoslavia and Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark. She later remarried Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma in 2003, he was the son of Prince René of Bourbon-Parma and Princess Margaret of Denmark and the younger brother of Queen Anne of Romania. Vittorio Emanuele was also a first cousin of the late King Baudouin of Belgium, former King Albert II of Belgium, the late Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg, Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse, and Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria.

After an eleven-year relationship, Vittorio Emanuele married Swiss biscuit heiress and world-ranked water skier Marina Doria in Tehran, Iran, on 7 October 1971.[1] Their wedding was announced at the occasion of the 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire.[8] Coincidentally, Vittorio Emanuele and his wife Marina share a birthday (12 February) but Vittorio Emanuele is two years younger than Marina (she was born in 1935).[9]

Vittorio Emanuele worked as a banker and an aircraft salesman, and then an arms dealer.[10]

Vittorio Emanuele had one son, Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice, born on 22 June 1972,[1] [2] who has two daughters.

Duke of Savoy

On 7 July 2006, Vittorio Emanuele's kinsman and dynastic rival, Amedeo, 5th Duke of Aosta declared himself to be the head of the House of Savoy and Duke of Savoy, claiming that Vittorio Emanuele had lost his dynastic rights when he married without the permission of Umberto II in 1971. Amedeo received the support of the President of the Council of Senators of the Kingdom Aldo Alessandro Mola and Vittorio Emanuele's sister, Maria Gabriella.[11]

Vittorio Emanuele and his son applied for a judicial injunction to forbid Amedeo from using the title "Duke of Savoy". In February 2010, the court of Arezzo[12] ruled that the Duke of Aosta and his son must pay damages totalling €50,000 to their cousins and cease using the surname Savoy instead of Savoy-Aosta.[13] However, the verdict was overturned on appeal, with the court of second resort allowing Amedeo the use of the short surname, in the form of di Savoia, and additionally revoking the financial penalty originally imposed on him.[14]

Exile from and return to Italy

Reasons for exile

In line with certain other countries that were formerly monarchies (such as France or Romania), the Italian Constitution required all male members of the House of Savoy to leave Italy and barred them from ever returning to Italian soil again. This was enacted as a "temporary disposition" enacted when the constitution was promulgated in 1948. The constitution also forbade any amendment that would change the republican form of government, effectively foreclosing any effort to restore the monarchy short of adopting a new constitution.[15]

Requests for return

Vittorio Emanuele lobbied the Parliament of Italy over the years in which the law prohibiting his return was in force, to be allowed to return to his homeland after 56 years in exile. In 1999, he filed a case at the European Court of Human Rights, in which the Prince charged that his lengthy exile violated his human rights. In September 2001, the court decided to hold a hearing on the case at a date later to be fixed.[16]

Before he return to his homeland, he renounced any claim to Italy's crown jewels, which were stored in a deposit box at the Bank of Italy. He publicly stated that the crown jewels "are no longer ours", referring to the House of Savoy. At the time, he hoped that the crown jewels would be publicly displayed. However, the royal family asked to get the jewels back in 2021 and sued the Italian government and the Bank of Italy in 2022 when they were not returned to the royal family.[17] [18]

In February 2002, Vittorio Emanuele and his son Emanuele Filiberto wrote a signed letter, published through a law firm, in which they formally expressed their loyalty to the Constitution of Italy.[19]

Return to Italy

On 23 October 2002, the provision in the constitution that barred male members of the former royal house from returning to Italy was repealed. As part of a deal with the government, Vittorio Emanuele signed an agreement renouncing all claims to the defunct throne and recognizing the Republic as the only lawful government of Italy. Vittorio Emanuele was permitted to re-enter the country on 10 November 2002. On 23 December 2002, he made his first trip home in over half a century. On the one-day visit he, his wife, and his son had a 20-minute audience with Pope John Paul II at the Vatican.[20]

Upon their first visit in 2003 to Naples, where Vittorio Emanuele was born, and from where his family sailed into exile in 1946, the reception of the Savoys was mixed; most people were indifferent to them, some hostile, a few supportive. The media reported that many in Naples were not happy to see the return of the family, when hundreds of noisy demonstrators chanted negative slogans as they progressed through the city. Demonstrations were staged by two traditionally opposing factions: anti-monarchists on one hand, and supporters of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, the royal house deposed when Italy was united in 1861 under the House of Savoy.[21]

Death

Vittorio Emanuele died in Geneva Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland on 3 February 2024, aged 86.[22] [23] A statement from the Royal House of Savoy gave the time of his death as 07:05 (CET).[24]

His funeral was held on 10 February 2024 in the Turin Cathedral and, afterwards, he was cremated.[25] Attendees at his funeral included his widow Princess Marina, Princess of Naples, his son and daughter-in-law Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice, and Princess Clotilde, Princess of Venice, his granddaughter Princess Vittoria, Princess of Carignano, his sister Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma, his nephew Prince Dimitri of Yugoslavia, Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, and Princess Olga, Duchess of Aosta, Prince Jean of Luxembourg, the Prince of Monaco, Queen Sofía of Spain, Leka, Prince of Albania, Boris, Prince of Turnovo, Fuad II of Egypt, Prince Philippos of Greece and Denmark, Afonso, Prince of Beira, Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro, John T. Dunlap, and Daniel McVicar.[26] [27] The ashes were subsequently buried in the Royal Crypt of the Basilica di Superga.[28]

Controversies

Unilateral declaration of kingship (1969)

Vittorio Emanuele unilaterally declared himself King of Italy on 15 December 1969.[29] [30] He argued that by agreeing to submit to a referendum on his place as head of state, his father had thereby abdicated. Vittorio Emanuele took this action after his father allegedly called for Amedeo, 5th Duke of Aosta to visit him in Portugal to name him his heir.[31] Under his self-assumed powers as King of Italy, Vittorio Emanuele conferred the title of Duchess of Sant'Anna di Valdieri on his then-fiancée, Marina Doria.[32]

Dirk Hamer's death (1978–2015)

On the night of 17 August or the morning of 18 August 1978, on the island of Cavallo (which lies off the south coast of Corsica), Vittorio Emanuele discovered his yacht's rubber dinghy had been taken and attached to another nearby yacht. Arming himself with a rifle, he attempted to board the vessel. He shot at a passenger he had awakened; the shot missed the passenger but mortally wounded Dirk Hamer (the 19-year-old son of Ryke Geerd Hamer), a passenger sleeping on the deck of another adjacent yacht. The prince admitted civil liability for the death in a letter dated 28 August 1978.[33] Vittorio Emanuele was arrested and Dirk Hamer later died of his wounds on 7 December 1978 before he could provide any evidence.[34]

On 11 October 1989, Vittorio Emanuele was indicted on charges of inflicting lethal injury and possession of a dangerous weapon. However, on 18 November 1991, after thirteen years of legal proceedings, the Paris Assize Court acquitted him of the fatal wounding and unintentional homicide charges, finding him guilty only of unauthorised possession of an M1 carbine.[33] He received a six-month suspended prison sentence.[35]

When incarcerated in June 2006, on unconnected charges of corruption (see below, Arrest and imprisonment), Vittorio Emanuele was recorded admitting that "I was in the wrong, [...] but I must say I fooled them [the French judges]",[36] leading to a call from Dirk Hamer's sister Birgit for Vittorio Emanuele to be retried in Italy for killing her brother.[37]

Birgit Hamer undertook a long legal fight to obtain the full video. She stated: "What for us is a confession is a boast for him: he laughs about the fact that he killed a boy."[38] The story of the video was broken by aristocratic journalist Beatrice Borromeo,[39] who also wrote the preface for a book on the murder, Italian: Delitto senza castigo by Birgit Hamer. Vittorio Emanuele sued the newspaper for defamation, claiming the video had been manipulated. In 2015, a court judgement ruled in favour of the newspaper.[40] On Twitter Borromeo posted: Italian: "Vincere una causa è sempre piacevole, ma contro Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia la goduria è doppia!" ("Winning a case is always nice, but against Victor Emmanuel of Savoy the pleasure is double"),[41] which resulted in a spat on Twitter with his son Emanuele Filiberto.[42]

Allegations of antisemitism (2003)

Vittorio Emanuele also said in 2003 that the antisemitic laws passed under Mussolini's regime were "not that terrible".[43] In response, the president of the Union of Italian Jewish Communities, Amos Luzzatto, stated that "I'm not saying it was he who signed the racial laws in 1938. But, as a Savoy heir, Victor Emmanuel has never distanced himself from them," in an interview with Italian: [[Il Corriere della Sera]] newspaper.[44]

On 27 January 2005, in a letter published by Italian: Il Corriere della Sera, Vittorio Emanuele issued an apology to Italy's Jewish population, asking forgiveness from the Italian Jewish community, and declaring that it was an error for the Italian Royal Family to have signed the racial laws of 1938.[45]

Arrest and imprisonment (2006)

On 16 June 2006, Vittorio Emanuele was arrested in Varenna and imprisoned in Potenza on charges of corruption and recruitment of prostitutes for clients of the Casinò di Campione of Campione d'Italia.[46] [47] [48]

The enquiry was conducted by Italian magistrate John Woodcock, of British ancestry, famous for other VIPs' arrests.[49] [50] [51]

Woodcock described Emanuele as the "undisputed leader" of an influence-trafficking network associated with Sicilian organized crime.[52]

After several days, Vittorio Emanuele was released and placed under house arrest. He was released from house arrest on 20 July 2006, but had to stay within the borders of Italy. Vittorio Emanuele was acquitted of all charges in the years 2007 and 2010.[5]

Italian: [[La Repubblica]] reported in 2006 that Emanuele Filiberto had distanced himself from his father.[53]

Seeking compensation from Italy (2007)

In 2007, Vittorio Emanuele and his son, Emanuele Filiberto, requested formally that the state pay financial damages of €260 million, and initiate full restitution of all properties and belongings that had been confiscated from the royal house after the abolition of the monarchy. The financial damages claim is based on having suffered moral injustice during the exile. The Italian government has rejected the request and, in response, indicated that it may seek damages for historic grievances.[54]

Succession

In June 2023, his son Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice, announced his intention to renounce his claim to the throne in favour of his daughter, Princess Vittoria of Savoy, when he feels she is ready to succeed. Until he formally does so, he remains as his father's heir.[55]

Honours

Royal Name:Prince Vittorio Emanuele
Dipstyle:His Royal Highness
Offstyle:Your Royal Highness

National dynastic honours

Vittorio Emanuele was the Sovereign of the Dynastic Orders of the House of Savoy which consist of:[56]

National honours

Foreign honours

Ancestry

Patrilineal descent

Vittorio Emanuele's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son.

Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations, which means that Vittorio Emanuele is a member of the House of Savoy.

House of Savoy
  1. Umberto I, Count of Savoy, c. 980–about 1047/1048
  2. Otto I, Count of Savoy, about 1010/1020–c. 1057
  3. Amadeus II, Count of Savoy, c. 1050–1080
  4. Umberto II, Count of Savoy, 1065–1103
  5. Amadeus III, Count of Savoy, 1095–1148
  6. Umberto III, Count of Savoy, 1135–1189
  7. Thomas I, Count of Savoy, 1178–1233
  8. Thomas, Count of Savoy, Lord of Piedmont, 1199–1259
  9. Amadeus V, Count of Savoy, 1253–1323
  10. Aymon, Count of Savoy, 1291–1343
  11. Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy, 1334–1383
  12. Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy, 1360–1391
  13. Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, 1383–1451
  14. Louis, Duke of Savoy, 1413–1465
  15. Philip II, Duke of Savoy, 1438–1497
  16. Charles III, Duke of Savoy, 1486–1553
  17. Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, 1528–1580
  18. Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, 1562–1630
  19. Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano, 1596–1656
  20. Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano, 1628–1709
  21. Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano, 1690–1741
  22. Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano, 1721–1778
  23. Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano, 1743–1780
  24. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano, 1770–1800
  25. Charles Albert of Sardinia, 1798–1849
  26. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, 1820–1878
  27. Umberto I of Italy, 1844–1900
  28. Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, 1869–1947
  29. Umberto II of Italy, 1904–1983
  30. Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, 1937–2024

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser XIV. "Haus Italien". C.A. Starke Verlag, 1997, pp. 33, 38–39. .
  2. Willis, Daniel, The Descendants of Louis XIII, Clearfield Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1999, p. 673. .
  3. News: Hooper. John. The fall of the house of Savoy. The Guardian. 23 June 2006. 18 November 2015. 7 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200307155726/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/23/italy.johnhooper. live.
  4. News: Peter . Popham . Son of Italy's last king held over Mafia and prostitution claims . . 17 June 2006 . 10 April 2008 . The son of Italy's last king, Prince Victor Emmanuel, has been arrested in the north Italian town of Lecco as part of an investigation into charges he was involved with the Sicilian Mafia and a prostitution racket. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071102073913/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article1089773.ece . 2 November 2007 . dmy-all .
  5. http://www.affaritaliani.it/cronache/vittorio_emanuele_assolto220910.html Savoiagate, Vittorio Emanuele assolto
  6. http://www.corriere.it/cronache/10_settembre_22/vittorio-emanuele-savoia-assolto-videopoker_9760f1fc-c649-11df-89af-00144f02aabe.shtml "Videopoker, assolto Vittorio Emanuele"
  7. Zampano, Giada Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, son of Italy's last king, dies aged 86, The Washington Post via the AP
  8. Guido Tonella (22 June 1972) È nato a Ginevra l'erede dei Savoia (in Italian). Il Tempo.
  9. Web site: Zamet . Isaac . 2024-02-14 . The widow in black: who is Marina Ricolfi-Doria, wife of the late Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy? . 2024-05-31 . Tatler . en-GB.
  10. News: Peter . Popham . The prince and the prostitutes . https://web.archive.org/web/20071211175641/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060622/ai_n16494232/pg_1 . dead . 11 December 2007 . . 22 June 2006 . 10 April 2008 . Selling helicopters to his high and mighty friends was one of the prince's successful projects, from which he went on to become an arms dealer. .
  11. Web site: Cope . Rebecca . 2021-06-03 . Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, who was punched by his cousin over their claim to Italian throne, has died . 2024-05-31 . Tatler . en-GB.
  12. Meylan, Vincent . 21 May 2008. Duc d'Aoste ou Duc de Savoie?. Point de Vue. 79.
  13. News: Nick . Squires . Italian aristocrat cousins fight over defunct throne . . 18 February 2010 . 23 July 2017 . Rome . 18 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191018104005/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/7244567/Italian-aristocrat-cousins-fight-over-defunct-throne.html . live .
  14. https://www.lanazione.it/arezzo/cronaca/arezzo-amedeo-duca-d-aosta-vittorio-emanuele-cognome-1.3670963 Amedeo d'Aosta: ho vinto io la guerra del cognome con Vittorio Emanuele.
  15. Web site: The fall of the house of Savoy. John Hooper. 2006-06-23. The Guardian. Vittorio Emanuele was just nine years old when his family - who, under King Vittorio Emanuele III, had aligned themselves with Mussolini and his Fascists - left for exile in Portugal. His father, King Umberto II, is known to Italians as the May King because he ruled only from May 9 to June 12 1946, when Italy became a republic. The new constitution, which came into effect in 1948, imposed a ban on the return to Italy of the male members of the Savoy family that was to remain in force for 54 years..
  16. Victor Emmanuel de Savoie v. Italy . 656 . to hold a hearing on the merits of the admissible complaints on a date to be fixed subsequently . . 21 September 2001 . http://www.echr.coe.int/eng/Press/2001/Sep/DecisiondeSavoieepresse.htm .
  17. Giuffrida, Angela Descendants of Italy's last king attempt to reclaim crown jewels, The Guardian
  18. Legorano, Giovanni The Surprising Mystery of Italy's Crown Jewels Is Who Gets to Keep Them, The Wall Street Journal
  19. News: Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia: "Fedeltà alla Costituzione" . . 2 February 2002 . 10 April 2008 . it . 6 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200206062336/https://www.repubblica.it/online/politica/savoia/fedeli/fedeli.html . live .
  20. News: Philip . Willan . Exiled Italian royals go home . The Guardian . 24 December 2002 . 10 April 2008 . 22 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200622215554/https://www.theguardian.com/italy/story/0,12576,865055,00.html/ . live .
  21. News: Johnston, Bruce. Italy's exiled royal family shunned as they return. https://web.archive.org/web/20041118123641/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2003%2F03%2F16%2Fwitaly16.xml. dead. 18 November 2004. Telegraph.co.uk. 8 January 2008. 24 April 2008.
  22. News: È morto Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia . 3 February 2024 . Corriere Della Sera . 3 February 2024 . 3 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240203104505/https://www.corriere.it/cronache/24_febbraio_03/vittorio-emanuele-di-savoia-morto-e6893666-c27c-11ee-97f1-40ebc5b696dc_amp.html . live .
  23. News: Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, son of Italy's last king, dies aged 86 . 3 February 2024 . Reuters . 3 February 2024.
  24. Web site: THE ROYAL HOUSE OF SAVOY ANNOUNCES THE FOLLOWING . 3 February 2024 . 4 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240204054149/https://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it/en/the-royal-house-of-savoy-announces-the-following/ . live .
  25. News: In Turin the funeral of Vittorio Emanuele, the coffin accompanied by the Sardinian anthem . 10 February 2024 . L'Unione Sarda . 10 February 2024.
  26. Web site: Zamet . Isaac . 2024-02-12 . At the Duomo in the rain: Bystander looks on at the funeral of Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, son of the last King of Italy . 2024-05-31 . Tatler . en-GB.
  27. Web site: 2024-02-11 . European Royals attended the funeral service of Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy . 2024-05-31 . Newmyroyals & Hollywood Fashion.
  28. Web site: Gadeschi . Elena Fausta . 2024-02-07 . Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia, funerali a Torino e sepoltura a Superga . Elle . it-IT.
  29. https://web.archive.org/web/20080911134712/http://www.realcasadisavoia.it/files/ufficiostudi/19691215_VEIV_decreto1_en.pdf Royal Decree No. 1
  30. https://web.archive.org/web/20080911134712/http://www.realcasadisavoia.it/files/comunicati/20060707_allegato2_en.pdf Pro Veritate analysis n.1 by Prof. Edoardo Adami
  31. Gigi Speroni, Umberto II, Milan, Riscoli Libri
  32. https://web.archive.org/web/20080911134712/http://www.realcasadisavoia.it/files/comunicati/20060707_allegato1_en.pdf Pro Veritate analysis n.2 by Prof. Edoardo Adami
  33. Web site: HAMER v. FRANCE – 19953/92 [1996] ECHR 30 (7 August 1996) ]. https://archive.today/20140811000000/http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1996/30.html . 11 August 2014 . Worldlii.org . 26 July 2015.
  34. Beaufort, Georgia As the death of Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy is announced, revisit Tatlers interview with Beatrice Casiraghi about her personal connection to him, and her shocking scoop that rocked European high society, Tatler
  35. https://web.archive.org/web/20080505080648/http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/Hof.nsf/d0cd2c2c444d8d94c12567c2002de990/f17b35d53bcc006dc1256640004c3306?OpenDocument Summary of trial proceedings concerned the killing of Dirk Hamer
  36. Web site: Vittorio Emanuele, cimici in cella "Ho fregato i giudici francesi" - cronaca - Repubblica.it. www.repubblica.it. 17 March 2023. 17 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230317222744/https://www.repubblica.it/2006/09/sezioni/cronaca/vittorio-emanuele/vittorio-emanuele/vittorio-emanuele.html. live.
  37. https://web.archive.org/web/20061020013625/http://www.galleonpoint.com/content/view/994/2/ Prince's braggadocio spurs call for justice
  38. Web site: Follain . John . 27 February 2011 . Prince admits killing on video . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160310193028/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/Europe/article563655.ece . 10 March 2016.
  39. Web site: 2011-02-24 . Il video che incastra Savoia . 2023-03-23 . Il Fatto Quotidiano . it-IT . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223855/http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2011/02/24/il-video-che-incastra-savoia/93668/ . live .
  40. Web site: Beaufort . Georgia . 2024-02-05 . As the death of Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy is announced, revisit Tatler's interview with Beatrice Casiraghi about her personal connection to him, and her shocking scoop that rocked European high society . 2024-05-31 . Tatler . en-GB.
  41. Web site: Beatrice Borromeo on Twitter. Twitter. 10 March 2016. 10 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160310142706/https://twitter.com/BorromeoBea/status/574587535025967105. live.
  42. Web site: Cope . Rebecca . 2020-06-10 . The Prince of Venice is running for political office in Italy . 2024-05-31 . Tatler . en-GB.
  43. "Italy's Jews wait for royal apology" (The Observer (UK), 18 May 2003). "It was a rocky start for what was intended as a romantic trip down memory lane for Italy's exiled royal family, the Savoys, who returned to Rome last week to meet government officials, only to be greeted by angry Italian Jews still waiting for an apology for the royals' antisemitic leanings during the Second World War. Some five years ago, Victor Emmanuel made headlines when he said in an interview that the race laws were 'not so bad'".
  44. Web site: An Englishman in Auschwitz and other Holocaust articles. Tom Gross. 18 June 2003. 14 October 2006. 21 November 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20061121121444/http://www.tomgrossmedia.com/mideastdispatches/archives/000224.html. live.
  45. Web site: Stephen Roth Institute: Antisemitism And Racism. https://web.archive.org/web/20070518023658/http://antisemitism.tau.ac.il/asw2005/general-analysis.htm. dead. 2007-05-18. antisemitism.tau.ac.il. 2005.
  46. http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2006/06_Giugno/16/savoia.shtml Arrest and jail
  47. https://web.archive.org/web/20060619234113/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13380673/ Arrested Italy prince goes from palace to jail
  48. https://web.archive.org/web/20070124052425/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060622/ai_n16494232 The Prince and the prostitutes
  49. http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2006/06_Giugno/16/woodckock.shtml VIP arrests by Woodstock
  50. http://www.lastampa.it/redazione/cmsSezioni/politica/200606articoli/6551girata.asp «Mandami su il pacco con la ragazza» – La Stampa
  51. http://www.repubblica.it/2006/09/sezioni/cronaca/vittorio-emanuele/vittorio-emanuele/vittorio-emanuele.html Vittorio Emanuele, cimici in cella "Ho fregato i giudici francesi" – cronaca
  52. Web site: Hooper . John . The fall of the house of Savoy . The Guardian . 16 July 2024.
  53. http://www.repubblica.it/2006/06/sezioni/cronaca/vittorio-emanuele-5/emanuele-si-dissocia/emanuele-si-dissocia.html Emanuele Filiberto si dissocia dal padre "Non condivido tutto quello che ha fatto" – cronaca
  54. Web site: Fallen savoy royals seek damages over Italy exile . Stewart, Phil . . 21 November 2007 . 6 October 2008 . 20 May 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090520065443/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUKL2050234020071121 . live .
  55. Web site: Leake . Natasha . 2023-06-07 . Italian prince will renounce his position at head of the family and pass the title directly to his teenage daughter . 2024-05-31 . Tatler . en-GB.
  56. Web site: The Dynastic Orders – Ordini Dinastici della Real Casa di Savoia . 2022-10-17 . en-US . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017185018/https://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it/en/the-dynastic-orders/ . live .
  57. Web site: Document about Vittorio Emmanuelle's sovereignty. https://web.archive.org/web/20151003122846/http://www.savoydelegation-usa.org/museum/UserView.asp?DocumentID=37&strTotalHits=True. dead. 3 October 2015.
  58. Web site: Vittorio Emmanuel wearing the Badge as a Medal. 14 July 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20151003122554/http://margotbworldnews.com/2015/Feb/Feb23/Monarchy.html. 3 October 2015.
  59. Web site: Document about Vittorio Emmanuelle's sovereignty. https://web.archive.org/web/20151003123946/http://www.savoydelegation-usa.org/museum/UserView.asp?DocumentID=113&strTotalHits=True. dead. 3 October 2015.
  60. Web site: document about Vittorio Emmanuelle's sovereignty. 14 July 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090125192540/http://www.savoydelegation-usa.org/museum/UserView.asp?DocumentID=31&strTotalHits=True. 25 January 2009.
  61. Web site: Layout 1. 2 October 2015. 3 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151003162636/http://ww1.prweb.com/prfiles/2010/12/22/4910984/0_SavoyTRHsm.pdf. live.
  62. Royal Website, document about Vittorio Emmanuelle's sovereignty of the Military and civil orders
  63. Web site: wearing the star of the civil order at the bottom. 14 July 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161125233239/http://www.savoydelegation-usa.org/rr2.html. 25 November 2016.
  64. Web site: Vittorio Emmanuel confers the order. 14 July 2017. 6 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160306000405/http://ww1.prweb.com/prfiles/2011/04/11/515650/01DameMiraZivkovichatPromotion.jpg. live.
  65. Web site: History. savoyfoundation-usa.org. 30 August 2020. 3 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200205/https://www.savoyfoundation-usa.org/history.html. live.
  66. Web site: The Constantinian Order's Relationship with the Savoy Dynasty of Italy – Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George. 4 October 2012. 14 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170729105243/http://www.constantinian.org.uk/the-constantinian-orders-relationship-with-the-savoy-dynasty-of-italy/. 29 July 2017. dead.
  67. Nomination by Sovereign Ordonnance n° 15702 of 1 March 2003 (French)
  68. http://badraie.com/guests.htm Badraie

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