The vice president of the United States is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the United States federal government after the president of the United States.[1] There have been 49 U.S. vice presidents since the office was created in 1789. Originally, the vice president was the person who received the second-most votes for president in the Electoral College. But after the election of 1800 produced a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, requiring the House of Representatives to choose between them, lawmakers acted to prevent such a situation from recurring. The Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1804, creating the current system where electors cast a separate ballot for the vice presidency.[2]
The vice president is the first person in the presidential line of succession—that is, they assume the presidency if the president dies, resigns, or is impeached and removed from office.[3] Nine vice presidents have ascended to the presidency in this way: eight (John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson) through the president's death and one (Gerald Ford) through the president's resignation. The vice president also serves as the president of the Senate and may choose to cast a tie-breaking vote on decisions made by the Senate. Vice presidents have exercised this latter power to varying extents over the years.[2]
Before adoption of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, an intra-term vacancy in the office of the vice president could not be filled until the next post-election inauguration. Several such vacancies occurred: seven vice presidents died, one resigned and eight succeeded to the presidency. This amendment allowed for a vacancy to be filled through appointment by the president and confirmation by both chambers of the Congress. Since its ratification, the vice presidency has been vacant twice (both in the context of scandals surrounding the Nixon administration) and was filled both times through this process, namely in 1973 following Spiro Agnew's resignation, and again in 1974 after Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency.[2] The amendment also established a procedure whereby a vice president may, if the president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office, temporarily assume the powers and duties of the office as acting president. Three vice presidents have briefly acted as president under the 25th Amendment: George H. W. Bush on July 13, 1985; Dick Cheney on June 29, 2002, and on July 21, 2007; and Kamala Harris on November 19, 2021.
The persons who have served as vice president were born in or primarily affiliated with 27 states plus the District of Columbia. New York has produced the most of any state as eight have been born there and three others considered it their home state. Most vice presidents have been in their 50s or 60s and had political experience before assuming the office.[2] Two vice presidents—George Clinton and John C. Calhoun—served under more than one president. Ill with tuberculosis and recovering in Cuba on Inauguration Day in 1853, William R. King, by an Act of Congress, was allowed to take the oath outside the United States. He is the only vice president to take his oath of office in a foreign country.
| Portrait | Name | Term | Party | Election | President | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | John Adams [4] [5] [6] | April 21, 1789 – March 4, 1797 | Pro-Administration | 1788–89----1792 | George Washington | |||||
| Federalist | ||||||||||
| 2 | data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas" | Thomas Jefferson [7] [8] [9] | March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801 | Democratic-Republican | 1796 | data-sort-value="Adams, John" | John Adams | |||
| 3 | data-sort-value="Burr, Aaron" | Aaron Burr [10] | March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805 | Democratic-Republican | 1800 | Thomas Jefferson | ||||
| 4 | George Clinton [11] | March 4, 1805 – April 20, 1812 | Democratic-Republican | 1804----1808 | ||||||
| James Madison | ||||||||||
| data-sort-value="4.5" | colspan=5 data-sort-value="Zz, A" | |||||||||
| 5 | data-sort-value="Gerry, Elbridge" | Elbridge Gerry [12] | March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814 | Democratic-Republican | 1812 | |||||
| data-sort-value="5.5" | colspan=5 data-sort-value="Zz, B" | |||||||||
| 6 | data-sort-value="Tompkins, Daniel D" | Daniel D. Tompkins [13] | March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825 | Democratic-Republican | 1816----1820 | data-sort-value="Monroe, James" | James Monroe | |||
| 7 | John C. Calhoun [14] | March 4, 1825 – December 28, 1832 | Democratic-Republican | 1824----1828 | data-sort-value="Adams, John Quincy" | John Q. Adams | ||||
| Nullifier | Andrew Jackson | |||||||||
| data-sort-value="7.5" | colspan=5 data-sort-value="Zz, C" | |||||||||
| 8 | data-sort-value="Van Buren, Martin" | Martin Van Buren [15] [16] [17] | March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837 | Democratic | 1832 | |||||
| 9 | data-sort-value="Johnson, Richard Mentor" | Richard Mentor Johnson [18] | March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841 | Democratic | 1836 | data-sort-value="Van Buren, Martin" | Martin Van Buren | |||
| 10 | data-sort-value="Tyler, John" | John Tyler [19] [20] [21] | March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841 | Whig | 1840 | data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry" | William H. Harrison | |||
| data-sort-value="10.5" | data-sort-value="Tyler, John" | John Tyler | ||||||||
| 11 | data-sort-value="Dallas, George M" | George M. Dallas [22] | March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849 | Democratic | 1844 | data-sort-value="Polk, James K" | James K. Polk | |||
| 12 | data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard" | Millard Fillmore [23] [24] [25] | March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850 | Whig | 1848 | data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary" | Zachary Taylor | |||
| data-sort-value="12.5" | data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard" | Millard Fillmore | ||||||||
| 13 | data-sort-value="King, William R" | William R. King [26] | March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853 | Democratic | 1852 | Franklin Pierce | ||||
| data-sort-value="13.5" | colspan=5 data-sort-value="Zz, F" | |||||||||
| 14 | data-sort-value="Breckinridge, John C" | John C. Breckinridge [27] | March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 | Democratic | 1856 | data-sort-value="Buchanan, James" | James Buchanan | |||
| 15 | data-sort-value="Hamlin, Hannibal" | Hannibal Hamlin [28] | March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865 | Republican | 1860 | Abraham Lincoln | ||||
| 16 | data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew" | Andrew Johnson [29] [30] [31] | March 4, 1865 – April 15, 1865 | National Union | 1864 | |||||
| data-sort-value="16.5" | data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew" | Andrew Johnson | ||||||||
| 17 | data-sort-value="Colfax, Schuyler" | Schuyler Colfax [32] | March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873 | Republican | 1868 | Ulysses S. Grant | ||||
| 18 | data-sort-value="Wilson, Henry" | Henry Wilson [33] | March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875 | Republican | 1872 | |||||
| data-sort-value="18.5" | colspan=5 data-sort-value="Zz, H" | |||||||||
| 19 | data-sort-value="Wheeler, William A" | William A. Wheeler [34] | March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881 | Republican | 1876 | data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B" | Rutherford B. Hayes | |||
| 20 | data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A" | Chester A. Arthur [35] [36] [37] | March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881 | Republican | 1880 | data-sort-value="Garfield, James A" | James A. Garfield | |||
| data-sort-value="20.5" | data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A" | Chester A. Arthur | ||||||||
| 21 | data-sort-value="Hendricks, Thomas A" | Thomas A. Hendricks [38] | March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885 | Democratic | 1884 | Grover Cleveland | ||||
| data-sort-value="21.5" | colspan=5 data-sort-value="Zz, J" | |||||||||
| 22 | data-sort-value="Morton, Levi P" | Levi P. Morton [39] | March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893 | Republican | 1888 | data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin" | Benjamin Harrison | |||
| 23 | data-sort-value="Stevenson, Adlai, 1" | Adlai Stevenson I [40] | March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897 | Democratic | 1892 | data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover" | Grover Cleveland | |||
| 24 | data-sort-value="Hobart, Garret" | Garret Hobart [41] | March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899 | Republican | 1896 | William McKinley | ||||
| data-sort-value="24.5" | colspan=5 data-sort-value="Zz, K" | |||||||||
| 25 | data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore" | Theodore Roosevelt [42] [43] [44] | March 4, 1901 – September 14, 1901 | Republican | 1900 | |||||
| data-sort-value="25.5" | Theodore Roosevelt | |||||||||
| 26 | data-sort-value="Fairbanks, Charles W" | Charles W. Fairbanks [45] | March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909 | Republican | 1904 | |||||
| 27 | data-sort-value="Sherman, James S" | James S. Sherman [46] | March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912 | Republican | 1908 | William H. Taft | ||||
| data-sort-value="27.5" | colspan=5 data-sort-value="Zz, M" | |||||||||
| 28 | data-sort-value="Marshall, Thomas R" | Thomas R. Marshall [47] | March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921 | Democratic | 1912----1916 | data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow" | Woodrow Wilson | |||
| 29 | data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin" | Calvin Coolidge [48] [49] [50] | March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923 | Republican | 1920 | data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G" | Warren G. Harding | |||
| data-sort-value="29.5" | Calvin Coolidge | |||||||||
| 30 | data-sort-value="Dawes, Charles G" | Charles G. Dawes [51] | March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929 | Republican | 1924 | |||||
| 31 | data-sort-value="Curtis, Charles" | Charles Curtis [52] | March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933 | Republican | 1928 | data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert" | Herbert Hoover | |||
| 32 | data-sort-value="Garner, John Nance" | John Nance Garner [53] | March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941 | Democratic | 1932----1936 | Franklin D. Roosevelt | ||||
| 33 | data-sort-value="Wallace, Henry A" | Henry A. Wallace [54] | January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945 | Democratic | 1940 | |||||
| 34 | data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S" | Harry S. Truman [55] [56] [57] | January 20, 1945 – April 12, 1945 | Democratic | 1944 | |||||
| data-sort-value="34.5" | Harry S. Truman | |||||||||
| 35 | data-sort-value="Barkley, Alben W" | Alben W. Barkley [58] | January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953 | Democratic | 1948 | |||||
| 36 | data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard" | Richard Nixon [59] [60] [61] | January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 | Republican | 1952----1956 | data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D" | Dwight D. Eisenhower | |||
| 37 | data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B" | Lyndon B. Johnson [62] [63] | January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 | Democratic | 1960 | data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F" | John F. Kennedy | |||
| data-sort-value="37.5" | Lyndon B. Johnson | |||||||||
| 38 | data-sort-value="Humphrey, Hubert" | Hubert Humphrey [64] | January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969 | Democratic | 1964 | |||||
| 39 | data-sort-value="Agnew, Spiro" | Spiro Agnew [65] | January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973 | Republican | 1968----1972 | Richard Nixon | ||||
| data-sort-value="39.5" | colspan=5 data-sort-value="Zz, Q" | |||||||||
| 40 | data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald" | Gerald Ford [66] [67] [68] | December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974 | Republican | – | |||||
| data-sort-value="40.5" | Gerald Ford | |||||||||
| 41 | data-sort-value="Rockefeller, Nelson" | Nelson Rockefeller [69] | December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977 | Republican | ||||||
| 42 | data-sort-value="Mondale, Walter" | Walter Mondale [70] | January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 | Democratic | 1976 | data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy" | Jimmy Carter | |||
| 43 | data-sort-value="Bush, George Herbert Walker" | George H. W. Bush [71] [72] [73] | January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 | Republican | 1980----1984 | data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald" | Ronald Reagan | |||
| 44 | data-sort-value="Quayle, Dan" | Dan Quayle [74] | January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | Republican | 1988 | data-sort-value="Bush, George Herbert Walker" | George H. W. Bush | |||
| 45 | data-sort-value="Gore, Al" | Al Gore [75] | January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001 | Democratic | 1992----1996 | data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill" | Bill Clinton | |||
| 46 | data-sort-value="Cheney, Dick" | Dick Cheney [76] | January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009 | Republican | 2000----2004 | data-sort-value="Bush, George Walker" | George W. Bush | |||
| 47 | data-sort-value="Biden, Joe" | Joe Biden [77] | January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017 | Democratic | 2008----2012 | data-sort-value="Obama, Barack" | Barack Obama | |||
| 48 | data-sort-value="Pence, Mike" | Mike Pence [78] [79] | January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021 | Republican | 2016 | data-sort-value="Trump, Donald" | Donald Trump | |||
| 49 | data-sort-value="Harris, Kamala" | Kamala Harris | January 20, 2021 – Incumbent | Democratic | 2020 | data-sort-value="Biden, Joe" | Joe Biden |