Viña del Mar International Song Festival explained

Viña del Mar International Song Festival
Location:Viña del Mar, Chile
Years Active:1960-present
Dates:3rd week of February
Genre:Various
Capacity:15,000
Website:Viña del Mar city website

The Viña del Mar International Song Festival (Spanish; Castilian: Festival Internacional de la Canción de Viña del Mar) is an annual international music festival held every third week of February in Viña del Mar, Chile. Started in 1960 it is the oldest and largest music festival in Latin America, and one of the longest running music festivals in the world.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] It was cancelled in 2021 and 2022 due to COVID.[6]

The festival takes place for six days at the Quinta Vergara Amphitheater, a stage that has a capacity for 15,000 spectators,[7] and is broadcast live on radio, television, streaming and online video platforms, regularly breaking viewing records with an estimated audience of around 250 million of people.[8] [9] Through television, the event reaches the entire American continent, a large part of Europe, North Africa and Australia; while via streaming to the whole world. It moves millions of dollars in sponsorships, associated television programs, advertising and tourism; and it receives extensive media coverage.[7]

Although popular and folk music competitions were the origin of the festival, during the last decades they have been relegated to the background, giving preference to guest music stars, who are the true highlight of the event.[10] [11] Leading latin pop, ballad, bolero and latin rock artists have headlined, alongside hundreds of others who have appeared over the past six decades on stage encompassing such diverse genres as latin R&B, latin trap, cumbia, salsa, reggaetón, bachata among others.

History

Background and early years (1960–1970)

The origin of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival was modest. Thanks to the initiative of the mayor Gustavo Lorca[12] and Carlos Ansaldo, director of the Department of Tourism and Public Relations of the Municipality of Viña del Mar, between February 21 and 28, 1960, a unique competition was organized, in which the contestants had to present an original song whose theme was the city of Viña del Mar; the winner would opt for a prize of 500 escudos in cash and an award called Lira de Oro.[13] Six compositions competed, and the winner was "Viña" by José Goles and Manuel Lira. In the show, the event was animated by Ricardo García and enlivened by nine local invited artists.[14] [12] In February 1961, a folkloric contest was incorporated.

In 1963, Channel 9 of Television of the University of Chile, experimentally broadcast the Festival for Santiago.[15]

At the beginning of the festival, a stage was improvised next to the Vergara Palace, a place where the audience sat on wooden chairs, or directly on the grass or dirt floor.[16] In turn, many spectators sat They were located on the hills adjacent to the Quinta and on the tops of the nearby trees, giving the contest a provincial air.[15]

In 1963, the architect Hernando López designed an open-air amphitheater with a paraboloid shape and crowned by an acoustic shell,[17] receiving the collaboration of the civil builder Juan Pinto Delgado. The structure was built in stages and its design was inspired by the Hollywood Bowl, the main amphitheater of the city of Los Angeles in the United States.[18] The roof of the stage, which helped both to project the sound towards the audience[19] and to protect the artists of the cold Viñamarina nights, debuted in 1967.[18] Built of wood and steel, it imitated the flight of a seagull, becoming the most distinctive detail of the construction, which over the years, became an icon of the Festival, and in the image of the contest before the world. It stood for nearly four decades until its demolition and replacement in 2002.[18]

1970s and 1980s

In the 1970s, the Festival began to spread to the masses, especially from 1971, when the broadcast rights were granted to Televisión Nacional de Chile (TVN),[20] with coverage in much of the country.

During those same years, the political tension of the moment was strongly present. In 1970, the presidential elections were held in which the socialist Salvador Allende was elected president, which would mark the country and divide it politically, also influencing the contest. In 1971, representatives of the Soviet Union were applauded for their support of the Popular Unity (UP), while in 1972, South African Miriam Makeba was booed by the conservative sector for praising President Salvador Allende and exclaiming "long live the Chilean revolution!".[21]

Following the 1973 Chilean coup d'etat, the dictatorship headed by Augusto Pinochet came to control the Viña del Mar International Song Festival, choosing to only promote and feature sympathetic artists, in particular those that were part of the Acto de Chacarillas in 1977.[22] In the first years of his dictatorship, Pinochet was a decidedly regular guest at the festival.[23] His advisor, Jaime Guzmán, was also spotted on several occasions at the festival.[23] On one occasion, Festival presenter Antonio Vodanovic publicly praised the dictator and his wife, Lucia Hiriart, on behalf of "the Chilean youth".[23] Supporters of the dictatorship appropriated the song Libre by Nino Bravo; the song was, ultimately, performed live by Edmundo Arrocet in the first post-coup Viña Del Mar Festival, with Pinochet being present in the audience.[24] [25] Beginning in 1980, when the festival had gained popularity and started airing internationally, the regime took advantage of this opportunity to promote a favourable image of Chile to the rest of the world.[22] To that end, the 1981 festival committee had a larger budget with which to feature popular foreign artists, including Miguel Bosé, Julio Iglesias and Camilo Sesto.[22] The folk music portion of the festival had become increasingly politicized during the Allende years, and was suspended by organizers from the time of the coup until 1980.[22]

Between 1984 and 1989 Leonardo Schultz and Gary H. Mason, one of the pioneers of the reggaeton movement, teamed up to help revamp the festival and streamline its operations. They arranged for the appearance of artists including: The Police, Air Supply, Eddie Money, Sheena Easton, Jose Feliciano (the pair produced his Grammy-nominated album Escenas de Amor in 1982, as well as the Grammy-winning album Me enamoré in 1983), Andy Gibb, Neil Sedaka, Gloria Gaynor, Mr. Mister to name a few. In 1988 and 1989, Thomas Anders (of Modern Talking fame) was the festival's headliner, one of the first times an artist was invited back to perform two years in a row.

Schultz and Mason also arranged for major international jurors including: George Martin (the Beatles' producer), Maurice Jarre (scored the films such as Doctor Zhivago, Lawrence of Arabia, Witness, A Passage To India, and Ghost), Manoella Torres (Mason produced her hit duet, which was written by Schultz entitled "No me mires así"), Joey Travolta, Connie Stevens and many others.

1990s and 2000s

In the 1990s the broadcast rights to the Festival were given to Televisa and featured prominent Mexican Artists, as well as major Latin Artists.

In 2008, American rock music band Journey played their first concert with new vocalist Arnel Pineda at the festival. The 2008 Viña Festival was hosted by Sergio Lagos and Tonka Tomicic, and headlined by Nelly Furtado, Wisin & Yandel, and Earth, Wind & Fire.

In 2009, artists such as Latin sensation Daddy Yankee and the legendary British band Simply Red captivated the audience of Viña. For its 50th edition, the festival's hosts were the late Felipe Camiroaga and news reader Soledad Onetto.

The event has not been held in the years 2021 and 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[26] [27]

In March 2022, the return of the 62nd edition of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival was confirmed for the year 2023.[28]

"El Monstruo"

See main article: El monstruo (audience).

Traditionally, the Festival's audience openly demonstrates its acceptance or displeasure with the established acts performing there, as well as contestants in the two competitions. As a result, the Chilean media has nicknamed the Festival's audience El Monstruo ("The Monster"). Earning acceptance from El Monstruo usually has a direct impact on an artist's popularity in the rest of Latin America. This is particularly true for Spanish speaking pop stars. Conversely, booing artists off the stage is not uncommon.

Artists compete in the Festival's regular competitions for one of three awards, given in this order: "Antorcha de Plata" (Silver Torch), "Antorcha de Oro" (Golden Torch) and "Gaviota de Plata" (Silver Seagull). However, audience response may demand that one of the three awards - or, progressively, all three- also be awarded to an established act as their performance progresses. An artist who "tames the "Monstruo"" by earning all three awards receives almost instant recognition as a major star by Chilean and Latin American media.

Awards' History

Artists perform in the Festival de Viña with the goal of receiving as many awards as possible, which will depend on their success with "El Monstruo." The awards have had multiple changes throughout the festival's history.

The first two awards ever given were the Golden Lyre and Golden Harp in 1961. However, these two awards would be replaced by the Silver and Golden Seagull in 1969.[29]

In 1983, the Festival's commissioners decided to create the Silver and Golden Torch as a "second tier" award. This decision was made in order to add more variety to the awards, and make the Seagull the most prestigious award in the festival.[30]

For over 30 years, no changes were made to the awards. However, in 2015, the production team and Viña's municipality decided to eliminate the Silver and Golden Torch, leaving the Silver and Golden Seagull as the only awards that performers could aspire to get. The reason for this decision was all the critiques that the event was receiving about the high numbers of awards that an artist could receive.[31]

Finally, the Platinum Seagull was added in 2012 as a special award for performers with long influence throughout the festival's history. Only 3 artists have received it up to date.[32]

The Stage

Each year the TV companies try to improve on the previous year's set. Millions are invested in creating elaborate stages.

Winner songs

International contest

Before 1968, the contest only allowed Chilean composers.
In 2000 the contest included the best songs in the history of the festival.
In 2009, the contest included former winners between 2001 and 2008.
In 2010 had a contest with the most representative songs of the participant countries.

EventCountrySong TitleComposerArtist
I1960"Viña"José Goles and Manuel LiraMario del Monte
II1961"Sin tu amor"Óscar Olivares and Gilberto ÁvilaLos Cuatro Duendes
III1962"Dime por qué"María Pilar LarraínLos Cuatro Duendes
IV1963"Tan sólo una mirada"Juan VásquezMarco Aurelio
V1964"Está de más"Ricardo JaraGinette Acevedo
VI1965"Como una ola"María Angélica RamírezCecilia
VII1966"Por creer en ti"Marco Aurelio and Jaime AtriaIsabel Adams
VIII1967"Cuando rompa el alba"Willy BascuñánFresia Soto
IX1968 Spain"Palabras"Jorge Domingo, Enrique Carnicer and Carmen Pons de CarnicerLuz Eliana
X1969"Mira, mira"Scottie ScottGloria Simonetti
XI1970"Canción a Magdalena"Julio ZegersJulio Zegers
XII1971Void contest by plagiarism
XIII1972"Julie"Julio Bernardo EusonEuson
XIV1973"Los pasajeros"Julio ZegersJulio Zegers
XV1974"Immagina"Giancarlo de BellisAnnarita Spinaci
XVI1975 Greece"Love Song"H. Ballin, N. Ellineos and Kostas KaragiannopoulosElpida
XVII1976"Una noche de amor"Carlos BaezaRoberto Viking Valdés
XVIII1977"Canción de amor"Boaz SharabiNava Baruchin
XIX1978"El tiempo en las bastillas"Fernando UbiergoFernando Ubiergo
XX1979 Spain"A tu regreso a casa"BraulioBraulio
XXI1980 Spain"Dudando, dudando"Julio Seijas and Augusto AlgueróJuan Sebastián
XXII1981"Esperando"Karl-Heinz Merkel and Cherry LaineCherry Laine
XXIII1982"Ausencia"Juan Carlos DuqueJuan Carlos Duque
XXIV1983"Alma, corazón y pan"GervasioGervasio
XXV1984"Se te olvida"Héctor Penrós BañasCristóbal
XXVI1985"Ya no puedo más"K. C. Porter, Chris Turner and Lorenzo ToppanoLorenzo Toppano
XXVII1986"Para quererte"José Antonio Rodríguez and Manuel TejadaMaridalia Hernández
XXVIII1987"Kiss me"Antonio and Anna Maria de SalvatoreDesà
XXIX1988"Senza te"Maurizio Piccoli and Gino MescoliMarco Del Freo
XXX1989"Te propongo"Fernando GaravitoEdna Rocio
XXXI1990"Non devi abbandonarmi mai"Angela TarenzziPiero Cotto
XXXII1991"Tira la primera piedra"Edgardo Riquelme and Sergio BravoJaviera Parra and Pedro Foncea
XXXIII1992"Parece tan sencillo"Juan Carlos DuqueFernando Casas
XXXIV1993"In questo mondo"Giuseppe GariboClaudio Cirimele
XXXV1994"Como ayer"Claudia Brant and Daniel TarrabClaudia Brant
XXXVI1995"Si tú te vas"Cristian Fissore and René CalderónJossé
XXXVII1996"Aria Ario"Paolo Meneguzzi, Dino Melotti, M. Botoni and C. IsgroPaolo Meneguzzi
XXXVIII1997"Para vivir un dulce amor"Víctor Heredia and Carlos NilsonCarlos Elías
XXXIX1998"Soy tal cual soy"Álvaro ScaramelliÁlvaro Scaramelli
XL1999"El aguacero"Alejandro Gómez CáceresCarolina Sabino
XLI2000"Laisse-moi le Temps" / "Let Me Try Again"M. Jourdan and Caravelli / Paul Anka and Sammy CahnPeabo Bryson
XLII2001"Ayer te vi"Víctor HerediaRaly Barrionuevo
XLIII2002"Soy tu ángel"Ricardo Pald and Valeria LynchOscar Patiño
XLIV2003"Este amor es tuyo"Chema PurónGisela
XLV2004"Tus ojos"Alexis VenegasAlexis Venegas
XLVI2005"Mi alma entre tus manos"Jessica Sarango, Jorge Pardo and Andrés LandavereJorge Pardo
XLVII2006"Dilo de una vez"Humberto Vargas ValerioHumberto Vargas Valerio
XLVIII2007"Cuando quieras volver"Pedro Fernández and Valderrama DíazMateria Prima
XLIX2008"La guerra dei trent' anni"Domenico ProtinoDomenico Protino
L2009"Ayer te vi"Víctor HerediaEmiliano Ríos
LI2010"Volare"Domenico Modugno and Franco MigliacciSimona Galeandro
LII2011"Try Anything"Chris Burke-Gaffney, Christopher Ward and Sierra NobleSierra Noble
LIII2012"Grazie a te"Bruno Rubino, Giusseppe di Tella and Denise FaroDenise Faro
LIV2013"Because You Can"Jonas Gladnikoff, Christina Schilling, Camilla Gottschalck, Örlygur Smári and Hera BjörkHera Björk
LV2014"Hypnotized"Jeffery StrakerJeffery Straker
LVI2015"Per fortuna"Franco SimoneMichele Cortese
LVII2016"Te quiero"Lucía CovarrubiasCristián & Lucía
LVIII2017"Dónde estabas tú"Salvador BeltránSalvador Beltrán
LIX2018"Cobarde"Gabriela PulgarGabriela Pulgar
LX2019"Ya no más"Susan OchoaSusan Ochoa
LXI2020"Chillán"Vicente CifuentesVicente Cifuentes
LXII2023"Viento"YorkaYorka
LXIII2024"El Maestro"Adrián Navarro and Eddy ValenzuelaEddy Valenzuela

Winning countries

Folk contest

Between 1974 and 1980 this contest was cancelled by the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.
Before 2000, the contest only allowed Chilean composers.
In 2009, the contest included the former winners between 2001 and 2008.

EventCountrySong TitleComposerArtist
II1961"La consentida"Jaime AtriaOlga Escobar and Estampas Criollas
III1962"El loro aguafiestas"Manuel Lira and José GolesSilvia Infantas and Los Cóndores
IV1963"Álamo huacho"Clara SoloveraLos Huasos Quincheros
V1964"Qué bonita va"Francisco Flores del CampoLos Huasos Quincheros
VI1965"Mano nortina"Hernán ÁlvarezLos Cuatro Cuartos
VII1966"La burrerita"Sofanor TobarLos Paulos
VIII1967"Voy pa' Mendoza"Willy BascuñánLos Solitarios
IX1968"Camanchaca y polvareda"Ricardo de la FuenteLos Ponchos Negros
X1969"Cuando tomo la guitarra"Orlando Muñoz and Alsino FuentesLos Alfiles Negros
XI1970"El hombre"Rolando AlarcónRolando Alarcón and Los Emigrantes
XII1971"La torcacita"Óscar Cáceres and Luis BarragánGinette Acevedo
XIII1972"Viejo puente"Ariel Arancibia and Fernando PavezLos Lazos
XIV1973"Mi río"Julio NumhauserCharo Cofré
XXII1981"Ay, Fernanda"Ricardo de la FuenteSantiago Cuatro
XXIII1982"La tejedora"Sandra RamírezPedro Messone
XXIV1983"En los tiempos de mi abuelo"Roberto Rojas and Juan CastilloJuan Carlos Méndez
XXV1984"Chile, una postal"Teresa RodríguezLos Chacareros de Paine
XXVI1985"La reina del Tamarugal"Manuel Veas and Luis MirandaCalichal
XXVII1986"Sube a mi lancha"Ignacio MillánChilote Peñaloza and Los Huillincanos
XXVIII1987"Rapa Nui, mi amor"Ignacio Millán and María Teresa DíazLorena and Manu Rere
XXIX1988"Camino a Socoroma"Danny RodríguezLos Yanacochas
XXX1989"Maja en Aldachildo"Ricardo de la FuenteRicardo de la Fuente
XXXI1990"No habrá verso que me alcance"Yayo Castro and Hugo CastilloLos Surcadores del Viento
XXXII1991"De chingana"Héctor MolinaHéctor Molina
XXXIII1992"Tejiendo está la manque"Cecilia GonzálezLeticia and Cantarauco
XXXIV1993"Canto del agua"Agustín MoncadaKal
XXXV1994"Mirando pa' la bahía"José Luis HernándezJosé Luis Hernández and Cantamérica
XXXVI1995"María Leonor Lucía"Magdalena MattheyMagdalena Matthey
XXXVII1996"Cueca tristona"Edson GuerreroClarita Parra
XXXVIII1997"Cartagena"Claudio GuzmánTito Fernández
XXXIX1998"La noche de Chillán"Pablo Neruda and Vicente BianchiSantiago Cuatro
XL1999"Cueca pulenta"Víctor Hugo CampusanoAltamar
XLI2000"El corralero"Sergio SauvalleLos Huasos Quincheros
XLII2001"Whipala"Danny RodríguezDanny Rodríguez
XLIII2002"Juramento"Carlos RincónEduardo del Perú
XLIV2003"Pintadita"Fernando BarrientosFernando Barrientos
XLV2004"Bailando con tu sombra (Alelí)"Víctor HerediaAbel Pintos
XLVI2005"Cueca al sol"Isabel ParraCamila Méndez
XLVII2006"Canción de agua y viento"Elizabeth MorrisElizabeth Morris and group
XLVIII2007"Me duele el alma"Leonardo Gómez and Diana HernándezMaria Mulata
XLIX2008"Tusuy Kusun"Damaris MallmaDamaris and group
L[33] 2009"Cueca al sol"Isabel ParraCamila Méndez
LI2010"El cantar es andar"César IsellaCésar Isella
LII2011"De Pascua Lama"Patricio MannsValentina Sepúlveda and Diapazón Porteño
LIII2012"Caprichosa"Gogo Muñoz and Lucas SaavedraMauro Zapata and Fiesta Andina
LIV2013"Con el zapatito, con el zapatón"Paula HerreraPaula Herrera
LV2014"La retirada"La PájaraJaviera Bobadilla
LVI2015"La mejicana"Elizabeth MorrisElizabeth Morris
LVII2016"Viene de Panamá"Afrodisiaco
LVIII2017"Carnavalito de la esperanza"Juan Andrés Soko and Francisco FloresTrifussa
LIX2018"Mundo al revés"Astrid VeasAstrid Veas
LX2019"Justo ahora"Destino San JavierPaolo Rogone, Bruno Rogone and Franco Favini
LXI2020"Avanzar"Nahuel Pennisi
LXII2023"Warmisitay"Milena Warthon
LXIII2024"La Luna"Juan José VasconcellosAhyre

Winning countries (since 2001, start of International Folk Contest)

Performing Artists

See main article: List of performing artists at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival.

Every year international artists are invited to perform at the Festival. In the 2003 edition the Italian singer-songwriter Franco Simone received the "Lifetime Achievement Award" for having strung together thirty years of success in South America with his songs translated into Spanish. Notable directors, such as Fernando Rojas, have led some of the performances.

Festival Queen

Every year the festival selects a queen. Popular personalities apply to be queen, often offering outrageous stunts to win.

The queen is chosen by a vote organized by the newspaper La Cuarta.[34] Journalists accredited to the Festival express their preferences through a secret ballot.

The day after the election there is a coronation and the delivery of a band and a ring as a prize by the relevant authorities. Since 2001, on the day of the coronation the Queen of the Festival has to dive into the pool at the Hotel O'Higgins in Viña del Mar in front of the media.[35]

Some of the women chosen as Queen include: Celia Cruz, Diana Bolocco, Thalía, Sigrid Alegría, Yuri, Raffaella Carrà, Tonka Tomicic, and Gloria Trevi.

In February 2023, the definitive elimination of the Reina de Viña was announced (assuming the election of the Rey would never take place), before the refusal of the municipality headed by the mayor Macarena Ripamonti, due to the «stigmatization of the woman» and the farandulización of the event. In this way, the Reyes de Viña will be replaced by the «Festival Ambassadors», which will be elected by the general public and the press accredited in the place, in addition to having the purpose of returning to the tradition of awarding the official artists of the Festival and generate awareness about issues that contribute to society.

List of Queens

YearQueenCountryTV ChannelNotes
2020Rosita Piulats
2019Chantal Gayoso
2018Betsy CaminoCanal 13 20px
2017Kika SilvaCanal 13 20px
2016Nicole "Luli" MorenoCanal 13 20px
2015Jhendelyn NuñezCanal 13 20pxKnown for participating in Vedette shows.
2014Sigrid AlegríaCanal 13 20pxFilm and TV actress
2013Dominique GallegoCanal 13 20pxStar on numerous reality shows
2012Valeria OrtegaCanal 13 20pxJournalist.
2011Andrea DellacasaCanal 13 20pxVedette.
2010Carolina ArreguiCanal 13 20pxActress in TV Series, 2010 festival juror
2009Catherine FulopCanal 13 20pxActress in TV Series, 2009 festival juror
2008Pilar RuizReality show participant
2007Diana BoloccoCanal 13 20pxJournalist, Cecilia Bolocco's Sister, TV show host.
2006Tonka TomicicTVN 16pxMiss World Chile 1995
2005Luciana SalazarShowbiz Queen from Argentina
2004Carolina "Pampita" ArdohainBenjamín Vicuña's wife.
2003María Eugenia LarraínCanal 13 20pxShowbiz Queen from Chile.
2002Patricia ManterolaArtist invited to the festival that year, crowned for the second time.
2001Natalia OreiroArtist invited
2000Celia CruzInvited the same year, as part of the festival show.
1999Carla PerezDancer of É o Tchan ! as invited artist.
1998Sofía FrancoPresenter
1997ThalíaInvited artist
1996Paola FalconeMiss Chile 1995
1995Patricia ManterolaArtist invited
1994Sofía VergaraPresenter
1993Gloria TreviArtist invited
1992LuceroHad a romance with Felipe Camiroaga
1991YuriInvited artist
1990XuxaInvited artist
1989Myriam HernándezInvited artist
1988Marcela "Mache" Sánchez
1987Irene LlanoInvited artist
1986Cindy ValentineParticipated in the "competencia internacional"
1985María Conchita AlonsoInvited artist
1984Gianina MateiParticipated in "competencia internacional"
1983Lucía MéndezFormed part of the festival judging panel
1982Raffaella CarràInvited artist
1979María Graciela Gómez[36] Presenter
Notas

Queens per country

CountryYear
161979, 1987, 1989, 1996, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020
71983, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997, 2002
32004, 2005, 2011
21985, 2009
21994, 2008
21990, 1999
21988, 1998
12001
22000, 2018
11986
11984
11982

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Torres . Cristián . El Festival de Viña del Mar reveló quiénes competirán por su premio mayor . 8 September 2023 . Infobae . 21 December 2022.
  2. News: Elassar . Alaa . Adam Levine apologizes after fans criticize Maroon 5's performance at Viña del Mar festival in Chile . https://web.archive.org/web/20230908075513/http://www.cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2020/3/1/Maroon-5-Adam-Levine-apology.html . dead . September 8, 2023 . 8 September 2023 . CNN Philippines . 1 March 2020.
  3. News: Paul Anka cerró con gran éxito, la primera jornada de Viña del Mar . CNN México . 23 Feb 2010 . mexico.cnn.com . El Festival Internacional de la Canción de Viña del Mar es el evento musical más importante del continente . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120129171131/http://mexico.cnn.com/entretenimiento/2010/02/23/paul-anka-cerro-con-gran-exito-la-primera-jornada-de-vina-del-mar . 2012-01-29 .
  4. Web site: Iceland: Hera Björk in the final of Viña del Mar International Song Contest 2013 . Floras, Stella . 18 Feb 2013 . www.esctoday.com . [T]he Viña del Mar International Song Contest [is] the oldest and biggest music festival in Latin America.
  5. http://es.news.yahoo.com/23022007/159/tom-jones-ruge-segunda-noche-festival-vina-mar.html "Tom Jones 'ruge' en la segunda noche del Festival de Viña del Mar"
  6. Web site: Chilean organizers cancel Viña del Mar 2022 Festival yet again due to COVID-19 . 16 Sep 2021 .
  7. News: Viña del Mar, "El Monstruo" cumple 50 . Perasso, Valeria . 25 Feb 2009 . news.bbc.co.uk.
  8. News: Urrejola . José . Chile: el estallido social se toma el Festival de Viña . 8 September 2023 . Deutsche Welle (DW) . 26 February 2020 . es.
  9. News: Munizaga . Rodrigo . Rating: el difícil Viña 2020 es el más visto en nueve años . 8 September 2023 . La Tercera . 28 February 2020 . es.
  10. Fortuño . Sergio . Latin - Stage Is Set For Viña Del Mar . . 26 January 2002 . 114 . 4 . 41.
  11. John . Lanert . Artists & Music, Latin Notas . . 6 March 1993 . 105 . 10 . 38.
  12. News: Escenario de cholguán, 9 artistas y apenas 3 carabineros: así fue el primer Festival de Viña del Mar . 9 September 2023 . T13 . 21 February 2019 . es.
  13. News: Moreno . Víctor Hugo . Palma . Rodrigo . Historia del Festival de Viña - 1960-1969: El comienzo - 1960 . 9 September 2023 . El Mercurio on line . 2007 . es.
  14. News: Festival de Viña del Mar: Recordemos cómo fue su primera edición . 9 September 2023 . Radio Oasis - Rock & Pop . 21 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221004004139/https://oasis.pe/noticias/musica/festival-de-vina-del-mar-recordemos-como-fue-su-primera-edicion-1960-jardines-de-la-quinta-vergara-27238 . 4 October 2022.
  15. News: Moreno . Víctor Hugo . Palma . Rodrigo . Historia del Festival de Viña - 1960 - 1969 El Comienzo . 9 September 2023 . El Mercurio on line . es.
  16. News: Cabrera . Natalia . Así nació el Festival de Viña del Mar . 9 September 2023 . France 24 . 2 March 2019 . es.
  17. Book: Liberal de Castro . José . da Silveira Derenji . Jussara . Arquitetura do ferro: memória e questionamento . 1993 . Universidade Federal do Pará . 978-8-5338-0-2025 . 9 September 2023 . pt.
  18. News: La evolución que ha tenido el escenario del Festival de Viña . 9 September 2023 . 24 Horas . 13 February 2019.
  19. Book: Varas . José Miguel . González . Juan Pablo . En busca de la música chilena: Crónica y antología de una historia sonora . 2005 . Editorial Catalonia . 978-9-56-3242-652.
  20. News: https://web.archive.org/web/20130523122941/http://www.radiorecuerdos.cl/festivales/59historia.html . 23 May 2013 . Festival de Viña del Mar - Historia . 9 September 2023 . Radio Recuerdos.
  21. News: Moreno . Víctor Hugo . Palma . Rodrigo . Historia del Festival de Viña - 1970 - 1979 Década marcada por lo político . 9 September 2023 . El Mercurio on line . es.
  22. News: Censura, aplausos al dictador y propaganda de derecha: Los días oscuros del Festival de Viña del Mar. Vargas Rojas. Vanessa. February 18, 2015. June 12, 2021. El Desconcierto. Spanish.
  23. News: Viña bizarro: 20 historias del lado B del Festival. Contreras. Marcelo. February 26, 2021. June 10, 2021. La Tercera. Spanish.
  24. News: Bajo un clima de tensión: las veces que el Festival de Viña del Mar aludió e incomodó a la Dictadura. Vega Martínez. César. February 21, 2020. June 11, 2021. Radio Bío-Bío. Spanish.
  25. News: Pinochet: "Hemos demostrado al mundo que Chile es una nación democrática" . Ceberio. Jesús. 12 September 1980. . 14 February 2014.
  26. Web site: T13.cl. Teletrece. 10 Nov 2020. El Festival de Viña del Mar suspende su edición 2021. t13.cl.
  27. Web site: Granger. Anthony. 2021-11-07. Viña del Mar International Song Festival 2022 Cancelled. 2021-11-08. Eurovoix World. en-GB.
  28. Web site: November 24, 2022. March 16, 2022. ¡Viña volverá a tener festival! Municipio y canales fijaron la fecha de la edición 2023. adnradio.cl. es.
  29. Web site: Canal 13. February 7, 2017. La historia detras de los premios del Festival de Viña del Mar. T13.
  30. Web site: Tendencias. LR. February 17, 2020. Viña del Mar 2020: la diferencia entre las gaviotas de oro, plata y platino. LaRepublica.
  31. Web site: Emol. February 17, 2015. Festival de Viña del Mar elimina la entrega de Antorchas. Emol.
  32. Web site: Tendencias. LR. February 17, 2020. Viña del Mar 2020: la diferencia entre las gaviotas de oro, plata y platino. LaRepublica.
  33. Web site: 2009 Song Folk Winner . 2009-02-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090303230240/http://festival2009.canal13.cl/2009/html/Esp/MMomentos/IfichaqSEspSMMomentosS27S372706.html . 2009-03-03 . dead .
  34. Web site: Revisa la historia de las reinas de Viña del Mar . 9 Feb 2015 . www.radioagricultura.cl . 2015-02-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150210085554/http://www.radioagricultura.cl/2015/02/09/revisa-la-historia-de-las-reinas-de-vina-del-mar/ . 2015-02-10 . dead .
  35. Web site: Los "Piscinazos" que incendiaron el Festival de Viña . Núñez, Leonardo . 27 Feb 2012 . www.guioteca.com.
  36. Unofficial election