Vetulicola rectangulata explained

Vetulicola rectangulata (meaning "rectangular ancient dweller") is a species of extinct animal from the Early Cambrian of the Chengjiang biota of China. Regarded as a deuterostome, it has characteristic rectangular anterior body on which the posterior tail region is attached. It was described by Luo Huilin and Hu Shi-xue in 1999.

Description

V. rectangulata was described by Luo Huilin and Hu Shi-xue of the Yunnan Institute of Biological Science in 1999.[1] [2] The fossils were discovered from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang deposits in Kunming region, Yunnan, China.

Like V. cuneata, V. rectangulata has a body composed of two distinct parts of approximately equal length. The anterior part is oval to rectangular in shape,[3] enclosed by a carapace-like structure of four rigid cuticular plates fused together, with a small mouth at the front end: there is a keel-like extension of the body wall on the top and belly.[4] Unlike in V. cuneata, the mouth region does not protrude out. The tail-like posterior section is slender, strongly cuticularised and placed dorsally. Paired openings connecting the pharynx to the outside run down the sides. These features are interpreted as possible primitive gill slits.[5] Vetulicola rectangulata could be up to 7.2 cm long, and up to 3.7 cm in height (most specimens being 3.6 cm high).[6]

Lifestyle

It is assumed that V. rectangulata spent most or all of its time swimming in the water column. Sediment found within the gut suggest that it was a deposit-feeder, possibly swimming to and from favorable feeding sites.[7] At least one specimen has an individual of the putative entoproct, Cotyledion tyloides[8] attached to the terminal segment of the tail.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Luo . Huilin . Kunming Diqu zao han wu shi Chengjiang dong wu qun . Hu . Shi-xue . Chen . Liangzhong . Zhang . Shishan . Tao . Yong-shan . 1999 . Yunnan ke ji chu ban she [Yunnan Science and Technology Press] . 7-5416-1322-3 . Kunming Shi . 129 . zh . Early Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna from Kunming Region, China . 57497698.
  2. Chen . Ailin . Chen . Hong . Legg . David A. . Liu . Yu . Hou . Xian-guang . 2018 . A redescription of Liangwangshania biloba Chen, 2005, from the Chengjiang biota (Cambrian, China), with a discussion of possible sexual dimorphism in fuxianhuiid arthropods . Arthropod Structure & Development . en . 47 . 5 . 552–561 . 10.1016/j.asd.2018.08.001. 30125735 . 52053402 .
  3. Huilin . Luo . Xiaoping . Fu . Shixue . Hu . Yong . Li . Liangzhong . Chen . Ting . You . Qi . Liu . 2005 . New Vetulicoliids from the Lower Cambrian Guanshan Fauna, Kunming . Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition . en . 79 . 1 . 1–6 . 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2005.tb00860.x. 2005AcGlS..79....1L . 129031316 .
  4. Shu . D. G. . Conway Morris . S. . Han . J. . Chen . L. . Zhang . X. L. . Zhang . Z. F. . Liu . H. Q. . Li . Y. . Liu . J. N. . 2001-11-22 . Primitive deuterostomes from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian, China) . Nature . 414 . 6862 . 419–424 . 2001Natur.414..419S . 10.1038/35106514 . 0028-0836 . 11719797 . 4345484.
  5. Ou . Qiang . Conway Morris . Simon . Han . Jian . Zhang . Zhifei . Liu . Jianni . Chen . Ailin . Zhang . Xingliang . Shu . Degan . 2012 . Evidence for gill slits and a pharynx in Cambrian vetulicolians: implications for the early evolution of deuterostomes . BMC Biology . en . 10 . 1 . 81 . 10.1186/1741-7007-10-81 . 3517509 . 23031545 . free .
  6. Li . Yu-Jing . Cong . Pei-Yun . Zhao . Jun . Hou . Xian-Guang . 2015 . New observations on morphological variation of genus Vetulicola with quadrate carapace from the Cambrian Chengjiang and Guanshan biotas, South China . Palaeoworld . Geologic and biotic events and their relationships during the Early to Middle Paleozoic . en . 24 . 1 . 36–45 . 10.1016/j.palwor.2014.12.006 . 1871-174X.
  7. Li . Yujing . Williams . Mark . Harvey . Thomas H. P. . Wei . Fan . Zhao . Yang . Guo . Jin . Gabbott . Sarah . Fletcher . Tom . Hou . Xianguang . Cong . Peiyun . 2020-09-18 . Symbiotic fouling of Vetulicola, an early Cambrian nektonic animal . Communications Biology . 3 . 1 . 517 . 10.1038/s42003-020-01244-1 . 7501249 . 32948820.
  8. Zhang. Zhifei. A sclerite-bearing stem group entoproct from the early Cambrian and its implications. Scientific Reports. January 2013. 3. 1066. 10.1038/srep01066. etal. 23336066. 3548229. 2013NatSR...3E1066Z .

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