Transdev Explained

Transdev
Predecessor:
Foundation: (as Veolia Transdev)
Location City:3 allée de Grenelle, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux
Location Country:France
Key People:Thierry Mallet (Chairman and CEO)
Industry:Public transport
Services:
Revenue: (2022)[1]
Owner:Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations (66%)
Rethmann Group (34%)
Num Employees:85,000 (2020)
Divisions:

Transdev, formerly Veolia Transdev, is a France-based international private-sector company which operates public transport.[2] It has operations in 17 countries and territories as of November 2020.[3]

Transdev was formed on 3 April 2011 via the merger of Veolia Transport and Transdev S.A., being initially equally owned by Veolia Environnement and Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations (CDC), the former soon announced plans to divest its holding in the business. Early priorities of Transdev were to largely focus upon its four core markets (France, the Netherlands, Germany, and the United States) while disposing of its less profitable ventures based in most other countries to consolidate. At the time of merger, Transdev operated in 27 countries to varying extents. During January 2019, Veolia sold on its remaining 30% shareholding in Transdev to the Rethmann Group; the company has since integrated some of its subsidiaries with those of Transdev.

History

Transdev was formed through the merger of Veolia Transport and Transdev S.A. on 3 April 2011.[4] Veolia Environnement and Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations (CDC) had 50% shareholdings. It was initially planned for the company to be sold by an initial public offering, potentially accompanied by a rebranding, within 12 months of the merger.[2]

On 6 December 2011, Veolia Environment, seeking to reduce debt and focus on its core businesses of water, waste and energy, announced a €5 bn divestment program over 2012/13 that would include a sale of its share in Veolia Transdev within two years.[5] At the time of the announcement, Veolia Transdev declared its intention to concentrate on four main markets (France, the Netherlands, Germany, and the United States), to develop its presence in the United Kingdom, Asia and Australia and to divest from other countries and other activities amounting to about 9–10% of global revenue in 2012/13. After this announcement, the Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations, for its part, officially reiterated its commitment to Veolia Transdev and its continued support as a shareholder to the group's development.[6]

During early 2012, it was reported that Cube Infrastructure, a fund controlled by the French bank Natixis (Groupe BPCE), was likely to acquire about half of Veolia's stake in Transdev. The Caisse des Dépôts would take over the other half.[7] In October 2012, this was later changed to Caisse des Dépôts acquiring 10% of the shares from Veolia.[8] However, this reported acquisition was not implemented. Following the sale of Transdev subsidiary SNCM in late 2015, CDC and Veolia continued talks about selling Veolia's stake in the joint venture.[9] In December 2016, CDC finally bought 20% shares from Veolia.[10] As a result, Veolia's share became 30% while CDC's share became 70%.

In October 2018, Veolia announced its intention to sell its remaining 30% shareholding to the Rethmann Group.[11] The transaction was completed during January 2019, with Rethmann increasing its shareholding to 34% by adding its Rhenus Veniro subsidiary to the Transdev portfolio.[12]

Operational history

At the time of merger, Transdev operated in the following 27 countries.[13] In 2014, the operations at the time were organised into seven geographical areas (struckthrough countries' operations have already ceased):[14]

In 2013, CEO Jérôme Gallot confirmed that Veolia Transdev would consolidate its operations down to 17 countries.[15] As of November 2020, Transdev operates in 17 countries spanning across five continents.[3] The list only counts sovereign countries and therefore excludes New Caledonia (France). Jersey, a British Crown dependency and Hong Kong (China), were previously also not counted for the same reason. Veolia Transdev (and Transdev) operated MyBus operations until 2012 and Hong Kong Tramways until 2020 respectively.

Additionally, Transdev is a shareholder of Transamo, a transport engineering and consultancy firm in Europe that was inherited from the old Transdev.[16] [17] [18] [19] It specialises in the project management of public transport projects in France. Société de Transports intercommunaux de Bruxelles (STIB) is the other major shareholder of Transamo.[20]

Europe

Czech Republic

In December 2018, Transdev commenced operating a 10-year contract in the Moravian-Silesian Region serving Bruntál, Krnov, Nový Jičín and Rýmařov.[21] [22] Transdev had previously operated buses in the Czech Republic until they were sold to Arriva in May 2013 (see Central Europe section below). During August 2019, Transdev acquired the 3CSAD Group that also operated in the Moravian-Silesian Region with 410 buses to become the fourth largest bus operator in the Czech Republic.[23]

France

Transdev's subsidiary Société Varoise de Transports (SVT) has operated two lines of the Bouches du Rhône district network since 1 January 2014, serving a population of more than one million inhabitants.[24]

Transdev also operates many Hérault Transport bus lines in the south of France, and the Montpellier tramway system.

Transdev owned 66% of SNCM, a French ferry company operating in the Mediterranean. However, as of 2014, Transdev was planning to sell its shares.[25] SNCM was finally sold to a Corsican firm Rocca Group in late 2015 and was renamed Maritima Ferries in January 2016.[9]

Thello (see Italy section) operated trains between Italy and France; Transdev relinquished its 33% holding in 2016.[26]

Prior to April 2019, Transdev owned Eurolines who operated coach services around Europe.[27] In July 2015, Eurolines commenced operating 17 coach routes under the Isilines brand to coincide with the deregulation of the French coach market.[28] Eurolines and Isilines were sold to Flixbus in April 2019.[29] Transdev retains Isilines' B2B bus rental activities in France, which will be operated under the Transdev brand.

The shared-van service Supershuttle operated in the country, but it was sold to an affiliate of Blackstreet Capital Management in September 2019, after which it ceased service at the end of 2019 citing that Uber and market changes led to its demise. The SuperShuttle brand and technology was purchased in March 2020, and operates as SuperShuttle Express focusing on economical private rides, black car and SUV, and private vans/Sprinters for large groups.

Ireland

Transdev operates Dublin's Luas tram system since 2004. Transdev Ireland was renamed from Veolia Transport Ireland in May 2013.[30] In June 2019, Transdev was awarded a new contract to operate and maintain the system for another six years, effective 1 December 2019, with an option for a five-year extension.[31]

Germany

See main article: Transdev Germany. Transdev Germany operates buses and trains in Germany. It was renamed from Veolia Verkehr GmbH in March 2015.[32]

In November 2018, Transdev was awarded a contract to operate the regional railway network of Hannover; the deal, which covers approximately 9.3 million rail kilometres per year and typically carries in excess of 30 million passengers annually, was valued at in excess of €1.5 billion and is the largest regional rail contract in the history of Transdev Germany to date.[33]

During January 2019, Rhenus Veniro was added to Transdev's German portfolio as a result of Rhenus's parent company, Rethmann, increasing its shareholding of Transdev to 34%.[12] The shared-van service Supershuttle operated in Berlin, but it was sold to an affiliate of Blackstreet Capital Management in September 2019, after which it ceased service at the end of 2019 citing that Uber and market changes led to its demise.[34]

Portugal

Transdev Portugal operates bus and coach services all around Portugal, and formerly light rail.[35] It was first established in 1997 to tender for the Metro do Porto light rail through the consortium Normetro. The light rail opened in 2002 and was operated by Transdev Portugal until 2010.[35] [36] Transdev Portugal also acquired the CAIMA Group in 2002 and the Joalto Group in 2010.[35] It was rewarded the AveiroBus network with 24 buses, 1 ferry boat and 2 boats, effective from 1 January 2017.[37]

The shared-van service Supershuttle operated in the country, but it was sold to an affiliate of Blackstreet Capital Management in September 2019, after which it ceased service at the end of 2019 citing that Uber and market changes led to its demise.

Netherlands

See main article: Connexxion. Transdev Netherlands is made up of two operations, Connexxion and Witte Kruis. There used to be an additional operation called Veolia Transport Nederland, until the branding was discontinued and replaced by Connexxion during December 2016.[38] Transdev Netherlands was set up in December 2015 to group the three operations together under one brand, after bringing Connexxion and Veolia Transport Nederland under one management earlier in May that year.[39] Each operation continued to exist separately with its branding unchanged until the rebranding of Veolia Transport Nederland.[40] This arrangement was planned ever since the global rebranding of Veolia Transdev in 2013.[41]

During October 2007, Transdev acquired a 50% shareholding in Connexxion.[42] [43] [44] In February 2013, Transdev's shareholding increased to 86%.[45] [46]

Veolia Transport Nederland operated bus, train and ferry services around Netherlands since 1997. During December 2016, the last remaining concession of Veolia Transport Nederland was rebranded to Connexxion.[38] Witte Kruis (Dutch for White Cross) is Transdev's mobile care organization in Netherlands.

The shared-van service Supershuttle operated in the country, but it was sold to an affiliate of Blackstreet Capital Management in September 2019, after which it ceased service at the end of 2019 citing that Uber and market changes led to its demise.

Spain

Transdev is one of the few companies that make up TramMet, a joint venture company that operates two tram lines in Barcelona: Trambaix and Trambesòs.[47] Transdev has 66% stake in the operating companies of the tram networks, and 5.53% of the concession companies.[48] [49]

Transdev, together with Saycr and Ineco, also formerly formed the Tenemetro, S.L., which had a 14% stake (out of which, Transdev 8.5%)[50] of Metropolitano de Tenerife (MTSA), the operator of Tenerife Tram since 2003.[51] Cabildo Insular de Tenerife (the Tenerife Island Government) also owned 80% stake of the company.[52] This tram operation was passed down from the old Transdev.[53] The 14% was sold back to the Cabildo (Tenerife government) on 4 April 2017, who now owns 100% of MTSA.[54] [55]

Transdev also participated in the pre-operation and operation of the Tranvía de Murcia and the Metro Ligero Oeste in Madrid.[36]

The shared-van service Supershuttle operated in the country, but it was sold to an affiliate of Blackstreet Capital Management in September 2019, after which it ceased service at the end of 2019 citing that Uber and market changes led to its demise.

Sweden

Transdev, known as Transdev Sverige AB, operates a number of subsidiaries in Sweden. The company was rebranded from Veolia Transport Sverige AB on 2 February 2015.[56] Its subsidiaries are:[57]

Transdev also won the tender to operate bus services in Umeå from 13 June 2016.[60]

In January 2018, Transdev completed its acquisition of Blidösundsbolaget, a ferry operator in the Stockholm archipelago.[61] It currently operates on one of the four ferry contracts in the Stockholm archipelago. In December 2018, Blidösundsbolaget was awarded a second and the largest of the Stockholm archipelago contracts, for a period of nine years starting December 2019.[62] Additionally, in April 2018, Blidösundsbolaget has been commissioned to operate the shuttle service on Ekerölinjen no. 89 for seven years starting in August 2018.[63]

During July 2019, Transdev Sweden was awarded a 10-year bus market worth €757 million, comprising five contracts, in the Västra Götaland region in Gothenburg. The contracts commenced in December 2020.[64] Also in July 2019, Transdev announced the acquisition of A Björks AB, a major bus operator active in Central and Northern Sweden.[23] This acquisition was completed in September 2019, which made Transdev Sweden's third largest public transportation operator.

In 2020, Transdev Sweden sold bus company Flygbussarna Airport Coaches to Vy Buss.[65]

Ceased contracts:

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, Transdev operates Transdev Blazefield, Trident Niven, Black Car Service and holds an 18% shareholding in Nottingham City Transport.[66] [67]

Transdev Blazefield is a bus group with operations in Yorkshire and Lancashire. It has seven operating subsidiaries:[68]

Transdev owns three car services in London. Green Tomato Cars is an environmentally friendly passenger car service in London and was established in 2006.[66] [69] Trident Niven, which was acquired in December 2012, is a London-based private hire company and operates a fleet of 100 cars.[70] Black Car Service, established in May 2014, is a new corporate chauffeured car service in London, with a fleet of 150 black unbranded Volkswagen CCs (as of May 2014).[71]

During April 2021, it was announced that Transdev had reached an agreement with Arriva to purchase Yorkshire Tiger, with the business rebranded Team Pennine upon completion in July 2021.[72] [73]

Former UK operations

Arrow Light Rail, a consortium between the original Transdev, Nottingham City Transport, Bombardier Transportation, Carillion, Galaxy and Innisfree, was contracted to build and operate the Nottingham Express Transit for 30.5 years from 9 March 2004.[74] However, the contract was terminated in 2011 when Tramlink Nottingham (a Keolis consortium) was selected as the preferred bidder for the construction of Phase 2 of the light rail and operation of the network.[75] The last day of operations of Arrow Light Rail was 16 December 2011, few months after the establishment of Veolia Transdev.[76] [77]

The old Transdev used to own London Sovereign and London United, two of the 20 bus operators serving London, up to the merger with Veolia Transport during March 2011. Veolia Transdev took over London Sovereign from the old Transdev until it was sold to RATP Group in April 2014.[78] [79] Veolia Transdev never took over London United, instead it passed to RATP.

The shared-van service Supershuttle operated in the country, but it was sold to an affiliate of Blackstreet Capital Management in September 2019, after which it ceased service at the end of 2019 citing that Uber and market changes led to its demise.

Green Tomato Cars, which Transdev owned since 2010, was sold to Travelhire in February 2019.[80] The sale marked Transdev's exit from the UK private hire market.

Former operations

Belgium

In Belgium, Veolia Transdev's operations were known as Veolia Transport Belgium (VTB). VTB was sold to a consortium consisting of Cube Infrastructure and Gimv in March 2014.[81]

Central Europe

In Central Europe, Veolia Transdev's operations were known as Veolia Transport Central Europe GmbH (VTCE) and included operations in Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Serbia. They were sold to Arriva in May 2013.[82] [83] From 2022, the company is again active in Slovakia under the Transdev brand.[84]

Italy

See main article: Thello. Thello was cross-border train services between France and Italy; it was initially organised as a joint venture between Transdev and the Italian state owned railway company Trenitalia.[85] On 11 December 2011, Thello ran its first night service, having rapidly come into operation to take advantage of a vacant niche opened by the withdrawal of the Artesia cross-border service only one month prior.[86] [87] During June 2016, Transdev sold their share in the venture to Trenitalia, giving the latter full control of Thello.[88] [26] Transdev stated that the operation had been negatively impacted by increased customs controls on account of the European migrant crisis, the Paris terrorist attacks in November 2015 as well as delays caused by railway engineering works.[89] [90]

Jersey

See main article: MyBus. Between September 2002 and December 2012, Veolia Transdev (and previously Veolia Transport) operated Connex Transport Jersey, with the route network branded as MyBus for some of this period.[91] [92] [93]

Switzerland

The shared-van service Supershuttle operated in the country, but it was sold to an affiliate of Blackstreet Capital Management in September 2019, after which it ceased service at the end of 2019 citing that Uber and market changes led to its demise.

Finland

Transdev operated in Finland as Transdev Finland Oy. It was rebranded from Veolia Transport Finland Oy on 5 February 2015.[94] The operations of Transdev Finland were closed down at the end of 2019.

North America

Transdev North America, formerly Veolia Transportation until August/September 2014, is the North American business unit of Transdev. It operates a number of public transport services across the United States and Canada.

Other North American operations inherited from the old Transdev (Limocar) were never part of Veolia Transportation and therefore are not part of Transdev North America.

On 26 October 2022, Transdev has signed an agreement to acquire First Transit, Inc.[95] [96] On 7 March 2023, Transdev completed the acquisition of First Transit, all current First Transit contracts are now operating under the Transdev brand.[97]

Canada

Transdev Canada is the Transdev subsidiary in Canada and it has the following operations:[98]

Transdev Canada announced its acquisition of Voyago on 8 April 2019.[106] Voyago is a Canadian-owned group of transportation companies with a fleet of 970 vehicles, operating services including patient transfer services and student transport services.

United States

Transdev North America US' operations include:[107]

Former operations

Oceania

Australia and New Zealand

See main article: Transdev Australasia. Veolia Transport's predecessor CGEA entered the Australian market in 1998 when it formed a joint venture to purchase the Sydney Monorail and operate the Sydney Light Rail. The old Transdev entered the Australian market during 2001 with the purchase of Shorelink in Sydney's North Shore. Connex entered the New Zealand market in 2004 when it won the tender to operate rail services in Auckland.

Transdev's operations in both countries are under one subsidiary, Transdev Australasia. Transdev Australasia operates:

Operates buses in Sydney, New South Wales

Operates buses in Brisbane, Queensland

Operates buses in Perth, Western Australia

Operates light rail in Sydney, New South Wales. Also formerly operated Sydney Monorail until June 2013

Operates Sydney Ferries on Sydney Harbour, Sydney, New South Wales

Operated passenger rail services in Auckland between 2004 and 2022

Transdev Australasia operated South West Coach Lines in Western Australia until 2015, Transdev Brisbane Ferries until November 2020 and Transdev Melbourne buses until January 2022. The contract to run a third of Melbourne suburban bus routes was transferred to the Kinetic Group on 31 January 2022.[126]

New Caledonia

Transdev owns Transdev Outre-Mer, who runs the Carsud bus operation in Nouméa, as a partnership with Carsud and Semitan.[127] [128] The partnership agreement was signed in April 2014. Transdev's predecessor Connex, operated the bus operation since February 2002.[129]

Asia

, Transdev does not operate in Asia. Transdev's most recent operations were through its joint venture RATP Dev Transdev Asia until Transdev sold its share in October 2020.

Former Operations

China, Hong Kong, South Korea, India and Philippines

See main article: RATP Dev Transdev Asia. RATP Dev Transdev Asia (RDTA) is a joint venture between Transdev and RATP Group created in 2009 between Veolia Transport and RATP Dev. It was originally named Veolia Transport RATP Asia (VTRA) until the Transdev global rebranding in 2013.[130] RATP Dev took over full ownership of RDTA in October 2020.[131] [132]

As at the takeover by RATP Dev in October 2020, RDTA operated:[133]

Prior to that, RDTA (and predecessor VTRA) also formerly operated:

Israel

Transdev inherited from Veolia Transport the Jerusalem Light Rail project that Veolia Environment had been trying to dispose of since at least 2009.[141]

In December 2011, the agreed sale of the Jerusalem Light Rail to Egged was reported to have been held up by the Israeli state. However, Egged will need Veolia's expertise for at least five years to run the light rail successfully. The sale was finally approved in August 2015.[142]

Transdev also operated buses in Israel as Veolia Transport Israel (more commonly Connex Israel):

The buses in Modi'in were sold to Kavim in July 2013,[143] while the rest were sold to Afikim in September 2013.[144]

South America

Colombia

Transdev, in conjunction with three other operators, runs an 84km (52miles) right-of-way bus line of TransMilenio system in Bogotá under the name Connexion Móvil. The contract started in 2000, and was recently extended until December 2023.[17] [145]

In May 2018, Cable Movil, a consortium consisting of Transdev Chile and Fanalca, won the contract to operate the new TransMiCable cable car operation in Bogotá, starting from December 2018 for a period of 5.5 years with a possible 2.5 year extension.[146]

Chile

Transdev operates Redbus Urbano in Santiago, Chile. It is Transdev's largest bus urban networks with revenues of more than 70 million euros in 2012.[147]

Africa

Morocco

Transdev operates the Rabat–Salé tramway, at the time the first modern light rail service in Morocco, since May 2011.[148] Prior to Veolia Transdev's rebranding to Transdev in 2013, the tramway was operated under the old Transdev's name and logo.[149] Transdev's contract to operate the tramway was renewed for another 10 years starting January 2020.[150]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Financial Report 2022 . 9 March 2023 . veoliatransdev.com . 27 October 2023 . en . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230612120255/https://www.transdev.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2022-financial-report.pdf . 12 June 2023.
  2. Web site: Veolia-Transdev nouveau leader du transport . Fabrice . Amedeo . 6 May 2010 . lefigaro.fr . 26 February 2022 .
  3. Web site: Worldwide operations . 25 November 2020 . Transdev . https://web.archive.org/web/20201125004846/https://www.transdev.com/en/about-us/our-locations-world/ . 25 November 2020 . live.
  4. Web site: Communiquée de presse - Naissance du 1er acteur privé mondial de la mobilité durable . 1 March 2011 . veoliatransdev.com . 5 April 2011 . fr . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110516225656/http://www.veoliatransdev.com/fr/espace-medias/communiques/2011-03-03,finalisation-veoliatransdev.htm . 16 May 2011.
  5. Web site: Investor Day 2011 . 6 December 2011 . 27 December 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120303065231/http://www.finance.veolia.com/docs/Presentation-Investor-Day-2011-en.pdf . 3 March 2012 .
  6. La Caisse des Dépôts confirme son engagement auprès de Veolia Transdev . Caisse des Dépôts . 6 December 2011 . 28 December 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120610200623/http://www.caissedesdepots.fr/fileadmin/Communiqu%C3%A9s%20de%20presse/cp/cp_engagt_veolia_transdev.pdf . 10 June 2012 .
  7. News: Le fonds Cube est favori pour acheter la participation de Veolia dans Transdev . La Tribune . 29 February 2012 . fr . 29 February 2012.
  8. Web site: Evolution project for the shareholding of Veolia Transdev . https://web.archive.org/web/20140911153101/http://www.caissedesdepots.fr/en/news/all-the-news/half-year-2009-2010-sales-up-10-on-a-reported-basis-03-like-for-like/evolution-project-for-the-shareholding-of-veolia-transdev.html . 11 September 2014 . dead . Caisse des Dépôts . 11 September 2014.
  9. News: Veolia says resumed talks with CDC about Transdev exit . Reuters . 9 February 2016 . 2 July 2016.
  10. Web site: Transdev: Shareholder agreement finalized between the Caisse des Dépôts and Veolia . 22 December 2016 . Transdev . 3 March 2017.
  11. Web site: Veolia to sell Transdev stake to Rethmann Group . . 2 October 2018.
  12. Web site: Veolia out of transport as Rethmann acquires Transdev stake . . 11 January 2019.
  13. Web site: Locations . Veolia Transdev . 30 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121126092759/http://www.veoliatransdev.com/en/a-responsible-company/locations/ . 26 November 2012 . dead.
  14. Web site: Transdev FAQ . Transdev . https://web.archive.org/web/20140526045415/http://www.transdev.com/en/faq.htm . 9 September 2014 . 26 May 2014 . dead.
  15. Web site: Veolia Transdev rebranded and repositioned . Bus & Coach Australasia . 3 July 2013.
  16. Web site: Light Rail Portfolio of Expertise (2017) . https://web.archive.org/web/20180122031300/https://www.transdev.com/ressources/publications/1/46858bb-3328-POE-Light-Rail-GB-WEB-09-2017.pdf . 22 January 2018 . Transdev . 22 January 2018 . live.
  17. Web site: Bus Rapid Transit Portfolio of Expertise (2017) . https://web.archive.org/web/20180122030048/https://www.transdev.com/ressources/publications/1/468529f-3314-POE-BHNS-GB-WEB-09-2017.pdf . 22 January 2018 . Transdev . 22 January 2018 . live.
  18. Web site: Passenger Rail Portfolio of Expertise (2017) . https://web.archive.org/web/20180122030201/https://www.transdev.com/ressources/publications/1/4ba71a3-3332-POE-RAIL-GB-WEB-11-2017.pdf . 22 January 2018 . Transdev . 22 January 2018 . live.
  19. Web site: Transdev Annual Report 2008 . 28 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091016110918/http://www.transdevtsl.com.au/content/pdf/TAR_2008.pdf . 16 October 2009 . dead.
  20. Web site: Who are we? . Transamo . 21 January 2018.
  21. Web site: Transdev re-enters Czech public transportation market with major regional bus contract wins . Transdev . 9 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180609024209/https://www.transdev.com/en/press/transdev-re-enters-czech-republic . 9 June 2018 . live.
  22. World News . . 211 . October 2018 . 42.
  23. Web site: Transdev renews urban contract in France, acquires bus operations in the Czech Republic and New Zealand . Transdev . 28 August 2019 . 5 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190905073617/https://www.transdev.com/en/press-release/transdev-renews-urban-contract-in-france-acquires-bus-operations-in-the-czech-republic-and-new-zealand/ . 5 September 2019 . live.
  24. Web site: Transdev wins two operating contracts for district lines in the Bouches du Rhône region in France . Transdev . 26 May 2014.
  25. Web site: Veolia's Transdev in talks with Unishipping about SNCM sale . . 11 September 2014.
  26. Web site: Transdev to leave Thello joint venture . Railway Gazette International . 1 July 2016.
  27. Web site: Who are we? . Eurolines . 13 June 2019.
  28. Transdev launches low-cost French coach network . . 725 . August 2015 . 22.
  29. Web site: Negotiations successfully completed: FlixBus buys Eurolines/isilines from Transdev Group . Transdev . 2 May 2019 . 13 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190613060440/https://www.transdev.com/en/press-release/flixbus-buys-eurolines-isilines/ . 13 June 2019 . live.
  30. Web site: A Brief History . Transdev Ireland . 26 May 2015 . 26 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150526085308/http://www.transdevireland.ie/A-brief-history.html . dead.
  31. Web site: Transdev awarded Dublin's Light Rail six-year operation and maintenance contract . Transdev . 24 June 2019 . 16 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190709181022/https://www.transdev.com/en/press-release/luas-dublin-light-rail-contract/ . 9 July 2019 . live.
  32. Web site: Veolia Verkehr heißt ab 16. März 2015 Transdev und ist Teil eines weltweiten Netzwerkes innovativer Verkehrsunternehmen . 6 January 2016 . de . 6 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160406071139/http://www.transdev.de/medien/aktuelle-nachrichten/93-veolia-verkehr-heisst-ab-16-marz-2015-transdev-und-ist-teil-eines-weltweiten-netzwerkes-innovativer-verkehrsunternehmen . dead.
  33. Web site: Hannover's regional rail network to be operated by Transdev . globalrailwayreview.com . 8 November 2018.
  34. Web site: SuperShuttle airport transport van service to go out of business at year-end . Associated Press . MarketWatch . en-US . 8 January 2020.
  35. Web site: Transdev Portugal . Transdev Portugal . 21 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107194103/http://www.transdev.pt/gca/?id=115 . 7 November 2017 . dead . pt.
  36. Web site: Metro Ligeiro . Transdev Portugal . 21 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071926/http://www.transdev.pt/gca/index.php?id=159 . 22 January 2018 . dead . pt.
  37. Web site: Transdev Portugal was awarded with a contract for the operation of Aveiro urban network . Transdev . 21 December 2016.
  38. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20161212145820/https://ovmagazine.nl/2016/11/veolia-verdwijnt-definitief-uit-het-ov-1517/ . December 12, 2016 . Veolia name disappears from the OV . OV Magazine . 21 November 2016 . nl.
  39. Web site: Transdev-dochters Connexxion en Veolia Transport Nederland onder één bestuur . Transdev . 11 January 2016 . nl.
  40. Web site: Transdev in Nederland nadrukkelijker aanwezig . Transdev . 6 January 2016 . nl.
  41. Web site: Bart Schmeink: Connexxion en Veolia gaan onder Transdev inschrijven . ovpro.nl . April 2014 . 26 May 2014 . nl.
  42. Web site: Transdev buys majority stake in Dutch bus firm . . 2 July 2007.
  43. Web site: Transdev Acquisition Creates Fourth Largest Public Transport Corporation Group in Europe . . 5 July 2007 . 5 May 2017 . 23 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072456/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/transdev-acquisition-creates-fourth-largest-public-transportation-group-in-europe-533963431.html . dead .
  44. Web site: Annual Report for year ended 31 December 2007 . Connexion . 5 May 2017 . 8 February 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123855/https://www.transdev.nl/data/upload/JV2007_ENG_LOW(1).pdf . dead .
  45. Web site: State Sells Rest of Connexxion . Mergers & Acquisitions . February 2013.
  46. Web site: Annual Report for year ended 31 December 2013 . Bank Nederlandse Gemeenten.
  47. Web site: Who are we? . TRAM . 8 January 2016.
  48. Web site: Transdev strengthens its position in the light rail market . Transdev . 8 January 2016.
  49. Web site: Barcelona-Spain TRAM . Veolia Transdev . 8 January 2016.
  50. Web site: Tenerife-Spain Tranvia . Veolia Transdev . 9 January 2016 . 26 January 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160126194432/http://www.veolia-transport.com/ressources/contracts/1/2137,Tenerife-Spain.pdf . dead .
  51. Web site: Our Company . Metro Tenerife . 8 January 2016.
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