| Ventura River | |
| Subdivision Type1: | Country |
| Subdivision Name1: | United States |
| Subdivision Type2: | State |
| Subdivision Name2: | California |
| Length: | 16.2miles |
| Discharge1 Location: | near Ventura[1] |
| Discharge1 Min: | 0cuft/s |
| Discharge1 Avg: | 72.6cuft/s[2] |
| Discharge1 Max: | 63600cuft/s |
| Source1: | Transverse Ranges |
| Source1 Location: | Confluence of Matilija Creek and North Fork Matilija Creek, near Ojai |
| Source1 Coordinates: | 34.4853°N -119.3006°W[3] |
| Source1 Elevation: | 6010feet |
| Mouth: | Pacific Ocean |
| Mouth Location: | Ventura River Estuary, near Ventura |
| Mouth Coordinates: | 34.2756°N -119.3078°W |
| Mouth Elevation: | 0feet |
| Basin Size: | 226sqmi |
| Tributaries Left: | San Antonio Creek, Cañada Larga Creek |
| Tributaries Right: | Matilija Creek, North Fork Matilija Creek, Coyote Creek |
The Ventura River, in western Ventura County in Southern California, United States, flows 16.2miles from its headwaters to the Pacific Ocean. The smallest of the three major rivers in Ventura County, it flows through the steeply sloped, narrow Ventura Valley, with its final 0.7miles through the broader Ventura River estuary, which extends from where it crosses under a 101 Freeway bridge through to the Pacific Ocean.[4]
The Ventura River watershed encompasses consisting of steep mountains and foothills, with altitudes ranging from to sea level. Valley floors are home to communities and farms. Conditions in much of the watershed remain natural and undeveloped, with 57% of its land area protected. Most of the watershed's primary streams and drainages are unchannelized, though the natural hydrologic patterns have been modified by two dams (the Casitas and Matilija) and three levees (the Ventura River, Casitas Springs, and Live Oak).[4]
Developed land (excluding grazing) comprises only about 13% of the total land area in the watershed. The northern half of the watershed lies within Los Padres National Forest. The watershed's southern half has agriculture as the dominant land use, with irrigated citrus and avocados as the primary crops. In contrast, a significant area of land is used for cattle grazing.[4] The populated area includes two cities and several unincorporated communities. The smaller of the two cities, Ojai, lies entirely within the watershed, 13adj=midNaNadj=mid at an elevation of . Only 13% of the larger city of Ventura lies within the watershed, adjacent to the coast on the lower stretch of the Ventura River.
The watershed's population is relatively small, and the growth rate is low. The population is approximately 44,140, representing just 5.4% of Ventura County's population (as of the 2010 Census). The population is 58% white, 37% Hispanic or Latino, 2% Asian, and 3% other races. Income varies widely, and several areas qualify as disadvantaged or severely disadvantaged communities.[4]
The river flows 16.2miles from its headwaters through to the Pacific Ocean. The smallest of the three major rivers in Ventura County, the Ventura River's source stream is Matilija Creek, from its confluence with North Fork Matilija Creek. Matilija Creek is Ventura River's highest volume tributary, followed by San Antonio Creek, which joins the Ventura River from the east halfway to the ocean; Coyote Creek enters the river from the west about 7miles from the river mouth and Cañada Larga Creek from the east a few miles downstream. Much of the Ventura River's route is contained by the steeply sloped sides of the narrow Ventura Valley,[5] with its final 0.7miles through the broader Ventura River estuary, which extends from where it crosses under a 101 Freeway bridge through to the Pacific Ocean.[6]
Rainfall varies geographically, seasonally, and from year to year. Median annual precipitation is 14.120NaN0 in the lower watershed, 19.20NaN0 in the middle watershed, and 28.740NaN0 in the upper watershed. However, even in the subhumid upper basin, rainfall is infrequent – falling on a few days in a year as in hot, arid Phoenix, Arizona – but when rain does fall, it can be extremely heavy with totals of 20-1NaN-1 in a week not uncommon in the middle and upper basins. Consequently, cycles of drought and flood are the norm: as an illustration, in the main settlement of Ojai since 1906, 67 percent of the years have had less than the mean rainfall.
Many parts of the Ventura River stream network are typically dry during much of the year. Surface water readily disappears underground in some stream reaches (segments); groundwater regularly feeds streamflow in others.[4]
The watershed's rugged topography, largely undeveloped status, and Mediterranean climate combine for exceptional biodiversity. It supports a diverse array of natural habitats, including grassland, coastal sage scrub, chaparral, oak woodlands, and savannas; coniferous woodlands; riparian scrub, woodlands, and wetlands; alluvial scrub; freshwater aquatic habitats; estuarine wetlands; and coastal cobble, dune, and intertidal habitats. The Ventura River estuary, at the mouth of the Ventura River, is an exceptionally valuable wetland habitat and ecological resource in the watershed.[4]
The watershed is home to numerous protected species and habitats, including 137 plants and animals protected at either the federal, state, or local level. Given the watershed's often dry and variable climate, the federally endangered southern California steelhead (listed in 1997) is particularly important.[4] The steelhead found in the Ventura River is part of the Southern California Steelhead Distinct Population Segment (DPS) were listed as federally endangered.[7] Genetic analysis of the steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Ventura river watershed (both above and below Matilija Dam) has shown them to be of native and not hatchery stocks.[8] [9]
The watershed is challenged by invasive, non-native plants, such as giant reeds, ice plants and castor bean, which choke out the willows and estuary-area salt marsh which normally support the native fauna.[4] Plans and projects have been underway since the 1990s to restore the river's natural features, flora and fauna.[10]
Limited land development and large areas of protected habitat in the watershed help support surface water that is relatively clean compared with more developed areas in the region. However, all of the watershed major waterbodies are on the Clean Water Act Section 303(d) list of impaired waterbodies. Several factors impair surface waters, including trash, algae, water diversion/pumping, eutrophic conditions, low dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, fish barriers, coliform, bacteria, mercury, and total dissolved solids.[4]
The estuary has been on the Clean Water Act 303(d) list for trash impairment for over ten years. In 2008, the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board adopted the Ventura River Estuary Trash Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) to address the impairment and establish time schedule orders to improve water quality in this watershed segment.
The installation of stormwater treatment devices for the Ventura Freeway crossing was included in funding from the 2021 federal Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.[11]
A USA Petrochem petroleum refinery, situated within the 100-year floodplain of the river, was shut down in 1985. In August 2012, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined there had been discharge to navigable waters of the United States in violation of the Clean Water Act. The EPA's site assessment found that there were numerous leaking pipelines, leaking tanks, and leaking production vessels throughout the abandoned property. The site was also out of compliance with the Los Angeles Water Quality Control Board's Ventura River Estuary Trash Total Maximum Daily Load. The EPA issued an order that the site must be cleaned up, or daily fines would be sought from the owner.[12] In 2015, the site owner agreed to remove all machinery and equipment, which would complete the cleanup of the plant.[13]
Rainfall in the Matilija Wilderness, the river's headwaters, is the highest in Ventura County, with average annual rainfall over twice that of rainfall at the coast. The steep terrain of the Ventura River watershed, coupled with intense downpours that can occur in its upper portions, result in flash flood conditions where floodwaters rise and fall in hours. On average, major or moderate floods have occurred once every five years since 1933.[4] [14]
The most damaging flood recorded in the Ventura River watershed occurred in 1969.[15] The watershed above Ojai received of rain in nine days in January. The floodwaters and associated debris flooded Casitas Springs and Live Oak Acres homes. Much agricultural land, primarily citrus groves, was seriously damaged or destroyed. All over Ventura County, transportation facilities, including roads, bridges, and railroad tracks, were destroyed. The wastewater treatment plant below Foster Park was severely damaged, and raw sewage was dumped into the Ventura River. In addition, sewer trunk lines were broken along the Ventura River and San Antonio Creek. Untreated sewage polluted the river and beach. The capacity of the Matilija reservoir was significantly reduced by siltation from the flood.[4]
Unlike most of its neighbors in southern California, the Ventura River watershed is 100% dependent on local water supplies. Lake Casitas is the watershed's major surface water supply reservoir, and groundwater is heavily relied upon. On average, surface water comprises about 55% of the water recovered from the watershed, and groundwater includes about 45%.[4]
Cycles of drought and flooding occur regularly. Annual rainfall in downtown Ojai has ranged from a low of seven inches to a high of 49 inches—a sevenfold variation. Water supplies must be managed cautiously because the annual amount of rainfall received is highly variable.[4]
Two small coastal watersheds—the North Ventura Coastal Streams and the Buenaventura watershed—flank the Ventura River watershed's lower section and depend on its water. Water from the Ventura River watershed irrigates avocado orchards in the North Ventura Coastal Streams watershed and serves a significant population within the City of Ventura.[4] [16] [17] [18]
Santa Barbara Channelkeeper filed a lawsuit in 2014 alleging the city of Ventura was taking too much water from the river, hurting habitat for steelhead trout and other wildlife. The city filed a cross-complaint in response to bring in different users of the river, including the Casitas Municipal Water District.[19] Mediation talks began among major users of the Ventura River.[20]
The Ojai Valley Sanitary District collection system operates within the watershed.[21]
The flow of the Ventura River and its tributary Coyote Creek have been reduced by the completion of Casitas Dam, which forms Casitas Reservoir. The dam is on Coyote Creek, about 2 miles upstream of the junction with the Ventura River. The Robles Diversion Dam was constructed on the Ventura River in 1958 to divert up to 107,800 acre-feet of water per year through a four-and-a-half mile canal to Casitas Reservoir.[22] About 40% of the total water in Lake Casitas is supplied from high winter flows in the Ventura River. Casitas Municipal Water District sells water to both domestic and agricultural customers.[23]
The Matilija Creek, source stream, and main tributary of the Ventura River is controlled by the Matilija Dam. Completed in 1948, it was built to store 7000acre.ft of water, but sediment has reduced its capacity by 90%. Ventura County built the Matilija Dam against the advice of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, who pointed out that the characteristics of waterways in the region would lead to sediment buildup, rendering the dam ineffective and dangerous.[24]
A major project is underway to remove the Matilija Dam, partly to return access to the steelhead to spawning habitat while enhancing the overall watershed. Since 1998, efforts to remove the dam have received regulatory approvals but little funding, with one ceremonial section last removed in 2001.[24]
The Ojai Valley Land Conservancy (OVLC), the Ventura Land Trust, Ventura County Watershed Protection District, Ventura County Parks, and the City of Ventura protect the river bottom and adjacent land. The Ventura River Preserve, owned by the OVLC, protects of land in and adjacent to the river, including of the river.[4] [25]
The Ventura River Watershed Council, which includes government agencies, nonprofit groups, businesses, community groups, and individuals, prepared a watershed management plan. Approved in 2015, this comprehensive plan proposed ways to improve the health and sustainability of the watershed.[26]
Camping in the Ventura River bottom, which is dry most of the year, was outlawed by the Ventura City Council in 1995 after floods killed one man and prompted the evacuation of 12 other people near the Main Street bridge.[27]
The Ventura River Parkway Trail was built on an abandoned railroad spur (CA_VEN-1109H) that was constructed by the Ventura and Ojai Valley Railroad in 1898 and acquired by Southern Pacific in 1899.[28] The rail trail, that runs along the easterly bank of the river, was designated a National Recreation Trail in 2014.[29] The "Ventura River Trail" part of the trail (completed in 1999) extends from the coast to Foster Park, and the "Ojai Valley Trail" part (completed in 1987) extends from Foster Park into the City of Ojai. The 15.8adj=midNaNadj=mid, with the steady grade of the former Southern Pacific Railway right-of-way, is very popular with bicyclists, as well as walkers and horseback riders (on the Ojai Valley Trail segment)., the vision of a "Ventura River Parkway," a network of trails, vista points, and natural areas along the river, is being actively pursued by a coalition of stakeholders.[4] [30] [31] [32]
State Route 33 also roughly parallels the river through the Ventura River Valley. A portion of SR 33, north of the SR 150, is officially designated as a state scenic highway, and the entire Ventura River Valley section is eligible for the designation.[33]
The watershed is a recreation destination for hikers, walkers, bikers, surfers, campers, fishermen, boaters, backpackers, equestrians, birders, artists, spiritual seekers, and students of natural history. Many local organizations are committed to providing the public access to nature and nature-based recreation opportunities.