Ventanas (Windows) is an orchestral work by the Mexican composer Silvestre Revueltas, written in 1931. A performance of it lasts about 11 minutes.
Ventanas was Revueltas's third orchestral work, composed immediately after the first versions of Cuauhnáhuac and Esquinas, and concurrently with the second, large-orchestral version of Cuauhnáhuac and the Duo para Pato y Canario. It was completed in December 1931 and premiered on 4 November 1932 by the under the composer's direction. Although not so indicated in the published score, Revueltas dedicated Ventanas to Ángela Acevedo, whom he married in the year of its premiere.
Ventanas is scored for an orchestra of piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, cor anglais, E clarinet, 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 4 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, percussion, and strings.
In one programme note, Revueltas gave a rather conventional programmatic description: "Ventanas is sharply romantic music. Who does not remember a window by the light of the moon, or without it?" In another, better-known one, however, he demurred:
Like Planos, Ventanas is exceptional among Revueltas's single-movement works in that it does not fall into a three-part structural pattern but rather is formally free and through-composed.
Ventanas, characteristic of Revueltas's style, employs pedal tones and ostinatos as bases for musical constructions which usually are accumulations of rhythms and instrumental textures. Broadly melodic sections contrast with others in which small motives are developed rhythmically. These fragmentary motives recall folk music, often as melodies in parallel thirds. The harmonic texture is mostly open rather than dense, despite chromatic melodic movement, and there are frequent hints of bitonality. Fifths and octaves anchor the strongly etched melodic contours and active harmonic rhythms. In the scoring, Revueltas displays a fondness for the low brass, especially the tuba, which also has a prominent role in many of Revueltas's other works, such as Sensemayá, Homenaje a Federico García Lorca, El renacuajo paseador, Troka, and Alcancías. Rhythmic complexity is also a feature, with constantly changing rhythms and meters. The music "never stands still (except when the composer intends so, always to maximum effect; these episodes are felt both as moments of melodic statement and rhythmic repose)."
As an instance of Revueltas's harsher, more abstract, and modernist style Ventanas, as also Esquinas were poorly received by audiences, in contrast to his more lyrical and tonal examples, such as Colorines and Janitzio, were warmly praised.
On 8 September 1944, Aaron Copland wrote, in a letter to Arthur Berger from Tepoztlán, Mexico:
A 1999 review of Esa-Pekka Salonen's recording rates Ventanas somewhat higher, as a "minor masterpiece", in fact, describing it as cinematic and rhapsodic with primitive, ritualistic episodes recalling Sensemayá, but also with "delightful interludes in the Mexican folk style, a blues-tinged oboe theme, impassioned violins, and a drunken, orgiastic coda that builds to an appropriately festive climax".
The work has been interpreted as an example of Revueltas's representation of Mexican society, in which different cultural, ethnic, and social-class differences do not coexist peacefully, much less are brought into a harmonious or even dialectical synthesis. Although the music "sometimes clearly celebrates the plurality and vitality of Mexican society, the audible violence of the music, more openly in some pieces than in others, acknowledges clear conflicts among cultures and between premodern and modern social structures with their associated class configurations".
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