| Venera-D | |||||||||
| Mission Type: | Venus orbiter and lander | ||||||||
| Mission Duration: | Orbiter: ≥3 years (proposed) Lander: >3 h[1] LLISSE surface probe: ≈90 Earth days | ||||||||
| Launch Mass: | 4800kg (10,600lb) | ||||||||
| Dry Mass: | Orbiter: 990kg (2,180lb) Lander: 1600kg (3,500lb) | ||||||||
| Payload Mass: | Orbiter instruments: 1200kg (2,600lb) Lander instruments: 85kg (187lb) | ||||||||
| Power: | Orbiter: 1,700 W | ||||||||
| Launch Date: | November 2029 (proposed)[2] | ||||||||
| Launch Rocket: | Angara A5 | ||||||||
| Launch Site: | Vostochny Cosmodrome[3] | ||||||||
| Orbit Regime: | polar | ||||||||
| Orbit Periapsis: | 300km (200miles) | ||||||||
| Orbit Apoapsis: | 500km (300miles) | ||||||||
| Orbit Inclination: | 90° | ||||||||
| Orbit Period: | 24 h | ||||||||
| Apsis: | cytherion | ||||||||
| Interplanetary: |
| ||||||||
| Trans Band: | X band, Ka band | ||||||||
| Trans Capacity: | 16 Mbit/sec | ||||||||
| Programme: | Venera | ||||||||
| Previous Mission: | Venera 16 | ||||||||
| Next Mission: | None | ||||||||
Venera-D (Russian: Венера-Д, pronounced as /ru/) is a proposed Russian space mission to Venus that would include an orbiter and a lander to be launched in 2029. The orbiter's prime objective is to perform observations with the use of a radar. The lander, based on the Venera design, would be capable of operating for a long duration (≈3 h)[1] on the planet's surface. The "D" in Venera-D stands for "dolgozhivuschaya," which means "long lasting" in Russian.
Venera-D will be the first Venus probe launched by the Russian Federation (the earlier Venera probes were launched by the former Soviet Union). Venera-D will serve as the flagship for a new generation of Russian-built Venus probes, culminating with a lander capable of withstanding the harsh Venusian environment for more than the 1 hours logged by the Soviet probes. The surface of Venus experiences average temperatures of, crushing pressures, and corroding clouds of carbon dioxide laced with sulfuric acid. Venera-D will be launched on an Angara A5 rocket.[4]
In 2003, Venera-D was proposed to the Russian Academy of Sciences for its "wish list" of science projects to be included into the Federal Space Program in 2006–2015. During the formulation of the mission concept in 2004, the launch of Venera-D was expected in 2013 and its landing on the surface of Venus in 2014.[5] In its original conception, it had a large orbiter, a sub-satellite, two balloons, two small landers, and a large long-lived lander (≈3 h).
By 2011, the mission had been pushed back to 2018, and scaled back to an orbiter with a subsatellite orbiter, and a single lander with an expected 3-hour operation time.[6] By the beginning of 2011, the Venera-D project entered Phase A (Preliminary Design) stage of development.
Following the loss of the Phobos-Grunt spacecraft in November 2011 and resulting delays in all Russian planetary projects (with the exception of ExoMars, a joint effort with the European Space Agency), the implementation of the project was again delayed to no earlier than 2026.
The possible detection of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere by ALMA in September 2020 spurred a renewed push to implement the Venera-D project. As of March 2021, Venera-D is planned for launch no earlier than November 2029.
Lavochkin Association are leading the effort in the development of the mission concept architecture. It may include instruments from NASA. From 2018 to 2020, the second phase of the science activities between NASA and the Russian Space Research Institute (IKI) will continue to refine the science concepts, the orbiter and lander mission architecture, as well as a detailed examination of the types of aerial platforms that could address key Venus science in situ.[7] [8] Additional workshops will be held as the mission concept develops.[7] [8] [9] From the standpoint of total mass delivered to Venus, the best launch opportunities occur in 2029 and 2031.[10] [7]
The mission has an emphasis on the atmospheric superrotation, the geological processes that have formed and modified the surface, the mineralogical and elemental composition of surface materials, and the chemical processes related to the interaction of the surface and the atmosphere.
To achieve the mission's science goals, the team is assessing the following instruments for the orbiter:[11]
In 2014, Russian scientists asked NASA if the U.S. space agency would be interested in collaborating some instruments to the mission.[12] [13] Under this potential collaboration, the study team "Venera-D Joint Science Definition Team" (JSDT) was established in 2015. Venera-D could incorporate some US components, including balloons, a subsatellite for plasma measurements, or a long-lived (90-day) surface station on the lander.[1] [14] Any potential collaboration is still under discussion.[13] [1]
Potential science instruments NASA could contribute include a Raman spectrometer and an Alpha-Proton X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS).[15] Also, the three types of atmospheric maneuverable platforms under consideration by NASA include super pressure balloons, altitude controlled balloons, the Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform (VAMP) semi-buoyant aircraft, and solar powered aircraft.[7] [16]
The solar-powered Venus Atmosphere Mobile Platform (VAMP) is currently under development by the Northrop-Grumman Corp. If included, it would be capable of flying within the cloud layer between 50 and 62 km, and is being developed to operate over the 117 Earth days needed for complete monitoring over one full Venus day.[11] It would carry instruments to acquire observations of the atmospheric structure, circulation, radiation, composition and trace gas species, along with cloud aerosols and the unknown ultraviolet absorber(s).[11]
Another proposed payload is LLISSE (Long Lived In-situ Solar System Explorer), which uses new materials and heat-resistant electronics that would enable independent operation for about 90 Earth days.[1] [17] This endurance may allow to obtain periodic measurements of weather data to update global circulation models and quantify near surface atmospheric chemistry variability.[1] Its anticipated instruments include wind speed/direction sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and a chemical multi-sensor array. LLISSE is a small cube of about .[1] [18] The lander may carry two LLISSE units; one would be battery-powered (3,000 h), and the other would be wind-powered.[1] [17]
As a result of US sanctions imposed as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Roscosmos Director-General Dmitry Rogozin announced that any continued participation between Russia and the United States on Venera-D was inappropriate.[19]