| Native Name: | |
| Conventional Long Name: | Republic of Venda |
| Common Name: | Venda |
| Status: | Bantustan |
| Status Text: | Bantustan (de facto; independence not internationally recognised) |
| Image Map Caption: | Location of Venda (red) within South Africa (yellow). |
| P1: | South Africa |
| Flag P1: | Flag of South Africa 1928-1994.svg |
| S1: | South Africa |
| Flag S1: | Flag of South Africa.svg |
| National Motto: | "Venda: Shumela Venda" |
| National Anthem: | Venda: [[Pfano na vhuthihi]] |
| Official Languages: | Venda English Afrikaans[1] |
| Capital: | Thohoyandou |
| Title Leader: | President |
| Leader1: | Patrick Mphephu |
| Year Leader1: | 1979–1988 |
| Leader2: | Frank Ravele |
| Year Leader2: | 1988–1990 |
| Title Deputy: | Head of State |
| Deputy1: | Gabriel Ramushwana |
| Year Deputy1: | 1990–1994 |
| Deputy2: | Tshamano Ramabulana |
| Year Deputy2: | Jan–Apr 1994 |
| Legislature: | Legislative Assembly |
| Event Pre: | Self-government |
| Date Pre: | 1 February 1973 |
| Event Start: | Nominal independence |
| Date Start: | 13 September |
| Year Start: | 1979 |
| Event2: | Coup d'etat |
| Date Event2: | 5 April 1990 |
| Event End: | Dissolution |
| Date End: | 27 April |
| Year End: | 1994 |
| Stat Year1: | 1980[2] |
| Stat Area1: | 7410 |
| Stat Pop1: | 315,545 |
| Stat Year2: | 1991 |
| Stat Pop2: | 558,797 |
| Currency: | South African rand |
| Footnote A: | Anthem of Venda at nationalanthems.info. |
Venda or Tswetla, officially the Republic of Venda (Venda: Riphabuliki ya Venḓa; Afrikaans: Republiek van Venda), was a Bantustan in northern South Africa. It was fairly close to the South African border with Zimbabwe to the north, while, to the south and east, it shared a long border with another black homeland, Gazankulu. It is now part of the Limpopo province. Venda was founded by the South African government as a homeland for the Venda people, speakers of the Venda language.[3] The United Nations and international community refused to recognise Venda (or any other Bantustan) as an independent state.
Venda was declared self-governing on 1 February 1973,[4] with elections held later in the year. Further elections were held in July 1978. The territory was declared independent by the South African government on 13 September 1979, and its residents lost their South African citizenship.[5] [6] In common with the other Bantustans, its independence was not recognised by the international community.
Venda was initially a series of non-contiguous territories in the Transvaal, with one main part and one main exclave. Its capital, formerly at Sibasa, was moved to Thohoyandou (which included the old Sibasa administrative district) when Venda was declared independent in 1979. Prior to independence, it was expanded to form one contiguous territory, with a total land area of 6,807 km2 (2628 sq. mi.).[3] In the 1984 elections, the ruling Venda National Party retained its position as ruling party, beating the perpetual opposition Venda Independent People's Party (VIPP).[7]
At independence in 1979, the population of Venda stood at about 200,000 people. The state was cut off from neighbouring Zimbabwe by the Madimbo corridor, patrolled by South African troops, to the north, and from nearby Mozambique by the Kruger National Park.[3]
The first President of Venda, Patrick Mphephu, was also a Paramount Chief of the Vhavenda people; he was born and lived in Dzanani in Limpopo. His successor, Frank Ravele, was overthrown in a military coup by the Venda Defence Force in 1990. Afterwards, the territory was ruled by the Council of National Unity, a military junta chaired by General Gabriel Ramushwana. Venda was re-incorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994.[4]
In 1982, the University of Venda, known as Univen, was established as an institution of higher learning for the Vhavenda people.[8]
Districts of the province and population at the 1991 census.[9]
See main article: Venda Defence Force. The Venda National Force was established with Venda's independence in 1979 and included defence and other services such as police and prisons. Strangely enough, traffic policing was part of this national force, but, by 1981, it was transferred to the Department of Justice. The Fire Brigade was, however, still part of the Venda National Force, although there were plans to transfer this to the civilian government.