Vehicle regulations are requirements that automobiles must satisfy in order to be approved for sale or use in a particular country or region. They are usually mandated by legislation, and administered by a government body. The regulations concern aspects such as lighting, controls, crashworthiness, environment protection and theft protection, and might include safety belts or automated features.
Some countries have had national regulations for a long time. The first steps toward harmonizing vehicle regulations internationally were made in 1952 when WP.29, a working party of experts on vehicles' technical requirements, was created. This resulted in the 1958 Agreement on uniform conditions of approval and mutual recognition of vehicle approvals, components, and parts. This was one of the first international agreements on vehicle regulation, which initially focused on European countries. The European Union played a role in harmonizing regulations between member states. Later, the 1958 agreement was opened to non-European countries such as Japan, Korea, and Australia.
To join the WP.29, one has to send a letter signed by an important official from their country or regional economic integration organization (REIO) informing the secretariat of WP.29 that they would like to participate in meetings regarding the harmonization of vehicle regulations (United Nations).[1] The next step to participate would be to get the registration form completed by delegates who are also attending the meeting. Other parties such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) must be of certified advisory status to the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC).
There was a new international agreement in 1998 whose objectives were to improve global safety, decrease environmental pollution and consumption of energy and improve anti‐theft performance of vehicles and related components and equipment through establishing global technical regulations (GTRs) in a Global Registry based on UNECE Regulations or national regulations listed in a Compendium of candidates, GTR harmonizing them at the highest level. In 2000, WP.29 became the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations that is a working party of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
In 1947 the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) was established to reconstruct Europe after the war took place, expand profitable activity, and nourish relationships between European countries and the rest of the nation. With the help of UNECE, it is used as policy dialogue, economic dialogue, and assist countries in their intermingling into the global economy. UNECE attempts to maintain amicable relationships amongst other countries involving transport, trade, statistics, energy, forestry, housing, and land management (UN. ECE).[2] UNECE is multisector that is a tool used to tackle hardships that may arise providing solutions when possible.
KMVSS
1 | Door locks and door retention components | into national law | into national law | Transposition UN Regulation No.11 | into national law | Transposition UN Regulation No.11 | Transposition | ||
1 Am 1 | Door locks and door retention components | Transposition UN Regulation No.11 | Transposition UN Regulation No.11 | Transposition | |||||
2 | Measurement procedure for two-wheeled motorcycles (...) with regard to the emission of gaseous pollutants, CO 2 emissions and fuel consumption | Regional law | |||||||
3 | Motorcycle brake systems | Transposition UN Regulation No.78 | Transposition UN Regulation No.78 | into national law | Transposition UN Regulation No.78 | Transposition | |||
4 | (...) natural gas (NG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (...) the emission of pollutants (WHDC) | Transposition UN Regulation No.49 | Transposition UN Regulation No.49 | ||||||
5 | on-board diagnostic systems (OBD) for road vehicles | Transposition UN Regulation No.49 | Transposition UN Regulation No.49 | ||||||
6 | Safety glazing | Transposition UN Regulation No.43 | Transposition UN Regulation No.43 | ||||||
7 | Head restraints | ||||||||
8 | Electronic stability control systems | into national law with amendments and exemptions | transposed into national law with amendments and exemptions | Transposition UN Regulation No.13-H | Transposition UN Regulation No.13-H | ||||
9 | Pedestrian safety | Regional law | into national law | into national law | |||||
9 Am 1 | Pedestrian safety | Transposition UN Regulation No.127 | National law | ||||||
10 | Off-cycle emissions (OCE) | Transposition UN Regulation No.49 | |||||||
11 | (...) agricultural and forestry tractors (...) emissions of pollutants by the engine | Transposition UN Regulation No.96 | into national law with amendments | ||||||
12 | Location, identification and operation of motorcycle controls, tell-tales and indicators | Transposition UN Regulation No.60 | |||||||
13 | hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles | ||||||||
14 | Pole Side Impact | ||||||||
15 | Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) | ||||||||
16 | Tyres | ||||||||
17 | Crankcase and evaporative emissions of L-category vehicles | ||||||||
18 | On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) systems for L-category vehicles | ||||||||
19 | EVAPorative emission test procedure for the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP EVAP) | ||||||||
20 | Electric Vehicle Safety (EVS) | ||||||||
21 | Determination of Electrified Vehicle Power (DEVP) |
UNECE Europe[6] and EU laws[7] | USA[8] | Global[9] | India[10] | Japan | China | South Korea | Australia | Gulf | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Doors | UN R11 | FMVSS 206 | GTR 1 | IS 14225 | GSO 419/1994, GSO 420/1994 | |||||
Steering wheel | UN R12 | FMVSS 203, FMVSS 204 | AIS-096 | GB 11557-2011 | ||||||
Seat belts | UN R14 | FMVSS 209 | AIS-015 | GSO 96/1988, GSO 97/1988 | ||||||
Child restraint system | UN R44, R129 | FMVSS 213 | AIS-072 | JIS D 040122000 | GB 14166-2013 | KMVSS 103-2 | AS/NZS 1754:2013; AS/NZS 3629:2013 | GSO 1709/2005, GSO 1710/2005 | ||
Head restraints | UN R17 | FMVSS 202a | GTR 7 | IS 15546 | GSO 1598/2002 | |||||
Seats | UN R17, UN R80 | AIS-016, AIS-023 | ||||||||
Occupant head impact | UN R21 | FMVSS 201 | IS 15223 | Art. 20 | GB 11552-2009 | KMVSS 88 | ADR 21 | |||
Rear impact | UN R32, UN R34 | FMVSS 202a, FMVSS 301 | AIS-101 | Art. 15‐J017‐01 | GB 20072-2006 | GSO 37/2012 | ||||
Bumper impact | UN R42 | FMVSS 581 | AIS-006 | GB 17354-1998 | GSO 41/2007 | |||||
Side windows | UN R43 | FMVSS 205, FMVSS 226 | GTR 6 | |||||||
Rollover | FMVSS 208 | |||||||||
Roof strength | UN R66 | FMVSS 216, FMVSS 216a | AIS-031 | GB 26134-2010 | GSO 39/2005 | |||||
Offset frontal impact | UN R94 | FMVSS 208 | AIS-098 | Art. 18 | GB/T 20913-2007 | KMVSS 102 | ADR 73/00 | GSO 36/2005 | ||
Side impact - moving barrier | UN R95 | FMVSS 214 | GTR 14 | AIS-099 | Art. 18 Attachmt. 24 | GB 20071-2006 | KMVSS 102 | ADR 72/00 | GSO 1707/2005, GSO 1708/2005 | |
Pedestrian protection | UN R127, EC R78/2009, EC R631/2009 | GTR 9 | AIS-100 | Art. 18 Attachmt. 99 | GB/T 24550-2009 | KMVSS 102-2 | ||||
Side pole impact | UN R135 | FMVSS 214 | GTR 14 | Art. 18 | GB/T 37337/2019 | KMVSS 102-4 | ADR 85/00 | |||
Side door intrusion / Side door strength | FMVSS 214 | IS 12009 | ADR 29/00 | GSO 38/2005 | ||||||
Full frontal impact | UN R137 | FMVSS 208 | AIS-096 | Art. 18 Attachmt. 23 | GB 11551-2014 | KMVSS 102-3 | ADR 69/00 | GSO 36/2005 | ||
Sleeper coaches | AIS-119 | |||||||||
Vehicle interior noise | (proposal)https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2012/wp29grb/ECE-TRANS-WP29-GRB-57-inf10e.pdf | 49 CFR 393.94 | IS-12832 | |||||||
Vehicle exterior noise (noise pollution) | UN R9, UN R41, UN R51, UN R63 | 40 CFR 205.52 | Environment (Protection) Amendment Rules | |||||||
Electric vehicle warning sounds (AVAS) | Regulation 540/2014, UN R138 | FMVSS 141 | ||||||||
Motorcycle helmets | UN R22 | FMVSS 218 | IS 4151 | JIS T 8133:2000 | AS/NZS 1698 | |||||
Automotive lights | FMVSS 108 | |||||||||
Front underrun protection | UN R93 | AIS-069 | ||||||||
Rear underrun protection | UN R58 | FMVSS 223, FMVSS 224 | IS 14812 | |||||||
Lateral protection devices | UN R73 | IS 14682 | ||||||||
Truck cabs | UN R29 | AIS-029 | ||||||||
ABS | UN R8 (motorcycles) | |||||||||
Speed limitation | UN R89 | |||||||||
Airbag | UN 114 & UN R94 | FMVSS 208 | ||||||||
Replacement wheels | UN R124 | |||||||||
ESC | UN R140 | FMVSS 126 | ADR 88/00 | |||||||
TPMS | UN R141 | FMVSS 138 | ||||||||
AECS (eCall) | UN R144 | |||||||||
Blind Spot Information System | UN R151 | |||||||||
AEB | UN R152, UN R131 | ADR 98/01 | ||||||||
ALKS | UN R157 |
Japan applies and is a member of the following UNECE regulations[11]
European union follows OECD regulations for tractors, for instance:
Some trade agreements such as the EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement may contain reference to a matching mapping of local requirements, for instance such mappings exists in appendix 2-C of the EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement.[13] [14]