Vanadyl sulfate explained

Vanadyl(IV) sulfate describes a collection of inorganic compounds of vanadium with the formula, VOSO4(H2O)x where 0 ≤ x ≤ 6. The pentahydrate is common. This hygroscopic blue solid is one of the most common sources of vanadium in the laboratory, reflecting its high stability. It features the vanadyl ion, VO2+, which has been called the "most stable diatomic ion".

Vanadyl sulfate is an intermediate in the extraction of vanadium from petroleum residues, one commercial source of vanadium.[1]

Synthesis, structure, and reactions

Vanadyl sulfate is most commonly obtained by reduction of vanadium pentoxide with sulfur dioxide:

From aqueous solution, the salt crystallizes as the pentahydrate, the fifth water is not bound to the metal in the solid. Viewed as a coordination complex, the ion is octahedral, with oxo, four equatorial water ligands, and a monodentate sulfate.[2] The trihydrate has also been examined by crystallography.[3] A hexahydrate exists below 13.6C.[4] Two polymorphs of anhydrous VOSO4 are known.[5]

The V=O bond distance is 160 pm, about 50 pm shorter than the V–OH2 bonds. In solution, the sulfate ion dissociates rapidly.

Being widely available, vanadyl sulfate is a common precursor to other vanadyl derivatives, such as vanadyl acetylacetonate:

In acidic solution, oxidation of vanadyl sulfate gives yellow-coloured vanadyl(V) derivatives. Reduction, e.g. by zinc, gives vanadium(III) and vanadium(II) derivatives, which are characteristically green and violet, respectively.

Occurrence in nature

Like most water-soluble sulfates, vanadyl sulfate is only rarely found in nature. Anhydrous form is pauflerite,[6] a mineral of fumarolic origin. Hydrated forms, also rare, include hexahydrate (stanleyite), pentahydrates (minasragrite, orthominasragrite,[7] and anorthominasragrite) and trihydrate - bobjonesite.[8]

Medical research

Vanadyl sulfate is a component of food supplements and experimental drugs. Vanadyl sulfate exhibits insulin-like effects.[9]

Vanadyl sulfate has been extensively studied in the field of diabetes research as a potential means of increasing insulin sensitivity. No evidence indicates that oral vanadium supplementation improves glycaemic control.[10] [11] Treatment with vanadium often results in gastrointestinal side-effects, primarily diarrhea.

Vanadyl sulfate is also marketed as a health supplement, often for bodybuilding. Deficiencies in vanadium result in reduced growth in rats.[12] Its effectiveness for bodybuilding has not been proven; some evidence suggests that athletes who take it are merely experiencing a placebo effect.[13]

References

Notes and References

  1. Encyclopedia: Günter Bauer . Volker Güther . Hans Hess . Andreas Otto . Oskar Roidl . Heinz Roller . Siegfried Sattelberger . Vanadium and Vanadium Compounds. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. Weinheim. 2005. 10.1002/14356007.a27_367. 3-527-30673-0.
  2. Structure du Sulfate de Vanadyle Pentahydrate VO(H2O)5SO4 beta (variete orthorhombique). Tachez, M. . Theobald, F.R. . Acta Crystallographica B. 1980. B36. 8. 1757–p1761. 10.1107/S0567740880007170. free. 1980AcCrB..36.1757T .
  3. Liaisons hydrogene dans les cristaux de sulfate de vanadyle trihydrate VOSO4(H2O)3: Comparaison structurale de quatre sulfates de vanadyle hydrate. Tachez, M. . Theobald, F. R. . Acta Crystallographica B. 1980. 36. 12 . 2873–2880. 10.1107/S056774088001045X. 1980AcCrB..36.2873T .
  4. M. Tachez, F. Theobald, G. Trouillot. Crystal data for vanadyl sulphate hexahydrate VOSO4.6H2O. J. Appl. Crystallogr. (1976). 9, 246
  5. Synthesis, Crystal Structure Redetermination and Vibrational Spectra of beta- VOSO4. Boghosian, S. . Eriksen, K.M. . Fehrmann, R. . Nielsen, K. . Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 1995. 49. 703–708. 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.49-0703. free. Structure and magnetic properties of VOSO4. Longo, J. M. . Arnott, R. J. . Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 1970. 1. 3–4. 394–p398. 10.1016/0022-4596(70)90121-0. 1970JSSCh...1..394L.
  6. Krivovichev. S. V.. Vergasova. L. P.. Britvin. S. N.. Filatov. S. K.. Kahlenberg. V.. Ananiev. V. V.. Pauflerite, -VO(SO4), a New Mineral Species from the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. The Canadian Mineralogist. 1 August 2007. 45. 4. 921–927. 10.2113/gscanmin.45.4.921. 2007CaMin..45..921K .
  7. Hawthorne. F. C.. Schindler. M.. Grice. J. D.. Haynes. P.. Orthominasragrite, V4+O(SO4)(H2O)5, A New Mineral Species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.A.A.. The Canadian Mineralogist. 1 October 2001. 39. 5. 1325–1331. 10.2113/gscanmin.39.5.1325. 2001CaMin..39.1325H .
  8. Schindler. M.. Hawthorne. F. C.. Huminicki. D. M.C.. Haynes. P.. Grice. J. D.. Evans. H. T.. Bobjonesite, V4+ O (So4) (H2O)3, A New Mineral Species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.s.a.. The Canadian Mineralogist. 1 February 2003. 41. 1. 83–90. 10.2113/gscanmin.41.1.83. 2003CaMin..41...83S .
  9. Crans . D. C. . Trujillo . A. M. . Pharazyn . P. S. . Cohen . M. D. . 2011 . How environment affects drug activity: Localization, compartmentalization and reactions of a vanadium insulin-enhancing compound, dipicolinatooxovanadium(V) . Coord. Chem. Rev. . 255 . 19–20. 2178–2192 . 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.01.032 .
  10. Diabetes Care. 26. 1277–1294. 2003. Systematic Review of Herbs and Dietary Supplements for Glycemic Control in Diabetes. Gloria Y.. Yeh. Eisenberg, David M.. Kaptchuk, Ted J.. Phillips, Russell S.. 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1277. 12663610. 4. free.
  11. Smith. D.M.. Pickering. R.M.. Lewith. G.T.. A systematic review of vanadium oral supplements for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. QJM. 31 January 2008. 101. 5. 351–358. 10.1093/qjmed/hcn003. 18319296. free.
  12. Growth Effects of Vanadium in the Rat. Klaus. Schwarz. Milne, David B. . Science. 174. 4007. 1971. 426–428. 1731776. 10.1126/science.174.4007.426. 5112000. 1971Sci...174..426S . 24362265.
  13. Book: Talbott, Shawn M.. The Health Professional's Guide to Dietary Supplements. Hughes, Kerry . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007. 978-0-7817-4672-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=hV2_TdmoDo8C&pg=PA419. Vanadium. 419–422.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Vanadyl sulfate".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.