Van Diemen's Land Explained

Conventional Long Name:Van Diemen's Land
Common Name:Van Diemen's Land
Subdivision:Colony
Nation:United Kingdom
Status Text:British Crown Colony
Demonym:Van Diemonian (usually spelt Vandemonian)
Government Type:Self-governing colony
Title Leader:Monarch
Image Map Caption:1828 map
Capital:Hobart
Title Deputy:Lieutenant-Governor
Leader1:George IV
Leader2:William IV
Leader3:Victoria
Year Leader1:1825–1830
Year Leader2:1830–1837
Year Leader3:1837–1856
Deputy1:Sir George Arthur first
Deputy2:Sir Henry Young last
Year Deputy1:1825–1836
Year Deputy2:1855–1856
Year Start:1825
Year End:1856
Event Start:Independence from the Colony of New South Wales
Date Start:3 December
Event End:Name changed to Tasmania and self-rule
Flag:Flag of Tasmania
P1:Colony of New South Wales
Flag P1:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg
S1:Colony of Tasmania
Flag S1:Flag of Tasmania.svg
Today:Australia
Stat Pop1:70,130
Stat Year1:1851
Van Diemen's Land
Location:Southern Ocean
Coordinates:-42°N 147°W
Area Km2:68401
Highest Mount:Mount Ossa
Elevation M:1614
Country:Australia
Country Largest City:Hobart Town
Population:70,130
Population As Of:1851
Density Km2:1.03
Ethnic Groups:European Australians, Aboriginal Tasmanians

Van Diemen's Land was the colonial name of the island of Tasmania used by the British during the European exploration and colonisation of Australia in the 19th century. The island was previously discovered and named by the Dutch in 1642. Explorer Abel Tasman discovered the island, working under the sponsorship of Anthony van Diemen, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. The British retained the name when they established a settlement in 1803 before it became a separate colony in 1825. Its penal colonies became notorious destinations for the transportation of convicts due to the harsh environment, isolation and reputation for being inescapable.

The name was changed to Tasmania in 1856 to disassociate the island from its convict past and to honor its discoverer, Abel Tasman. The old name had become a byword for horror in England because of the severity of its convict settlements such as Macquarie Harbour and Port Arthur. When the island became a self-governing colony in 1855, one of the first acts of the new legislature was to change its name.[1]

With the passing of the Australian Constitutions Act 1850, Van Diemen's Land (along with New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, and Western Australia) was granted responsible self-government with its own elected representative and parliament. On 1 January 1856, the colony's name was officially changed from Van Diemen's Land to Tasmania. The last penal settlement in Tasmania was closed in 1877.

Toponym

The island was named in honour of Anthony van Diemen, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies who had sent the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman on his voyage of discovery in the 1640s. In 1642 Tasman became the first known European to land on the shores of Tasmania. After landing at Blackman Bay and later raising the Dutch flag at North Bay, Tasman named the island Anthoonij van Diemenslandt (Anthony Van Diemen's land) in his patron's honour.

The demonym for inhabitants of Van Diemen's Land was "Van Diemonian", though contemporaries used the spelling "Vandemonian".[2] Anthony Trollope used the latter term; "They are (the Vandemonians) united in their declaration that the cessation of the coming of convicts has been their ruin."[3]

In 1856, Van Diemen's Land was renamed Tasmania, removing the unsavoury link the name Van Diemen's Land had with its penal settlements (and the "demon" connotation). Tasmania was chosen as it honoured the explorer Abel Tasman, the first European to visit the island. Within 21 years the last penal settlement in Tasmania at Port Arthur was permanently closed in 1877.[4]

History

Exploration

In 1642, Abel Tasman discovered the western side of the island and named it on behalf of the Dutch. He sailed around the south to the east, landing at Blackman Bay and assumed it was part of the Australian mainland.

Between 1772 and 1798, recorded European visits were only to the southeastern portion of the island and it was not known to be an island until Matthew Flinders and George Bass circumnavigated it in the sloop in 1798–1799.

In 1773, Tobias Furneaux in, explored a great part of the south and east coasts of Van Diemen's Land and made the earliest British chart of the island.[5] He discovered the opening to D'Entrecasteaux Channel and, at Bruny Island, named Adventure Bay for his ship.[6]

In 1777, James Cook took on water and wood in Tasmania and became cursorily acquainted with some indigenous peoples on his third voyage of discovery. Cook named the Furneaux Group of islands at the eastern entrance to Bass Strait and the group now known as the Low Archipelago.

From at least the settlement of New South Wales, sealers and whalers operated in the surrounding waters and explored parts.

In January 1793, a French expedition under the command of Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux anchored in Recherche Bay and a period of five weeks was spent in that area, carrying out explorations into both natural history and geography. A few months later, British East India Company Captain John Hayes, with the ships Duke of Clarence and Duchess, resupplied with wood and water at Adventure Bay and explored and named the Derwent River and many surrounding features.[7]

In 1802 and 1803, the French expedition commanded by Nicolas Baudin explored D'Entrecasteaux Channel and Maria Island and carried out charting of Bass Strait. Baudin had been associated, like Peyroux, with the resettlement of the Acadians from French Canada -- mostly from what is now called the New Brunswick–Nova Scotia area -- to Louisiana.

Early colonisation

Around 1784–1785, Henri Peyroux de la Coudrenière, a serial entrepreneur in colonial schemes, wrote a "memoir on the advantages to be gained for the Spanish crown by the settlement of Van Diemen's Land".[8] After receiving no response from the Spanish government, Peyroux proposed it to the French government, as "Mémoire sur les avantages qui résulteraient d'une colonie puissante à la terre de Diémen" but nothing came of his scheme.[9]

Sealers and whalers based themselves on the Tasmanian islands from 1798.

In August 1803, New South Wales Governor Philip King sent Lieutenant John Bowen to establish a small military outpost on the eastern shore of the Derwent River to forestall any claims to the island arising from the activities of the French explorers.

From 24 September 1804 until 4 February 1813, there were two administrative divisions in Van Diemen's Land, Cornwall County in the north and Buckingham County in the south. The border between the counties was defined as the 42nd parallel (now between Trial Harbour and Friendly Beaches). Cornwall County was administered by William Paterson while Buckingham County was administered by David Collins.[10] [11]

Major-General Ralph Darling was appointed Governor of New South Wales in 1825. In the same year he visited Hobart Town. On 3 December of 1825, he proclaimed the establishment of the independent colony, of which he became governor for three days.[12]

In 1836, the new governor, Sir John Franklin, sailed to Van Diemen's Land, together with William Hutchins (1792-1841), who was to become the colony's first Archdeacon.[13]

In 1856, the colony was granted responsible self-government with its representative parliament, and the name of the island and colony was officially changed to Tasmania on 1 January 1856.[14] [15]

Penal colony

From the early 1800s to the 1853 abolition of penal transportation (known simply as "transportation"), Van Diemen's Land was the primary penal colony in Australia. Following the suspension of transportation to New South Wales, all transported convicts were sent to Van Diemen's Land. In total, some 73,000 convicts were transported to Van Diemen's Land or about 40% of all convicts sent to Australia.[16]

Male convicts served their sentences as assigned labour to free settlers or in gangs assigned to public works. Only the most difficult convicts (mostly re-offenders) were sent to the Tasman Peninsula prison known as Port Arthur. Female convicts were assigned as servants in free settler households or sent to a female factory (women's workhouse prison). There were five female factories in Van Diemen's Land.

Convicts completing their sentences or earning their ticket-of-leave often promptly left Van Diemen's Land. Many settled in the new free colony of Victoria, to the dismay of the free settlers in towns such as Melbourne.

On 6 August 1829, the brig, a government-owned vessel used to transport goods, people, and convicts, set sail from Hobart Town for Macquarie Harbour Penal Station on a routine voyage carrying supplies and convicts. While the ship was becalmed in Recherche Bay, convicts allowed on deck attacked their guards and took control of the brig. The mutineers marooned officers, soldiers, and convicts who did not join the mutiny without supplies. The convicts then sailed the Cyprus to Canton, China, where they scuttled her and claimed to be castaways from another vessel. On the way, Cyprus visited Japan during the height of the period of severe Japanese restrictions on the entry of foreigners, the first Australian ship to do so.

Tensions sometimes ran high between the settlers and the "Vandemonians" as they were termed, particularly during the Victorian gold rush when a flood of settlers from Van Diemen's Land rushed to the Victorian goldfields.

Complaints from Victorians about recently released convicts from Van Diemen's Land re-offending in Victoria was one of the contributing reasons for the eventual abolition of transportation to Van Diemen's Land in 1853.[17]

Demographics

Population summary

According to the 1851 Census of Van Diemen's Land, there was a total population of 70,130 individuals, with 62.85% being males and 37.14% being females. Non-convicts, i.e. free people, comprised 75.6% of the population and convicts, 24.3%, which was an increase since the 1848 Census. Of the males who were not a part of the Military, or convicts on public works, 71% were free and 28.57% were bond. Of the females who were not part of the Military, or convicts on public works, 84.15% were free and 15.84% were bond.

Free peoples!!Males!Females
Emigrants24.8%32.5%
Born in the Colony34.7%51%
Have been Prisoners40.3%16.5%
Bond !!Males!Females
Holding Tickets-of-Leave58%31%
In Government employment13.7%32.5%
In private Assignment14.5%14.9%
In private employment 13.28%21.5%

Religion

Religion (excluding of Troops and the Convicts under punishment) !Religion!Persons!Percentages
Church of England46,06865.69%
4,5726.52%
3,8505.49%
Other Protestant Dissenters2,4263.46%
Roman Catholics12,69318.10%
Jews4410.63%

Popular culture

Film

Music

Literature

See also

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. The name "Van Diemen's Land" name was retained when British settlement began there in 1803. It became a byword for horror in England because of the severity of its convict settlements such as Port Arthur and Macquarie Harbour. The name had acquired such odium that when it became a self-governing colony in 1855, one of the first acts of the new legislature was to change its name to Tasmania. "Tasmania is preferred, because 'Van Diemen's Land' is associated among all nations with bondage and guilt" John West remarked at the opening of his History of Tasmania (Launceston: Dowling) 1852, vol I:4). But the old name lingered for many years—Tasmanians were referred to as Vandemonians until the turn of the century.
  2. Web site: Vandemonian – definition of Vandemonian by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia . Thefreedictionary.com . 7 February 2013.
  3. quoted by Patsy Adam Smith p.248 of Smith, Patsy Adam and Woodberry, Joan (1977) Historic Tasmania Sketchbook Rigby
  4. Web site: Australian Government, National Heritage site. Port Arthur Historic Site.
  5. Furneaux, Tobias . 11 . 362 .
  6. Sketch of Van Diemen Land, National Library of Australia Map nk-2456-50
  7. Book: Lee, Ida . Commodore Sir John Hayes His Voyage and Life (1767-1831) with some account of Admiral d'Entrecasteaux's voyage of 1792–3 . Ida Lee . 1912 . Longmans, Green, and Co. .
  8. Liljegren. E. R.. 1939. Jacobinism in Spanish Louisiana, 1792–1797. Louisiana Historical Quarterly. 22. 1. 47–97. 0095-5949.
  9. Paul Roussier, "Un projet de colonie française dans le Pacifique à la fin du XVIII siecle", La Revue du Pacifique, Année 6, No.1, 15 Janvier 1927, pp.726–733.http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5544204w/f732.tableDesMatieres; Robert J. King, "Henri Peyroux de la Coudrenière and his plan for a colony in Van Diemen's Land", Map Matters, Issue 31, June 2017, pp.2–6.http://www.australiaonthemap.org.au/news/
  10. Web site: Constitutional Events . Tasmanian Parliamentary Library . 11 June 2019.
  11. Web site: Colonel Collins' Commission 14 January 1803 (NSW) . Museum of Australian Democracy . 11 June 2019.
  12. News: 150th Anniversary of Australia . . Hobart, Tasmania . 26 January 1938 . 26 January 2012 . 6 . National Library of Australia.
  13. Book: Lewis, Donald M . 2004 . Dictionary of Evangelical Biography . Hendrikson Publishers . Peabody, Mass, USA . 587 . 1565639359.
  14. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20190101010250/http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/php/BecomingTasmania/BTAppend2.htm . 1 January 2019 . Newman . Terry . Becoming Tasmania Companion Web Site . Appendix 2 Select chronology of renaming. Parliament of Tasmania .
  15. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20140126023743/http://www.vandiemensland.com/about/ . 26 January 2014 . VanDiemensLand.com . About Van Diemen's Land.
  16. Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish. "The state, convicts and longitudinal analysis." Australian Historical Studies 47, no. 3 (2016): 414-429.
  17. Fletcher, B. H. (1994). 1770–1850. In S. Bambrick (Ed.), The Cambridge encyclopedia of Australia (pp. 86–94). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  18. Web site: U2 > Discography > Lyrics > Van Diemen's Land . U2.com . 16 July 2022 . en.
  19. http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/cdd/information_and_resources/significant_tasmanian_women/significant_tasmanian_women_-_research_listing/caroline_woolmer_leaky Caroline Woolmer Leaky