Valentina Tereshkova Explained

Office:Member of the State Duma
Term Start:21 December 2011
Birth Name:Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova
Birth Date:6 March 1937
Birth Place:Bolshoye Maslennikovo, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Spouse:
    Children:1
    Module:
    Child:yes
    Type:Soviet cosmonaut
    Rank:Major general, Russian Air Force (1962–1997)
    Time:2 days, 22 hours, and 50 mins
    Signature:Valentina Tereshkova Signature.svg
    Awards:

    Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (born 6 March 1937) is a Russian engineer, member of the State Duma, and former Soviet cosmonaut. She was the first woman in space, having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963. She orbited the Earth 48 times, spent almost three days in space, is the only woman to have been on a solo space mission and is the last surviving Vostok programme cosmonaut. Twenty-six years old at the time of her spaceflight, she remains the youngest woman to have flown in space under the international definition of 100 km altitude, and the youngest woman to fly in Earth orbit.

    Before her selection for the Soviet space programme, Tereshkova was a textile factory worker and an amateur skydiver. She joined the Air Force as part of the Cosmonaut Corps and was commissioned as an officer after completing her training. After the dissolution of the first group of female cosmonauts in 1969, Tereshkova remained in the space programme as a cosmonaut instructor. She later graduated from the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy and re-qualified for spaceflight, but never went to space again. She retired from the Air Force in 1997 having attained the rank of major general.

    Tereshkova was a prominent member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, holding various political offices including being a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1974 to 1989. She remained politically active following the collapse of the Soviet Union but twice lost elections to the national State Duma in 1995 and 2003. Tereshkova was later elected in 2008 to her regional parliament, the Yaroslavl Oblast Duma. In 2011, she was elected to the national State Duma as a member of the ruling United Russia party and was re-elected in 2016 and 2021.

    She has the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation.[1] In 2022, she voted for the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which led to numerous international sanctions against her.

    Early life

    Valentina Tereshkova was born on 6 March 1937 in the Bolshoye Maslennikovo, a village on the Volga River 170abbr=NaNabbr= northeast of Moscow and part of the Yaroslavl Oblast in central Russia. Her parents had migrated from Belarus.[2] Her father, Vladimir Tereshkov, was a former tractor driver and a sergeant in command of a tank in the Soviet Army. He died in the Finnish Winter War when Tereshkova was two years of age. He and her mother Elena Fyodorovna Tereshkova had three children. After her father's death, her mother moved the family to Yaroslavl, seeking better employment opportunity, and became employed at the Krasny Perekop cotton mill.

    Tereshkova was first enrolled in school at age 8 and graduated at 16. She began working at a tire factory, and later at a textile mill, but continued her education by taking correspondence courses and graduated from the Light Industry Technical School in 1960.[3] Tereshkova also became interested from a young age in parachuting, and trained in skydiving at the local Aeroclub, making her first jump at age 22, on 21 May 1959. While still employed as a textile worker, she trained as a competitive parachutist, keeping this a secret from her family. Tereshkova also joined the local Komsomol (Communist Youth League) in Yaroslavl, serving as the secretary of the organisation in 1960 and 1961. She became a member of the Communist Party in 1962.

    Soviet space programme

    Selection and training

    See also: Vostok programme. Tereshkova had not expressed any particular desire to go into space before being recruited, Rather, her experience at skydiving contributed to her selection as a cosmonaut.[4] [5] After the flight of Yuri Gagarin in 1961, Nikolai Kamanin, director of cosmonaut training, read in the American media that female pilots were training to be astronauts. In his diary, he wrote, "We cannot allow that the first woman in space will be American. This would be an insult to the patriotic feelings of Soviet women." Approval was granted to place five female cosmonauts in the next group, which would begin training in 1963. To increase the odds of sending a Soviet woman into space first, the women cosmonauts began their training before the men. The rules required that the potential cosmonaut be a parachutist under 30 years of age, less than 170cm (70inches) in height, no more than 70abbr=onNaNabbr=on in weight. By January 1962, the All-Union Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Army, Air Force and Navy (DOSAAF) had selected 400 candidates for consideration. After the initial screening, 58 of those candidates met the requirements, which Kamanin reduced to 23. On 16 February 1962, Tereshkova was selected, along with four other candidates, to join the female cosmonaut corps.

    Since they had no military experience, they started with the rank of private in the Soviet Air Forces. Training included isolation tests, centrifuge tests, thermo-chamber tests, decompression chamber testing, and pilot training in MiG-15UTI jet fighters. Tereshkova underwent water recovery training at sea, as part of which several motorboats were used to agitate the water, in order to simulate the rough conditions of space travel. She also began studying at the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy and graduated a few years after her flight. The group spent several months in basic training and, after they finished their training and passed an examination, Kamanin offered them the option to be commissioned as regular Air Force officers. With advice from the male cosmonauts, they chose to accept Kamanin's offer, as it would make it harder for the programme to get rid of them after the first flight. All five women became junior lieutenants in the Air Force in December 1962. Tatyana Kuznetsova became ineligible for the first flight due to illness, and Zhanna Yorkina was performing poorly in training, leaving Tereshkova, Irina Solovyova, and Valentina Ponomaryova as the leading candidates.

    Originally, a joint mission profile was developed that would involve launching two women into space, on solo Vostok flights, on consecutive days in March or April 1963.[6] It was intended that Tereshkova would launch first, in Vostok 5, while Ponomaryova would follow her into orbit in Vostok 6. However, this flight plan was altered in March 1963. Vostok 5 would now carry a male cosmonaut, Valery Bykovsky, flying alongside a woman aboard Vostok 6, both to be launched in June 1963. The State Space Commission, at their meeting on 21 May, nominated Tereshkova to pilot Vostok 6. Kamanin called her "Gagarin in a skirt." Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was happy with the propaganda potential of her selection, since she was the daughter of a collective farm worker who had died in the Winter War; he confirmed her selection. Solovyova was appointed as her first backup. Tereshkova was promoted to lieutenant before her flight and to captain mid-flight.[7]

    Vostok 6

    See main article: Vostok 6. After the successful launch of Vostok 5 on 14 June, Tereshkova began final preparations for her own flight. On the morning of 16 June 1963, Tereshkova and her backup Solovyova were both dressed in spacesuits and taken to the launch pad by bus. Following the tradition set by Gagarin, Tereshkova also urinated on the bus tire, becoming the first woman to do so.[8] After completing her communication- and life-support checks, she was sealed inside the Vostok. After a two-hour countdown, Vostok 6 launched faultlessly, and Tereshkova became the first woman in space; she remains the only woman to have flown into space solo, and, at 26 years of age, the youngest.[9] [10] Her call sign on this flight was Chaika (Russian: link=no|Чайка|lit=Seagull); in commemoration, this name was later bestowed on an asteroid, 1671 Chaika.[11] After her launch, she radioed down:

    Vostok 6 was the final Vostok flight[12] and was launched two days after Vostok 5 which carried Bykovsky into a five-day mission. The two vessels spent three days in orbital planes 30° apart and, during Tereshkova's first orbit, approached each other to within 5km (03miles). Although they were able to communicate by radio, neither could be sure if they saw each other. Cameras placed inside both the spacecraft transmitted live footage that was broadcast on Soviet state television.[13] [14] Tereshkova also maintained a flight log and took photographs of the horizon, which were later used to identify aerosol layers within the atmosphere.[15]

    In this single flight, she logged more flight time than the combined times of all American astronauts who had flown before that date. Her mission was used to continue the medical studies on humans in spaceflight and offered comparative data about the effects of space travel on women. Although Tereshkova experienced nausea and physical discomfort for much of the flight,[16] she orbited the earth 48 times and spent 2 days, 22 hours, and 50 minutes in space.[17]

    As planned in all Vostok missions, Tereshkova ejected from the capsule during its descent at about four miles above the Earth and made a parachute landing 385disp=flipNaNdisp=flip north-east of Karaganda, Kazakhstan at 8:20 am UTC on 19 June. Bykovsky landed three hours after her.[18]

    Tereshkova later disclosed that she encountered challenges in managing her parachute due to violent gusts of wind.[19] However, she landed safely but received a bruise on her nose, then she had dinner with some local villagers in the Altai Krai who helped her to get out of her spacesuit.[20]

    After the Vostok 6 flight

    According to the Russian newspaper Pravda, one million flowers were brought in to celebrate the success of the dual flights and greet the cosmonauts in Moscow.[21] On 22 June 1963, Khrushchev greeted Bykovsky dressed in his uniform who saluted while Khrushchev hugged and kissed Tereshkova who was dressed in civilian attire. In front of the thousands in attendance, the Premier also announced that both the cosmonauts were awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union medal. All three made speeches from atop Lenin's Tomb on the Red Square; Tereshkova said, "my father perished defending our country and my mother brought up her three children. We know the bitterness of that war. We don't need war," referring to the anniversary of the German invasion of Russia that began 22 years ago that day.[22] Sometime after her mission, she was reportedly asked how the Soviet Union should thank her for her service to the country; Tereshkova requested that the government search for and publish the location of where her father was killed in action. This was done, and a monument was erected at the site in the Lemetti, Karelia—now on the Russian side of the border. The evening of 22 June, a reception was held in the Kremlin in which both Bykovsky and Tereshkova were awarded the Order of Lenin.

    Less than a week after her return from space, Moscow hosted the International Women's Congress on 24 June where Tereshkova and Bykovsky were greeted by a gathering of about 2,000 women from 119 countries. Of all the Russian cosmonauts, Tereshkova received the most requests to visit foreign nations. Her trips in particular required pre-approval from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Defense, and the KGB and were ultimately authorized by the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, the highest political bureau in the Soviet Union.

    All the Vostok cosmonauts toured extensively, but Tereshkova most of all; she made 42 trips abroad between 1963 and 1970. On 1 October 1963, Tereshkova arrived in Havana, Cuba, and met Fidel Castro. She toured the country which at the time was dealing with effects of Hurricane Flora.[23] The following month she presented a silver cup, which went to the team from the Soviet Union who won gold in all five boat classes, at the women's 1963 European Rowing Championships held in Khimki near Moscow.[24] By February 1964, Tereshkova was pregnant when she visited Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom who was also pregnant at the time.[25] Except for a few-months break that year, Tereshkova went on a continuous and exhausting world tour, returning to her public duties only two months after the birth of her daughter.

    After her spaceflight, Tereshkova became a national and international role model. She received "congratulatory telegrams and letters... from around the world." These telegrams express the impact that Tereshkova had on other countries, outside the Soviet Union. Women were particularly excited about her flight. For example, in New Delhi, Tereshkova was a "feminist standard bearer bringing a message of hope for 'enslaved' Indian womanhood."[26]

    Tereshkova was a well-known representative of the Soviet Union abroad. She became a member of the World Peace Council in 1966 and a member of the Yaroslavl Soviet in 1967. She was also the Soviet representative to the UN Conference for the International Women's Year in Mexico City in 1975. She led the Soviet delegation to the World Conference on Women in Copenhagen and was "interested in socialist internationalism and women's roles in guaranteeing world peace".[27] Tereshkova was also chosen for several political positions; she was a member of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1966–1974), a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (1969–1991), and a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1974–1989).[28] She was appointed vice president of the International Woman's Democratic Federation and president of the Soviet-Algerian Friendship Society.

    Although she desired to continue pursuing a career as a cosmonaut and engineer, her superiors had a different plan for her in politics. Following Gagarin's death, the Soviet space program was not willing to risk losing another hero.[29] Against her wishes, she was appointed as the leader of the Committee for Soviet Women in 1968. A few months after she graduated with honours from the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy in October 1969, the team of women cosmonauts was disbanded and a woman would not go to space again until Svetlana Savitskaya in 1982.

    By 1976, Tereshkova was a colonel in the Soviet Air Forces. In April 1977, she earned a doctorate in aeronautical engineering and underwent the medical examinations to qualify for spaceflight when selection of a new class of women cosmonauts was announced in 1978. Although she did not go to space again, she remained an instructor at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.[30]

    Later political career

    She remained politically active following the collapse of the Soviet Union but lost elections to the national State Duma during 1995.[31] In the year 1995, Tereshkova was promoted to an honorary rank of major general. On 28 April 1997, she left the Russian Air Force due to reaching the age of compulsory retirement at 60 years old. In 2003, Tereshkova ran again for a seat in the State Duma. In 2007, Tereshkova was invited to Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's residence in Novo-Ogaryovo for the celebration of her 70th birthday. While there she said that she would like to fly to Mars, even if it meant that it was a one-way trip.[32] [33] She was later elected during 2008 to her regional parliament, the Yaroslavl Oblast Duma.

    On 4 December 2011, Tereshkova was elected to the State Duma, the lower house of the Russian legislature, as a representative of the Yaroslavl Oblast and a member of the United Russia party.[34] [35] [36] In the 6th State Duma, together with Yelena Mizulina, Irina Yarovaya and Andrey Skoch,[37] [38] [39] she was a member of the inter-factional committee for the protection of Christian values. In this capacity, she supported the introduction of amendments to the preamble of Constitution of Russia, to add that "Orthodoxy is the basis of Russia's national and cultural identity".[40] These views stand in opposition to atheist views Tereshkova espoused during the Soviet era that were aligned with the official Communist Party line at the time, such as calling religion "a big evil".[41]

    On 18 September 2016, Tereshkova was re-elected to the 7th State Duma.[42] She serves as deputy chairperson of the Committee on the Federal Structure and Local Government.

    During the drafting process for the 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia, she proposed to lift the term limits for president Putin.[43]

    In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine,[44] the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the United States Department of the Treasury added Tereshkova to the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List on 30 September 2022, which results in her assets being frozen and U.S. persons being prohibited from dealing with her.[45] [46] In December 2022, the European Union (EU) had placed sanctions on various Russian media personalities and politicians including Tereshkova, which involves freezing assets and banning them from entering EU member states.[47] [48] [49]

    Personal life

    Valentina married cosmonaut Andriyan Nikolayev on 3 November 1963 at the Moscow Wedding Palace with Khrushchev presiding at the wedding party together with top government and space programme leaders.[50] The marriage was encouraged by the Soviet space authorities as a "fairy-tale message to the country".[51] General Kamanin, head of the space programme, described it as "probably useful for politics and science".[52] On 8 June 1964, nearly one year after her space flight, she gave birth to their daughter Elena Andrianovna Nikolaeva-Tereshkova, the first person whose parents had both travelled into space.

    Later in their marriage, the couple grew apart and refused to even stand next to each other in photographs. Tereshkova told the biographer Antonella Kerr that the marriage ended in 1977; she and Nikolayev divorced in 1982 and Tereshkova married Yuli Shaposhnikov, a surgeon she had met during her medical examinations to re-qualify as a cosmonaut. They remained married until Shaposhnikov's death in 1999.

    Awards and honours

    Russian

    Soviet

    Other decorations and honours

    Legacy

    Numerous objects and places were named after Tereshkova in the USSR and Russia.

    Novopromyshna Square in Tver was renamed Tereshkova Square in 1963.[77]

    In 1967, created a sculpture of Tereshkova for Cosmonaut Alley in Moscow.[78] [79] There is a monument in Bayevsky District of Altai Territory, Siberia, close to her landing place of 53°N, 80°E.[80] In August 1970, Tereshkova was among the first group of living people to have a lunar crater named after them.[81] Tereshkova crater is located on the far side of the Moon.[82]

    None of the other four in Tereshkova's early group flew and, in October 1969, the pioneering female cosmonaut group was dissolved. Even though there were plans for further flights by women, it took 19 years until the second woman, Svetlana Savitskaya, flew into space.

    In 1997, London-based electronic pop group Komputer released a song entitled "Valentina" which gives a more-or-less direct account of her career as a cosmonaut.[83] It was released as a single and appears on their album The World of Tomorrow.[84] [85] The 2000 album Vostok 6 by Kurt Swinghammer is a concept album about Tereshkova.[86] The 2015 album The Race for Space by Public Service Broadcasting also has a song featuring the Smoke Fairies entitled "Valentina".[87] [88] In the same year, Findlay Napier's album included a song "Valentina", written in her honour by Napier and Boo Hewerdine.[89] In 2015, a short film entitled Valentina's Dream was released by Meat Bingo Productions. The film stars Rebecca Front as Tereshkova and is based on an interview by the former cosmonaut where she expressed a desire to journey to Mars.[90]

    The Cosmos Museum was opened 25 January 1975 near Yaroslavl. Among its exhibits is a replica of her childhood home.[91] The city library was named after her in 2013.[92] The school she attended as a child was renamed for her.[93] A planetarium in Yaroslavl was built and named for her in 2011.[94] [95] The International Women of the Year association named her as the "greatest woman achiever of the 20th century".[96] [97] Tereshkova was a torchbearer of the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay in Saint Petersburg[98] and the 2014 Winter Olympics torch relay in Sochi.[99]

    Streets in Ukraine that bore Tereshkova's name have been renamed due to her support of Russia's military actions against Ukraine and in accordance with the country's 2015 decommunisation law.[100] [101] A proposal was also brought forward in 2015 to move a monument to Tereshkova in Lviv, Ukraine to the Territory of Communist Terror Memorial Museum. Monuments of communist leaders are removed from the public and placed in the museum as part of decommunization efforts.[102] In January 2021, 24 Ukrainian streets were still named after Tereshkova; including a street in Busk, located in the same province as Lviv.[103] As of 2023, these streets have acquired new names, and there are no more objects named after Tereshkova in Ukraine.[104] The monument to Tereshkova in Lviv was dismantled in November 2023 and transferred to the Museum of Totalitarian Regimes.[105]

    In 2015, a song called "Valentina", inspired by Tereshkova, was written by Public Service Broadcasting for their album The Race For Space, and sung by the Smoke Fairies. [106]

    See also

    References

    Sources

    Further reading

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Decree. 1441. 26 October 1999. President of Russia. О присвоении квалификационных разрядов федеральным государственным служащим Российского центра международного научного и культурного сотрудничества при Правительстве Российской Федерации. ru.
    2. Web site: Першая жанчына‑касманаўт ў дзяцінстве гаварыла па‑беларуску. 24 April 2009. Nasha Niva. be. The first woman in space spoke Belarusian as a child. https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015207/https://nn.by/?c=ar&i=25785. 17 June 2018. live. 3 April 2016.
    3. Web site: Valentina Tereshkova. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. https://web.archive.org/web/20180123074112/https://airandspace.si.edu/people/historical-figure/valentina-tereshkova. 23 January 2018. live. 10 May 2019. 8 March 2017.
    4. Web site: The first woman in space: 'People shouldn't waste money on wars'. Dejevsky. Mary. 29 March 2017. The Guardian. https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070334/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/mar/29/valentina-tereshkova-first-woman-in-space-people-waste-money-on-wars. 20 January 2018. live. 19 January 2018.
    5. News: The First Woman In Space Turns 80, And You Probably Never Heard Of Her. Siegel. Ethan. 6 March 2017. Forbes. 16 March 2019.
    6. June 16, 1963 & June 18, 1983: Valentina Tereshkova and Sally Ride Become First and Third Women in Space. Megan. Sever. Earth. June 2014. 59. 6. 60–61. 3 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160414181119/http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/benchmarks-june-16-1963-june-18-1983-valentina-tereshkova-and-sally-ride-become-first-and . 14 April 2016 . live.
    7. Web site: Валентина Владимировна (Николаева-)Терешкова. Astronaut.ru. Valentina Vladimirovna (Nikolaeva-)Tereshkova. 23 June 2019.
    8. Web site: First Woman in Space ‹ HistoricWings.com :: A Magazine for Aviators, Pilots and Adventurers. fly.historicwings.com. 9 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185636/http://fly.historicwings.com/2012/06/first-woman-in-space/ . 9 September 2018 . live.
    9. Web site: The Most Extreme Human Spaceflight Records. Wall. Mike. 23 April 2019. Space.com. en. 18 June 2019.
    10. Web site: Who was the first woman in space?. 19 February 2019. Royal Museums Greenwich. en. 16 June 2019.
    11. Kelly. Knight. Earth calling Seagull. Astronomy. June 2003. 31. 6. 30.
    12. Web site: NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details. nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 10 May 2019.
    13. News: Russia forgot to send toothbrush with first woman in space. Knapton. Sarah. 17 September 2015. The Daily Telegraph. 3 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160324104013/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/11871598/Russia-forgot-to-send-toothbrush-with-first-woman-in-space.html. 24 March 2016. live.
    14. News: Russ Orbit Couple Closes Gap. 17 June 1963. St. Cloud Times. 9 July 2019. AP. en. Newspapers.com.
    15. Tereshkova. Valentina. 4 January 1964. Three days in outer space. The Saturday Evening Post. 237. 1. 62–63.
    16. Web site: Валентина Терешкова: чьей воле покорялась женщина, покорившая космос. 16 June 2006. RIA Novosti. ru. Valentina Tereshkova: the Woman who Conquered Space. 3 April 2016.
    17. Web site: First woman in space recalls mission's teething troubles. Kennedy. Maev. 17 September 2015. The Guardian. https://web.archive.org/web/20160329164733/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/sep/17/first-woman-in-space-valentina-tereshkova. 29 March 2016. live. 3 April 2016.
    18. News: Valery Bykovsky, cosmonaut who held the record for the longest solo space flight – obituary. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/04/01/valery-bykovsky-cosmonaut-held-record-longest-solo-space-flight/ . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live. Obituaries. Telegraph. 1 April 2019. The Telegraph. 10 May 2019. en-GB. 0307-1235.
    19. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Chabot . Alain . Valentina Tereshkova lands successfully aboard Vostok-6 . RussianSpaceWeb . 6 March 2019 . 12 September 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230715140055/https://www.russianspaceweb.com/vostok6_landing.html . 15 July 2023.
    20. Web site: Valentina Tereshkova: First Woman in Space. space.com. 22 January 2018.
    21. News: Russians Hail Boy and Girl Space Team. 22 June 1963. The Daily Item. 9 July 2019. Associated Press. 1. en. Newspapers.com.
    22. News: Hugs, Kisses Welcome Russ Space Duet Team. 23 June 1963. Wisconsin State Journal. 9 July 2019. Associated Press.
    23. Web site: Glorioso abril de 1961. Oller. Jorge Oller. 4 April 2019. Cubaperiodistas.cu. Unión de Periodistas de Cuba. es-ES. Glorious April 1961. 26 June 2019.
    24. News: Fünf Europatitel für UdSSR-Ruderinnen . This website is dedicated to the Five European Titles for USSR women rowers . 13 January 2018. Neues Deutschland. 18. 247. 9 September 1963. 6. de . registration. https://web.archive.org/web/20180114183756/http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/ddr-presse/ergebnisanzeige/?purl=SNP2532889X-19630909-0-6-61-0 . 14 January 2018 . live.
    25. News: Tereshkova Will Fly After She's a Mother. 5 February 1964. The New York Times. 12 July 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
    26. News: Harrison. Selig S.. 1963. Cosmonauts Score hit in New Delhi. The Washington Post. A22.
    27. Ghodsee. Kristen. Winter 2012. Rethinking State Socialist Mass Women's Organizations: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women's Movement and the United Nations Decade for Women, 1975–1985. Journal of Women's History. 24. 4. 57. 10.1353/jowh.2012.0044. 144016452.
    28. Web site: Inductee Profile . International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History. 2 July 2019.
    29. Web site: Первая в мире женщина-космонавт Валентина Терешкова: Я чуть было навсегда не осталась на орбите . The world's first female cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova: I almost stayed in orbit forever . Milkus. Alexander. 6 March 2007. Komsomolskaya Pravda. ru. 6 July 2019.
    30. Web site: To the 40th Anniversary of the spaceflight performed by Valentina Tereshkova. June 2003. RSC Energia. 12 July 2019. 25 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925031637/https://www.energia.ru/english/energia/history/tereshkova/tereshkova-bio.html. dead.
    31. Web site: Единая Россия официальный сайт Партии / Кто есть кто . United Russia official website of the Party / Who's Who . er.ru. 12 July 2019.
    32. News: First woman in space dreams of flying to Mars. 6 March 2007. Reuters. 26 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090302175703/http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSL0647601420070306. 2 March 2009. live.
    33. Web site: First female astronaut Valentina Tereshkova wants one-way Mars ticket. 9 June 2013. News.com.au. https://web.archive.org/web/20160416025905/http://www.news.com.au/technology/science/first-female-astronaut-valentina-tereshkovas-mars-plan/story-fn5fsgyc-1226660740625#ixzz2XWZKQD1c. 16 April 2016. live. 3 April 2016.
    34. News: Валентина Терешкова – депутат от "Единой России". 16 December 2011. Телекомпания НТМ [NTM Broadcasting Company]. 19 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20121221160601/http://www.ntm-tv.ru/news/our/valentina_tereshkova_deputat_ot_edinoj_rossii.html. 21 December 2012. dead . Valentina Tereshkova – United Russia deputy.
    35. Web site: Кто есть кто: Терешкова Валентина Владимировна. 2018. United Russia. Who's who: Tereshkova, Valentina Vladimirovna. https://web.archive.org/web/20190618124044/https://er.ru/persons/627/. 18 June 2019. live. 18 June 2019.
    36. Web site: Терешкова Валентина Владимировна. 2016. The State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Tereshkova, Valentina Vladimirovna. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223810/http://www.duma.gov.ru/structure/deputies/131193/. 23 September 2015. live. 3 April 2016.
    37. https://www.dp.ru/a/2023/06/07/skoch-andrej-vladimirovich Андрей Владимирович Скоч — депутат Госдумы, меценат и общественный деятель. (dp.ru)
    38. https://stories-of-success.ru/armiya-gosudarstvo/andrey-skoch-karera-socialnye-proekty Скоч Андрей Владимирович — депутат Государственной думы Российской Федерации шести созывов. (stories-of-success.ru)
    39. https://theperson.pro/biografiya-deputata-i-rukovoditelya-fonda-pokolenie-andreya-skocha/ Биография депутата и руководителя фонда «Поколение» Андрея Скоча (theperson.pro)
    40. Web site: Госдума может изменить Конституцию, чтобы выделить историческую роль православия . The State Duma may change the Constitution to highlight the historical role of Orthodoxy . 22 November 2013. Новая газета. ru. https://web.archive.org/web/20190618131635/https://www.novayagazeta.ru/news/2013/11/22/81650-gosduma-mozhet-izmenit-konstitutsiyu-chtoby-vydelit-istoricheskuyu-rol-pravoslaviya. 18 June 2019. live. 18 June 2019.
    41. https://www.ateism.ru/article.htm?no=2607 Валентина Терешкова и православие
    42. Web site: Терешкова Валентина Владимировна . Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. Государственная Дума. ru. https://web.archive.org/web/20180727114337/http://duma.gov.ru/duma/persons/99112025/. 27 July 2018. live. 18 June 2019.
    43. Johannes Socher, "Farewell to the European Constitutional Tradition: The 2020 Russian Constitutional Amendments", Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (ZaöRV) = Heidelberg Journal of International Law (HJIL) 2020, nr. 3, p. 639
    44. News: Cowing . Keith . First Woman In Space Sanctioned For Ukraine Invasion Support . 24 February 2024 . NASA Watch . 1 October 2022.
    45. Web site: Specially Designated Nationals List Update. U.S. Department of Treasury. 2022-09-30. 2022-10-14.
    46. Web site: USA sanctions dozens of Russian State Duma, Federation Council members – U.S. Treasury Dept. Interfax Ukraine. 2022-09-30. 2022-10-14.
    47. Web site: COUNCIL DECISION (CFSP) 2022/2477 of 16 December 2022 . 8 February 2023.
    48. News: Jozwiak . Rikard . 2022-12-19 . Wider Europe Briefing: What Exactly Is The EU Sanctioning In Russia? And What's The Future Of The Eastern Partnership? . 2024-07-09 . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . en.
    49. Web site: TREASURY SANCTIONS INTERNATIONAL SUPPLIERS FOR SUPPORTING RUSSIA'S DEFENSE SECTOR AND WARNS OF COSTS FOR THOSE OUTSIDE RUSSIA WHO PROVIDE POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC SUPPORT FOR RUSSIA'S PURPORTED ANNEXATION . 2024-07-09.
    50. Tamara. Eidelman. A Cosmic Wedding. Russian Life. 2013. 56. 6. 22–25.
    51. News: The first woman in space: 'People shouldn't waste money on wars'. Dejevsky. Mary. 29 March 2017. The Guardian. 15 May 2019. en-GB. 0261-3077.
    52. News: 50yrs ago, Tereshkova became first woman in space. 16 June 2013. Bangkok Post. 12 October 2019. Agence France-Presse.
    53. Web site: Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 1 марта 2017 года № 95 "О награждении государственными наградами Российской Федерации". ru. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 1 March 2017 No. 95 "On awarding state awards of the Russian Federation". 18 June 2019. 3 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170303051347/http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201703020020?index=0&rangeSize=1. dead.
    54. Web site: The Japan News. the-japan-news.com.
    55. Web site: Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 12 июня 2013 года № 557 "О награждении государственными наградами Российской Федерации". 19 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131019123402/http://pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?47593. Presidential Decree of 12 June 2013 No. 557 "On awarding state awards of the Russian Federation". ru.
    56. Web site: Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 12 апреля 2011 года № 434 "О награждении орденом Дружбы". Presidential Decree of 12 April 2011 No. 434 "On awarding the Order of Friendship". 18 June 2019.
    57. News: Иосифу Кобзону и Валентине Терешковой вручены боевые медали за Сирию . Joseph Kobzon and Valentina Tereshkova were awarded military medals for Syria. ru. Komsomolskaya Pravda. 20 June 2019. 22 June 2016. Gamov. Alexander.
    58. Web site: Валентине Терешковой вручили медаль Минобороны РФ "За укрепление боевого содружества". ru. Valentina Tereshkova was awarded the medal of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "For strengthening the military community". TASS. 16 June 2018. 20 June 2019.
    59. Web site: О награждении Почетной грамотой Правительства Российской Федерации Терешковой В.В.. ru. About rewarding with the Certificate of Honor of the Government of the Russian Federation V. Tereshkova.. Lexpro. 20 June 2019.
    60. Web site: Распоряжение Правительства РФ от 12.06.2003 N 778-р "О награждении Почетной грамотой Правительства Российской Федерации Быковского В.Ф. и Терешковой В.В.". Levonevsky. ru. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 12 June 2003 N 778-p "On awarding Bykovsky V.F. and Tereshkova VV" with the Certificate of Honor of the Government of the Russian Federation. 20 June 2019.
    61. Web site: Распоряжение Правительства РФ от 16.06.2008 N 863-р "О награждении Почетной грамотой Правительства Российской Федерации Терешковой В.В.". ru. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 16 June 2008 No. 863-p "On awarding Tereshkova V.V. with the Certificate of Honor of the Government of the Russian Federation". 20 June 2019.
    62. News: Space Couple Wins Title. The Evening Sun. 20 June 1963. Associated Press. 3. Newspapers.com.
    63. News: First Girl in Space Gets a Rousing Welcome from Communist Women. UPI. 24 June 1953. The Town Talk. Alexandria, Louisiana. 8. Newspapers.com.
    64. News: Hugs, Kisses Welcome Russ Space Duet Team. 23 June 1963. Wisconsin State Journal. 3 July 2019. Associated Press.
    65. News: Space Woman Gets Bear Hug, Kiss from Nik. Associated Press. 23 June 1963. Newspapers.com. The Greenville News. Greenville, South Carolina. 1.
    66. Web site: Čestný titul Hrdina socialistické práce s právem nosit zlatou hvězdu Hrdiny socialistické práce . ARCHIV KANCELÁŘE PREZIDENTA REPUBLIKY. cs. Honorary title, Hero of socialist work with the right to wear golden star, Heroes of Socialist Labor. 11 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190412031421/https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/hsp.pdf. 12 April 2019. live.
    67. News: Rednauts Get Top Marx. Daily News. New York, New York. 22 October 1963. 210. Newspapers.com.
    68. News: Ghana Honors Tereshkova. 23 January 1964. The New York Times. 3 July 2019. UPI. en-US. 0362-4331.
    69. Randall. Margaret. 1975. "We Need a Government of Men and Women ...!" Notes on the Second National Congress of the Federacion de Mujeres Cubanos, November 25–29, 1974. Latin American Perspectives. 2. 4. 114, 117. 10.1177/0094582X7500200408. 0094-582X. 2633222. 145264572.
    70. News: Первая женщина-космонавт Валентина Терешкова. The first woman cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova. ru. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 20 June 2019.
    71. News: Heroina Sovjetskog Saveza: Prije 55 godina bila je prva žena u svemiru, a osvojila je čak i simpatije Vladimira Putina . 16 June 2018 . Prvi.hr . 26 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180619012830/https://www.prvi.hr/heroina-sovjetskog-saveza-prije-55-godina-bila-je-prva-zena-u-svemiru-a-osvojila-je-cak-i-simpatije-vladimira-putina-gg/ . 19 June 2018 . dead . Primum media . hr . The heroine of the Soviet Union: 55 years ago she was the first woman in the space and she even gained the appreciation of Vladimir Putin.
    72. Web site: The Eduard Rhein Ring of Honor Recipients. Eduard Rhein Foundation. https://web.archive.org/web/20110718234106/http://www.eduard-rhein-stiftung.de/html/Ehrenring_e.html. 18 July 2011. dead. 5 February 2011.
    73. Web site: Ring of Honor 2007 – Dr. techn. Dr.h.c.mult. Valentina V. Tereschkova. Eduard Rhein Foundation. de. https://web.archive.org/web/20110718233645/http://www.eduard-rhein-stiftung.de/html/2007/Ehrenring.html. 18 July 2011. dead. 5 February 2011.
    74. News: Red Cosmonaut Meets Queen, Down-to-Earth. The Salt Lake Tribune. Reuters. Salt Lake City, Utah. 6 February 1964. 7. Newspapers.com.
    75. Web site: FAI Awards. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. 16 June 2019. 10 October 2017.
    76. Web site: Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova, DSc, Hero of the Soviet Union, Order of Lenin. The University of Edinburgh. 16 June 2019.
    77. Web site: Площадь Терешковой. Tver Planet. Tereshkova Square. 16 June 2019.
    78. News: Why was a sculptor who promoted Communism executed by the Bolsheviks?. Egorov. Boris. 13 April 2018. Russia Beyond. 18 June 2019.
    79. Web site: САМЫЙ ЗАГАДОЧНЫЙ РЫБИНСКИЙ ПАМЯТНИК. РЫБИНСКА Неделя. THE MOST MYSTERIOUS MONUMENT TO RYBINSK. 6 December 2018. ru.
    80. The Remote Siberian Monument to the First Woman in Space, Who Launched 50 Years Ago Today. Rebecca J.. Rosen. 16 June 2013. The Atlantic. 3 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160302055159/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/06/the-remote-siberian-monument-to-the-first-woman-in-space-who-launched-50-years-ago-today/276904/ . 2 March 2016 . live.
    81. News: 500 Men Have Moon Craters Named for Them. 22 August 1970. Messenger-Inquirer. Associated Press. Owensboro, Kentucky. 2. Newspapers.com.
    82. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. Andersson. Leif E.. Whitaker. Ewen A.. October 1982. NASA. 68. RP-1097. https://web.archive.org/web/20190325230637/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19830003761.pdf. 25 March 2019. live.
    83. Web site: The Astronaut's Playlist: Groovy Songs for Space Travelers. Chao. Tom. 6 March 2011. Space.com. en. 2 May 2019.
    84. Web site: Valentia – Komputer. AllMusic. en-us. 2 May 2019.
    85. Web site: The World of Tomorrow – Komputer. Bush. John. AllMusic. en-us. 2 May 2019.
    86. Web site: AllMusic Review by Sean Carruthers. Carruthers. Sean. AllMusic. 28 June 2019.
    87. Web site: Album Review: Public Service Broadcasting – The Race for Space. Burrows. Marc. 17 February 2015. DrownedInSound. en. 2 May 2019. 2 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190502194358/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/18645/reviews/4148707. dead.
    88. Web site: Public Service Broadcasting – The Race For Space. Rivers. Joe. 3 February 2015. Clash Magazine. en. 2 May 2019.
    89. Web site: Findlay Napier – VIP: Very Interesting Persons. Woodgate. Paul. 4 March 2015. 16 June 2019. Folk Radio UK.
    90. Web site: Rebecca Front to star in Exmouth filmmakers' new short. Keywood. Sean. 4 August 2014. 13 June 2019. Exmouth Journal. 23 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200323190804/https://www.exmouthjournal.co.uk/news/rebecca-front-to-star-in-exmouth-filmmakers-new-short-1-3711698. dead.
    91. Web site: На родине Валентины Терешковой. Tatarkenkov. Oleg. 17 June 2003. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. In the homeland of Valentina Tereshkova. https://web.archive.org/web/20030728232357/http://www.rg.ru/Prilog/agrar/03-06-17/11.shtm. 28 July 2003. dead. 17 June 2019.
    92. Web site: Детская библиотека № 4. Children's library № 4. 19 June 2019. 20 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190620053021/http://csdbf4.ru/partid/5/subpartid/5. dead.
    93. News: Who Was The First Woman To Go Into Space?. Williams. Matt. 29 November 2016. 19 June 2019. Universe Today.
    94. News: Who Was The First Woman To Go Into Space?. 29 November 2016. Universe Today. 10 June 2019.
    95. http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=443201&cid=17 Vesti.ru, 8 April 2011
    96. News: 5 Russian women who built a great legacy. Kamalakaran. Ajay. 8 March 2016. Russia Beyond. 13 June 2019.
    97. Web site: Cosmonaut is Woman of the Century. 11 October 2000. BBC. 13 June 2019.
    98. News: Олимпийский огонь понесут Друзь, Фрейндлих и Плющенко . Friends, Freindlich and Plushenko will carry the Olympic flame . 16 October 2012 . . 4 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130606044823/http://www.kp.ru/daily/24075/312208/. 6 June 2013. live. ru.
    99. Web site: Valentina Tereshkova: First Woman in Space. Sharp. Tim. 22 January 2018. Space.com. 11 June 2019.
    100. News: Moskal renamed all streets bearing Valentina Tereshkova's name. 12 April 2014. Ukrayinska Pravda. 12 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160421190546/http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7105274/. 21 April 2016. uk.
    101. Web site: The scandal with the renaming in Odessa: the city Council gave the answer. z-news.link. https://web.archive.org/web/20180412001357/http://z-news.link/the-scandal-with-the-renaming-in-odessa-the-city-council-gave-the-answer/. 12 April 2018. live. 2 May 2017. 29 April 2017.
    102. Web site: Во Львове предложили отправить памятник Терешковой в музей террора. ru. In Lviv, a proposal to send a monument to Tereshkova to the Red Terror Museum. 21 May 2015. 18 June 2019. RBC.
    103. Where does Valentina Tereshkova Street lead?, LB.ua (6 January 2021)
    104. https://76.ru/text/world/2022/01/24/70397135/ На Украине переименовали улицы, названные в честь Терешковой, из-за осуждения нацистского режима
    105. Web site: A monument to a Soviet cosmonaut was dismantled in Lviv. 8 November 2023. 8 November 2023. Istorychna Pravda. uk.
    106. https://www.discogs.com/master/800068-Public-Service-Broadcasting-The-Race-For-Space

    This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Valentina Tereshkova".

    Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.