Virtual reality headset explained

A virtual reality headset (or VR headset) is a head-mounted device that uses 3D near-eye displays and positional tracking to provide a virtual reality environment for the user. VR headsets are widely used with VR video games, but they are also used in other applications, including simulators and trainers. VR headsets typically include a stereoscopic display (providing separate images for each eye), stereo sound, and sensors like accelerometers and gyroscopes for tracking the pose of the user's head to match the orientation of the virtual camera with the user's eye positions in the real world.[1]

VR headsets typically use at least one MEMS IMU for 3DOF motion tracking, and optionally more tracking technology for 6DOF motion tracking. 6DOF devices typically use a sensor fusion algorithm to merge the data from the IMU and any other tracking sources. The sensor fusion algorithms that are used are often variants of a Kalman filter.

Some VR headsets also have eye-tracking sensors[2] and gaming controllers. The VR glasses use a technology called head-tracking, which changes the field of vision as a person turns their head. The technology may not be perfect, as there is latency if the head moves too fast. Still, it does offer an immersive experience.

Virtual reality headsets and viewers have also been designed for smartphones. Unlike headsets with integrated displays, these units are essentially enclosures which a smartphone can be inserted into. VR content is viewed from the screen of the device itself through lenses acting as a stereoscope, rather than using dedicated internal displays.

History

VPL Research was a company that made early VR headsets in the 1980s.[3]

The Sega VR was announced in 1991 and seen in early 1993 at the Winter CES. It was never released for consoles,[4] but was utilized for the Sega VR-1 motion simulator arcade attraction in 1994.[5] [6] Another early VR headset, the Forte VFX1, was announced at CES in 1994. The VFX-1 has stereoscopic displays, 3-axis head-tracking, and stereo headphones.[7]

Sony released the Glasstron in 1997, which has an optional positional sensor, allowing the wearer to view the surroundings, with the perspective moving as the user's head moves, giving a deep sense of immersion. These VR headsets gave MechWarrior 2 players a new visual perspective of seeing the battlefield from inside the cockpit of their craft. However, these early headsets failed commercially due to their limited technology,[8] [9] and they were described by John Carmack as like "looking through toilet paper tubes".[10]

In 2012, a crowdfunding campaign began for a VR headset known as Oculus Rift; the project was led by several prominent video game developers, including John Carmack who later became the company's CTO.[11] In March 2014, the project's parent company Oculus VR was acquired by Facebook for $2 billion.[12] The final consumer-oriented release of Oculus Rift began shipping on 28 March 2016.[13]

In March 2014, Sony demonstrated a prototype headset for PlayStation 4,[14] which was later named PlayStation VR.[15] In 2014, Valve demonstrated some headset prototypes,[16] which led to a partnership with HTC to produce the Vive, which focuses on "room scale" VR environments that users can naturally navigate within and interact with.[17] The Vive was released in April 2016[18] and PlayStation VR in October 2016.[19]

Google released a series of specifications and associated DIY kits for virtual reality viewers known as Google Cardboard; these viewers are capable of being constructed using low-cost materials (and a smartphone with a gyroscope), such as cardboard (hence the naming). Samsung Electronics partnered with Oculus VR to co-develop the Samsung Gear VR (which is only compatible with some Samsung Galaxy devices). LG Electronics developed a headset with dedicated displays for its LG G5 smartphone known as LG 360 VR.[20] [21] [22] [23]

In 2019, Oculus and PlayStation VR dominated the VR headset market.[24]

In June 2019, Valve released their own headset, the Valve Index, without a partnership with HTC.

Technology

Resolution and display quality

There are different optics and visual qualities that affect how an individual perceives the image quality and how they experience the virtual world. The image clarity depends on the display resolution, optic quality, refresh rate, and field of view.[25]

Because virtual reality headsets stretch a single display across a wide field of view (up to 110° for some devices according to manufacturers), the magnification factor makes flaws in display technology much more apparent. One issue is the so-called screen-door effect, where the gaps between rows and columns of pixels become visible, kind of like looking through a screen door.[26] This was especially noticeable in earlier prototypes and development kits, which had lower resolutions than the retail versions.

Optics

The lenses of the headset are responsible for mapping the up-close display to a wide field of view,[27] [28] while also providing a more comfortable distant point of focus. One challenge with this is providing consistency of focus: because eyes are free to turn within the headset, it is important to avoid having to refocus to prevent eye strain.

Fresnel lenses are commonly used in virtual reality headsets due to their compactness and lightweight structure. The lenses do not use multiple pieces of material in their lenses like other lenses, but the lens will be broken down into sections, allowing the individual to have a wider range of view. The issue seen with the lens consists of seeing the ridges of the lenses when the headset is not properly aligned on the head.

The lenses introduce distortion and chromatic aberration, which are typically corrected in software. The lenses can also be adjusted dynamically to account for a user's eyeglass prescription so that the user can use the headset without corrective eyeglasses.[29]

Latency requirements

Virtual reality headsets have significantly higher requirements for latency - the time it takes from a change in input to have a visual effect - than ordinary video games.[30] If the system is too sluggish to react to head movement, then it can cause the user to experience virtual reality sickness, a kind of motion sickness.[31] According to a Valve engineer, the ideal latency would be 7-15 milliseconds.[32]

The graphics processing unit (GPU) also needs to be powerful enough to render the required amount of frames. Oculus cited the limited processing power of Xbox One and PlayStation 4 as the reason why they targeted the PC gaming market with their first devices.[33]

Foveated rendering is a new technique to reduce the rendering workload. It uses eye tracking hardware to determine at what point the user is looking and reduces rendering resolution farther from the user's gaze. This can be unnoticeable to the user because human peripheral vision is far less sensitive than the fovea.[34]

Uses in various fields

See also: Applications of virtual reality.

Medical training and diagnostics

Virtual reality headsets are being currently used as a means to train medical students for surgery. It allows them to perform essential procedures in a virtual, controlled environment. Students perform surgeries on virtual patients, which allows them to acquire the skills needed to perform surgeries on real patients. It also allows the students to revisit the surgeries from the perspective of the lead surgeon.[35]

Traditionally, students had to participate in surgeries and often they would miss essential parts. Now, with the use of VR headsets, students can watch surgical procedures from the perspective of the lead surgeon without missing essential parts. Students can also pause, rewind, and fast-forward surgeries. They also can perfect their techniques in a real headset, mounted in a risk-free environment.[36]

Besides training purposes, augmented reality headsets are also already being used for image-guided surgery.

VR headset mounted smartphones have been used to capture high-quality videos and images of the retina for documenting peripheral retinal lesions.[37]

Military training

Virtual reality headsets have been used by the United States Armed Forces. It is a particularly useful tool for training military personnel without putting them in harm's way.[38]

The virtual reality headset allows military personnel to interact with virtual reality people to make it feel real. They can talk to one another and do varying actions to make the virtual reality world feel like they are actually in the real world. There are also disadvantages and advantages when military personnel use the headset. The disadvantage is the headset is made for an indoor area, with a cool environment, and away from any heat, so when military personnel has just the headset on, no military equipment, it is not like their basic training. The advantages consist of repeating the situations multiple times and the cost of having the headset is less, due to no military equipment being needed.[39]

Risks

In 2024, researchers from the University of Chicago were able to exploit a vulnerability in Meta Platforms' Quest VR system to obtain users' login credentials and inject false details during online banking sessions. In another study using Beat Saber, the majority of the participants did not suspect anything when their VR headsets were attacked by the researchers. This hack should be difficult to execute outside research settings but would make its target vulnerable to many risks such as phishing, Internet fraud, and grooming.[40]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The complete guide to virtual reality in 2016 (so far) . Ben . Kuchera . 15 January 2016 . Polygon . 1 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304015650/http://www.polygon.com/2016/1/15/10772026/virtual-reality-guide-oculus-google-cardboard-gear-vr . 4 March 2016 . live .
  2. Web site: Forget head tracking on Oculus Rift, Fove VR headset can track your eyes . Stuart . Miles . 19 May 2015 . Pocket-lint . 1 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122038/http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/133835-forget-head-tracking-on-oculus-rift-fove-vr-headset-can-track-your-eyes . 5 March 2016 . live .
  3. Book: Barfield, W. . Blitz . M.J. . Research Handbook on the Law of Virtual and Augmented Reality . Edward Elgar Publishing Limited . 2018 . 978-1-78643-859-1 . 2024-04-13 .
  4. Web site: Tom Kalinske Talks About His Time Overseeing Sega As Its CEO In the 90s; Reveals That Sega Passed On Virtual Boy Technology, Considered Releasing 3DO. Vinciguerra. Robert. The Rev. Rob Times. 21 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024256/http://revrob.com/sci-tech/264-tom-kalinske-talks-about-his-time-overseeing-sega-as-its-ceo-in-the-90s-reveals-that-sega-passed-on-virtual-boy-technology-considered-releasing-3do. 24 September 2015. live.
  5. Web site: Sega's Wonderful Simulation Games Over The Years . Arcade Heroes . 17 April 2020 . 6 June 2013.
  6. Web site: Sega Medium Scale Attractions Hardware (VR-1) . System 16 . 17 April 2020.
  7. News: Nathan . Cochrane . 1994 . VFX-1 VIRTUAL REALITY HELMET by Forte . Game Bytes Magazine . 1 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232535/http://www.ibiblio.org/GameBytes/issue21/flooks/vfx1.html . 3 March 2016 . live .
  8. Web site: Oculus Rift virtual reality headset gets Kickstarter cash . 1 August 2012 . BBC News . 21 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180725004612/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19085967 . 25 July 2018 . live .
  9. Web site: A Brief History Of Oculus . Greg . Kumparak . 26 March 2014 . TechCrunch . 23 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170924001559/https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/26/a-brief-history-of-oculus/ . 24 September 2017 . live .
  10. Web site: The Future of Gaming in Virtual Reality . 3 August 2012 . Charles . Onyett . IGN . 1 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160405145154/http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/08/04/the-future-of-gaming-in-virtual-reality . 5 April 2016 . live .
  11. Web site: Doom's John Carmack Leaves id Software To Focus On The Oculus Virtual Reality Headset . Alex . Wilhelm . 22 November 2013 . TechCrunch . 23 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170923193911/https://techcrunch.com/2013/11/22/dooms-john-carmack-leaves-id-software-to-focus-on-the-oculus-virtual-reality-headset/ . 23 September 2017 . live .
  12. Web site: Facebook buying Oculus VR for $2 billion. March 25, 2014. March 26, 2014. The Verge. Welch. Chris. https://web.archive.org/web/20170924044948/https://www.theverge.com/2014/3/25/5547456/facebook-buying-oculus-for-2-billion/in/3631187. 24 September 2017. live.
  13. Web site: Oculus apologizes for shipping delays, will waive shipping fees for all orders to date. The Verge. 2 April 2016. 30 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160722235633/http://www.theverge.com/2016/4/2/11353358/oculus-rift-shipping-delays-free-shipping-promise. 22 July 2016. live.
  14. News: Sony announces Project Morpheus, a virtual reality headset coming to PlayStation 4 . Michael . McWhertor . 18 March 2014 . Polygon . 23 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160324195431/http://www.polygon.com/2014/3/18/5524058/playstation-vr-ps4-virtual-reality . 24 March 2016 . live .
  15. News: Sony's Project Morpheus is now 'PlayStation VR' . Aaron . Souppouris . 15 September 2015 . Engadget . 23 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170924001637/https://www.engadget.com/2015/09/15/project-morpheus-is-now-playstation-vr/ . 24 September 2017 . live .
  16. Web site: Valve's VR headset revealed with Oculus-like features . Tom . Warren . 3 June 2014 . The Verge . 23 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170826071622/https://www.theverge.com/2014/6/3/5775220/valve-vr-headset-pictures-concept-features . 26 August 2017 . live .
  17. Web site: Valve's VR headset is called the Vive and it's made by HTC . Dante D'Orazio . Vlad Savov . 1 March 2015 . The Verge . 23 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150709001129/http://www.theverge.com/2015/3/1/8127445/htc-vive-valve-vr-headset . 9 July 2015 . live .
  18. Web site: HTC Vive VR headset delayed until April . Adi . Robertson . 8 December 2015 . The Verge . 23 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170923193932/https://www.theverge.com/2015/12/8/9873840/htc-vive-headset-delay-april-2016/ . 23 September 2017 . live .
  19. Web site: PlayStation VR Launches October 2016. Sony. March 15, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160722031419/https://www.sony.com/en_us/SCA/company-news/press-releases/sony-computer-entertainment-america-inc/2016/playstationvr-launches-october-2016-available-glob.html. 22 July 2016.
  20. Web site: LG's G5 is a radical reinvention of the flagship Android smartphone. The Verge. 21 February 2016. 21 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160222094154/http://www.theverge.com/2016/2/21/11077616/lg-g5-announced-specs-release-date-price-mwc-2016. 22 February 2016. live.
  21. Web site: IFA 2014: Samsung Galaxy Note 4, Note Edge, Gear VR and Gear S hands-on. GSMArena.com. 2015-11-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20160813225502/http://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_ifa_2014-review-1126.php. 13 August 2016. live.
  22. You Can Now Watch and Upload 360-Degree Videos on YouTube. Wired. 12 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160709080447/http://www.wired.com/2015/03/youtube-360-degree-video/. 9 July 2016. live.
  23. Web site: Best VR headsets to buy in 2016, whatever your budget. Pocket-lint. 12 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160712105600/http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/132945-best-vr-headsets-to-buy-in-2016-whatever-your-budget. 12 July 2016. live.
  24. Web site: Oculus and PlayStation VR Jockey Atop the Virtual Reality Market. Rob. Marvin. October 4, 2019. PCMag.
  25. Book: Tricart, Celine. Virtual Reality Filmmaking: Techniques & Best Practices for VR Filmmakers. Routledge. 2018. 978-1-315-28039-4. New York, NY. 12–14.
  26. Web site: Screen-Door Effect: PlayStationVR Supposedly Has "None", Probably Doesn't Matter . 27 March 2016 . Talk Amongst Yourselves (Kinja) . 30 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160331083739/http://tay.kinja.com/screen-door-effect-playstationvr-supposedly-has-none-1767379066 . 31 March 2016 . live .
  27. Web site: Intel Claims It Can Improve Image Quality for HMDs — Daniel Pohl Tells Us How . Paul . James . 21 October 2013 . Road to VR . 30 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160506071917/http://www.roadtovr.com/intel-claims-can-improve-image-quality-hmds-daniel-pohl-tells-us/ . 6 May 2016 . live .
  28. Web site: Wearality's 150 Degree Lenses Are a Balancing Act, Not a Breakthrough . Ben . Lang . 13 May 2015 . Road to VR . 31 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160329202904/http://www.roadtovr.com/wearality-150-degree-lenses-are-a-balancing-act-not-a-breakthrough/ . 29 March 2016 . live .
  29. Rectifeye: A Vision-Correcting System for Virtual Reality. Laffont. Pierre-Yves. Martin. Tobias. Gross. Martin. Tan. Wei De. Lim. CT. Au. Affa. Wong. Rick. SA '16 SIGGRAPH ASIA 2016 VR Showcase. Macau. No. 13. December 5–8, 2016. 10.1145/2996376.2996382. 208022568. Quote: "our system automatically adjusts the VR headset according to the user's eyeglasses prescription. Since the optical correction is automatically embedded into the headset, the user no longer needs to wear eyeglasses inside the headset. [...] We adjust the position of each lens in the headset with servomotors".
  30. Web site: John Carmack Talks Virtual Reality Latency Mitigation Strategies . Ben . Lang . 24 February 2013 . Road to VR . 30 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160116193938/http://www.roadtovr.com/john-carmack-talks-virtual-reality-latency-mitigation-strategies/ . 16 January 2016 . live .
  31. Web site: Virtual reality developers struggle with motion sickness . 21 March 2016 . news.com.au . 23 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160323215005/http://www.news.com.au/technology/gadgets/wearables/for-virtual-reality-creators-motion-sickness-a-real-issue/news-story/a0496dfdaa1a7b079b7fe7ffeda83217 . 23 March 2016 . live .
  32. Web site: How fast does "virtual reality" have to be to look like "actual reality"? . Kyle . Orland . 4 January 2013 . Ars Technica . 23 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170923193910/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2013/01/how-fast-does-virtual-reality-have-to-be-to-look-like-actual-reality/ . 23 September 2017 . live .
  33. Web site: Xbox One, PS4 "too limited" for Oculus Rift, says creator . Eddie . Makuch . 13 November 2013 . GameSpot . 1 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131221114256/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/xbox-one-ps4-too-limited-for-oculus-rift-says-creator/1100-6416153/ . 21 December 2013 . live .
  34. Web site: SMI's 250Hz Eye Tracking and Foveated Rendering Are For Real, and the Cost May Surprise You. Mason. Will. 2016-01-15. UploadVR. en-US. 13 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232307/https://uploadvr.com/smi-hands-on-250hz-eye-tracking/. 13 January 2019. live.
  35. Web site: Virtual reality system helps surgeons, reassures patients . 2023-06-12 . Medical Center Development . sm.
  36. Web site: Virtual reality system helps surgeons, reassures patients . 2023-06-12 . Medical Center Development . sm.
  37. Singh . Deependra . Virtual-reality headset mounted smartphone-based Indentation fundus videography . Taiwan J Ophthalmol . 2 Sep 2022 . 12 . 4 . 462–464 . 10.4103/2211-5056.355559 . 36660130 . 9843566 . 252053522 . Sep 2, 2022 . free .
  38. News: How VR is training the perfect soldier. Wareable. 2018-04-09. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180109064249/https://www.wareable.com/vr/how-vr-is-training-the-perfect-soldier-1757. 9 January 2018. live.
  39. Wilson. Clay. April 9, 2008. Avatars, Virtual Reality Technology, and the U.S. Military: Emerging Policy Issues. CRS Report for Congress.
  40. Web site: VR headsets can be hacked with an Inception-style attack . MIT Technology Review . en.

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