| Production: | 1991–present |
| Displacement: | 2.5- |
| Valvetrain: | 1991–2002: 12 valves 1999–present: 24 valves |
| Fueltype: | Petrol |
The VR6 engine is a six-cylinder engine configuration developed by Volkswagen. The name VR6 comes from the combination of German words “Verkürzt” and “Reihenmotor” meaning “shortened inline engine”. It was developed specifically for transverse engine installations and FWD (front-wheel drive) vehicles. The VR6 is a highly compact engine, thanks to the narrower angle of 10.5 to 15 degrees between cylinder banks, as opposed to the traditional V6 angles ranging from 45 to 90 degrees. The compact design is cheaper to manufacture, since only one cylinder head is required for all six cylinders, much like a traditional inline-6 engine.
Volkswagen Group introduced the first VR6 engine in 1991 and VR6 engines remain in production today. Volkswagen also produced a five-cylinder VR5 engine based on the VR6.
VR6 engines share a common cylinder head for the two banks of cylinders. Only two camshafts are needed for the engine, regardless of whether the engine has two or four valves per cylinder. This simplifies engine construction and reduces costs.
Since the cylinders are not located on the centreline of the combined cylinder head, the lengths of the intake and exhaust ports are different for each bank. Without compensation, these varying port lengths would result in the two banks of cylinders producing different amounts of power at a particular engine RPM. The difference in port lengths are compensated for with the length of the runners in the intake manifold, the camshaft overlap and lift profile, or a combination thereof.
The Volkswagen VR6 engine was designed for transverse engine installations in front-wheel drive vehicles.[1] The narrow angle of 15° between the two cylinder banks reduced the width of the engine, compared to a traditional V6 engine. Therefore, the VR6 engine is easier to fit within an engine bay that was originally designed for a four-cylinder engine.
Early VR6 engines had two valves per cylinder (for a total of twelve valves) and used one camshaft for the intake and exhaust valves of each cylinder bank (without the use of rockers).
The first Volkswagen VR6 engine uses the AAA version. It had a bore of 812NaN2 and a stroke of 90.3mm, for a total displacement of 2.80NaN0. In 1994, a 2.90NaN0 ABV version was introduced in some European countries, with an increased bore of 822NaN2.
The V angle between the cylinder banks is 15°, and the compression ratio is 10:1.[2] The crankshaft runs in seven main bearings and the journals are offset 22° to one another, in order to accommodate the offset cylinder placement.[3] This also allows the use of a 120° firing interval between cylinders.[4] The firing order is: 1, 5, 3, 6, 2, 4.[5] The centerlines of the cylinders are offset from the centerline of the crankshaft by 12.52NaN2.
The valve sizes are 39mm for the intake and 34.3mm for the exhaust. Since the two rows of pistons and cylinders share a single cylinder head and head gasket, the piston crown (or top surface) is tilted. The engine management system is Bosch Motronic.
A version with four valves per cylinder (for a total of 24 valves) was introduced in 1999.[6] The 24-valve versions use one camshaft for the intake valves of both banks (using rockers to reach the furthest bank) and the other camshaft for the exhaust valves of both banks (again, through the use of rockers).[7] This operating principle is more akin to a double overhead camshaft (DOHC) design, with one camshaft for intake valves, and one for exhaust valves.
The 1922–1976 Lancia V4 engine and 1922–1939 Lancia V8 engine were the first narrow angle V engines to be used in a motor vehicle.[8] [9]
The first versions of the VR6 engine were introduced in the 1991 Volkswagen Passat B3 sedan and Volkswagen Corrado coupe.[10] A 2.80NaN0 AAA version producing 1280NaN0 was used in most Passat models and in the North American version of the Corrado. A 2.90NaN0 ABV version producing 1400NaN0 was used in the Passat Syncro model and the European version of the Corrado. Both versions used two valves per cylinder. Usage of the VR6 engine spread to the Volkswagen Golf Mk3 2.8 VR6 and Volkswagen Vento/Jetta (A3), 2.8 VR6 models in 1992, and high specification versions of the Sharran/Galaxy/Alhambra MPVs. The 2.8 litre version was also used in the 1996–2003 Mercedes-Benz Vito (W638) commercial vans, where it was designated M104.900.
In 1997, the VR5 engine was introduced, based on the VR6 engine.
An AQP/AUE version with four valves per cylinder was introduced in 2000. This 2.80NaN0 engine produced 1500NaN0, and mostly replaced the two-valve engines, except for in North America where an updated version of the two-valve engine was used in the Golf and Jetta from 2000 to 2002.
A 3.20NaN0 EA390 version of the 4 valve engine was introduced in the 2001 Volkswagen New Beetle RSi model. Versions of this 3.2 litre engine were also used in the 2002–2004 Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32 model, the 2003-2010 Audi TT 3.2 VR6 quattro models and the 2003-2009 Audi A3 8P 3.2 VR6 Quattro(US Models). Peak power output was 1650NaN0 in the New Beetle (engine code AXJ), 1770NaN0 in the New Beetle and Golf (engine code BFH/BJS), and 1840NaN0 in the Audi TT(engine code BHE) and Audi A3 8P(engine code BDB / BMJ / BUB).
The engine size was again increased in 2005, when a 3.60NaN0 version with gasoline direct injection (FSI) was introduced in the Volkswagen Passat (B6). This BLV version uses a narrower 10.6 degree angle between the cylinder banks and produces 2060NaN0. A 3.20NaN0 AXZ version producing 1840NaN0 was introduced in 2006.[11] In 2008, an uprated BWS version of the 3.6 litre engine producing 2200NaN0 was introduced in the Volkswagen Passat (B6) R36 model.[12]
The base model Porsche Cayenne (9PA) used 3.2-liter VR6 engine from 2003 to 2006 and then a 3.6-litre VR6 engine from 2008 to 2010. Then the next generation Porsche Cayenne (92A) also used a 3.6-litre VR6 engine from 2010 to 2018.
Volkswagen had started to phase out VR engines in favour of downsized turbocharged four cylinder engines. In 2017, the VR6 engines made an unexpected comeback, with versions of the 24-valve VR6 engines being produced for the Volkswagen Atlas. Volkswagen also made a new VR6 (still EA390) for the Chinese market only, its 2.5-litre turbocharged 24-valve VR6 producing 2200NaN0 or 500 N⋅m of torque, for the Volkswagen Teramont SUV and Volkswagen Talagon MPV.
Volkswagen Group automobiles:
Other manufacturers:
See main article: W engine. Volkswagen Group has produced several W engines based on combining two VR engines on a common crankshaft. The first W engine to reach production was the W12 engine which has been produced since 2001. The W12 engine is constructed from two VR6 engines mated together at an angle of 72 degrees. Although Volkswagen has not produced a VR4 engine, nonetheless it briefly produced a W8 engine from 2001 to 2004.
The largest Volkswagen W engine is the W16 engine introduced on the Bugatti Veyron in 2005. This engine uses an angle of 90 degrees between the two VR8 engines, and has four turbochargers.
Motorcycle manufacturer Horex has produced VR6 engines since 2012.[15] [16]