Diauehi Explained

Native Name:ႣႨႠႭႾႨ
Diaokhi[1]
Conventional Long Name:Diauehi
Common Name:Diauehi
Title Leader:King
Leader1:Sien
Year Leader1:Approx. BC 1120 - BC 1100
Leader2:Asia
Year Leader2:Approx. BC 850 - BC 825
Leader3:Utupursi (last)
Year Leader3:Approx. BC 810 - BC 770
Year Start:12th century BC [2] [3] [4]
Year End:8th century BCE
Capital:Zua
Common Languages:Armenian language
Kartvelian languages[5]
Hurrian language
Religion:Zoroastrianism
Today:Georgia[6]
Turkey
Largest City:Zua, Shashilu, Utu
Event1:Divided between Colchis[7] (north part, province of "Hushani"[8]) and Urartu (south part)[9] [10] [11]
Date Event1:8th century BCE

Diauehi (Georgian: ႣႨႠႭႾႨ, Urartian Diauehi, Greek Greek, Modern (1453-);: Τάοχοι Taochoi, Armenian Armenian: Տայք Tayk, possibly Assyrian Daiaeni) was a tribal union located in northeastern Anatolia, that was recorded in Assyrian and Urartian sources during the Iron Age. It is usually (though not always) identified with the earlier Daiaeni (Dayaeni),[12] attested in the Yonjalu inscription of the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I's third year (1118 BC) and in later records by Shalmaneser III (845 BC). While it is unknown what language(s) they spoke,[13] they may have been speakers of a Kartvelian,[14] Armenian,[15] [16] [17] Iranian,[18] or Hurrian language.[19] [20] [21] [22] [23]

Location

Although the exact geographic extent of Diauehi is still unclear, many scholars place it in the Pasinler Plain in today's northeastern Turkey, while others locate it in the Armenian–Georgian marchlands as it follows the Kura River. Most probably, the core of the Diauehi lands may have extended from the headwaters of the Euphrates into the river valleys of Çoruh[24] to Oltu. The Urartian sources speak of Diauehi's three key cities—Zua, Utu and Sasilu; Zua is frequently identified with Zivin Kale and Utu is probably modern Oltu, while Sasilu is sometimes linked to the early medieval Georgian toponym Sasire, near Tortomi (present-day Tortum, Turkey).[25] The Diaeuhian city Šešetina may have corresponded to Şavşat, Turkey (Shavsheti in Georgian).[26]

The region of Diauehi seems to have roughly corresponded to,[27] [28] or bordered,[29] the previous Hayasa-Azzi territory.

History

In the early 8th century, Diauehi became the target of the newly emerged regional power of Urartu. Menua (810–785 BC) conquered part of Diaeuhi, annexing its most important cities: Zua, Utu, and Shashilu, and forcing the king of Diauehi, Utupursi(ni), to pay a tribute of gold and silver.

Menua's son Argishti I (785–763 BC), campaigned against the Diauehi kingdom in 783.[30] Argishti I defeated King Utupursi, annexing his possessions․ In exchange for his life, Utupursi was forced to pay a tribute including a variety of metals and livestock.[31] Toward the end of his reign, Argishti I led yet another campaign against Utuspursi, who led a rebellion against the Urartians.[30]

Possible ethno-linguistic identification

Diauehi is considered by some as a locus of Proto-Kartvelian; it has been described as an "important tribal formation of possible proto-Georgians" by Ronald Grigor Suny (1994).[32]

According to Robert H. Hewsen, they may have been speakers of a language unrelated to any other in the Caucasus region.[33]

However, they are mentioned by Diodorus Siculus as Xaoi, which Hewsen etymologizes as a Greek form of the Armenian endonym, Hayk'.[34]

Massimo Forlanini proposed a connection between the name of the Diaeuhi tribe, Baltu, and the Hayasan deity, Baltaik. He also compared these to the name of the Hayasan mercenary, Waltahi.[35]

Connection to Daiaeni (Dayaeni)

Some scholars have linked the Diaeuhi to the Bronze Age Daiaeni (Dayaeni) tribe,[28] mentioned in 12th century BC Assyrian sources as being part of the Nairi confederation.[36] [37] This connection is mainly due to the phonetic similarities of the names Daiaeni and Diaeuhi.

The Daiaeni were powerful enough to counter the Assyrian forays, although in 1112 BC their king, Sien, was defeated by Tiglath-Pileser I. Sien was captured and later released on terms of vassalage.

Daiaeni appeared again in Assyrian texts nearly three centuries later when King Asia of Daiaeni (850–825 BC) was forced to submit to the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III in 845 BC, after the latter had overrun Urartu and made a foray into Daiaeni.

As the Daiaeni of Assyrian records seem to have been located further south than the Diaeuhi of Urartian records, Robert H. Hewsen and Nicholas Adontz proposed that the Diaieni originally inhabited a region between Palu and either Mush Province or Lake Van. They then moved north to Kars Province, where they battled the Urartians and later encountered Greek mercenaries, including Xenophon. They subsequently moved further northwest.[13]

Archibald Sayce suggested that Daiaeni was named after an eponymous founder, Diaus, and thus meant "people of the land/tribe of Diau(s)".[38]

Onomastics

Daiaeni rulers

Diauehi rulers

Diauehi tribes

Diauehi districts

Diauehi cities

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. David Marshall Lang (1966). The Georgians, Ancient Peoples and Places. London: Thames and Hudson, 1966. 244 pp.
  2. Nodar Assatiani, Საქართველოს ისტორია, Tbilissi, Sakartvelos Matsne, 2001 p.30
  3. Suny, R.G. Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies (1996)Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. (9780472096176) University of Michigan Press p.3
  4. Burford, T. (2018) Georgia (9781784770723) p.14
  5. Davitashvili, Zurab V.., Singh, Vijay P.., Bondyrev, Igor V.. The Geography of Georgia: Problems and Perspectives. Germany: Springer International Publishing, 2015.
  6. Book: Rayfield, Donald . Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia . 2012 . Reaktion Books . London . 17 . Donald Rayfield.
  7. Morritt, R.D. (2010) Stones that Speak. EBSCO ebook academic collection. Cambridge Scholars Pub.(9781443821766)
  8. Rayfield, D. (2013) Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia (9781780230702) Reaktion Books. p.17
  9. Nodar Assatiani et Alexandre Bendianachvili, Histoire de la Géorgie, l'Harmattan, Paris, 1997 (ISBN 2-7384-6186-7) p.31
  10. Nodar Assatiani et Otar Djanelidze, History of Georgia, Publishing House Petite, Tbilissi, 2009 p.16
  11. Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern History and Archaeology Presented to Mirjo Salvini on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday. Royaume-Uni: Archaeopress Publishing Limited, 2019. p.141
  12. Book: Henri J. M. Claessen . Peter Skalnik . Walter de Gruyter . The Early State . Jan 1, 1978. Mouton Publishers. 9783110813326. 259.
  13. Robert. H. Hewsen. The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Ašxarhacʻoycʻ, the Long and the Short Recensions. 1992. https://archive.org/stream/TheGeographyOfAnaniasOfSirak/The%20Geography%20of%20Ananias%20of%20Sirak_djvu.txt
  14. A. G. Sagona. Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier, p. 30.
  15. Hrach Martirosyan (2014). "Origins and Historical Development of the Armenian Language". Leiden University: 9. Retrieved 9 October 2019. p. 8.
  16. A.V. Dumikyan (2016). "Taik in The Assyrian and Biainian Cuneiform Inscriptions, Ancient Greek and Early Medieval Armenian Sources (the Interpretations of the 19th Century French Armenologists)" Fundamental Armenology No. 2 4.
  17. Armen Petrosyan (September 1, 2010). The Armenian Elements In The Language And Onomastics Of Urartu. Association For Near Eastern And Caucasian Studies. p. 137.
  18. Giulio Palumbi. "At the northeastern Anatolian frontier: A project gallery." Studies on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honour of Antonio Sagona. 2018. p. 804. https://www.academia.edu/42833756/At_the_northeastern_Anatolian_frontier_A_project_gallery
  19. Web site: Б. А. Арутюнян. Арутюнян, Бабкен Арутюнович. 1998. К вопросу об этнической принадлежности населения бассейна реки Чорох в VII—IV вв. до н. э.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140314014202/http://hpj.asj-oa.am/4905/1/1998-1-2%28233%29.pdf. 2014-03-14. 2012-09-04. Историко-филологический журнал № 1–2 . С. 233–246. ISSN 0135-0536.
  20. Book: М. А. Агларов. Дагестан в эпоху великого переселения народов: этногенетические исследования. Институт истории, археологии и этнографии Дагестанского научного центра РАН. 191.
  21. Book: М. С. Капица. История Востока: Восток в древности. Л. Б. Алаев. К. З. Ашрафян. 1997. Восточная литература. 1. М. 530. Глава XXIX. Закавказье и сопредельные страны в период эллинизма. http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HE1/he129.htm . Издательская фирма "Восточная лит-ра" РАН.
  22. Book: А. В. Седов. История древнего Востока. 2004. Восточная литература. 5020183881. М. 872.
  23. Book: И. М. Дьяконов. Предыстория армянского народа: История Арм. нагорья с 1500 по 500 г. до н. э. Хурриты, лувийцы, протоармяне. 1968. АН Арм. ССР. Ер.. 120. Глава II. История Армянского нагорья в эпоху бронзы и раннего железа. http://annales.info/other/djakonov/02.htm.
  24. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329758679_TRACES_OF_A_TREATY_IN_AN_URARTIAN_TEXT Levan Gordeziani. "Traces of a Treaty in an Urartian Text?" Dec. 2018
  25. G. L. Kavtaradze. An Attempt to Interpret Some Anatolian and Caucasian Ethnonyms of the Classical Sources, p. 80f.
  26. Book: Rayfield, Donald. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. 17.
  27. Armen Petrosyan. "Towards the Origins of the Armenian People. The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review." Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies. 2007. p. 47. https://www.academia.edu/3657764/Towards_the_Origins_of_the_Armenian_People_The_Problem_of_Identification_of_the_Proto_Armenians_A_Critical_Review_in_English_
  28. Levan Gordzeiani. "Some Remarks on Qulḫa." Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday. eds. Pavel S. Avetisyan, Roberto Dan and Yervand H. Grekyan. Archaeopress Archaeology. 2019. pp. 242-243. https://www.academia.edu/50125245/Some_Remarks_on_Qulh_a
  29. Massimo Forlanini. The Ancient Land of “Northern” Kummaḫa and Aripša: “Inside the Sea”. Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I: Hatti and the East Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hittite Historical Geography in Istanbul, 25th-26th October 2013. Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü. p. 8. https://www.academia.edu/44937753/The_Ancient_Land_of_Northern_Kummaha_and_Aripsa_inside_the_Sea_
  30. Trevor Bryce. The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. Routledge. 2009. p. 193.
  31. Book: Çiftçi, Ali. The Socio-Economic Organisation of the Urartian Kingdom. Brill. 2017. 9789004347588. 123–125.
  32. Book: Ronald Grigor Suny. The Making of the Georgian Nation. 1 January 1994. Indiana University Press. 978-0-253-20915-3. 6.
  33. Robert. H. Hewsen. The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Ašxarhacʻoycʻ, the Long and the Short Recensions. 1992. p. 205. https://archive.org/stream/TheGeographyOfAnaniasOfSirak/The%20Geography%20of%20Ananias%20of%20Sirak_djvu.txt
  34. Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press. 2001. p. 30.
  35. Massimo Forlanini. The Ancient Land of “Northern” Kummaḫa and Aripša: “Inside the Sea”. Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I: Hatti and the East Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hittite Historical Geography in Istanbul, 25th-26th October 2013. Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü. p. 5. https://www.academia.edu/44937753/The_Ancient_Land_of_Northern_Kummaha_and_Aripsa_inside_the_Sea_
  36. The Armenians — Page 27 by Elizabeth Redgate, A. E. (Anne Elizabeth) Redgate Grayson, IL, 1976 (pp. 12-13)
  37. James Henry Breasted, ed. Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. University of Chicago Press. p. 81. 1926. https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ancient_records_assyria1.pdf
  38. A.H. Sayce. Cambridge Ancient History, vol. XX. (1925). pp. 169–186. http://www.attalus.org/armenian/kvan1.htm

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