| Tsat | |
| States: | China |
| Region: | Hainan |
| Ethnicity: | Utsul |
| Speakers: | 4,000 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Familycolor: | Austronesian |
| Fam2: | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Fam3: | Malayo-Sumbawan (?) |
| Fam4: | Chamic |
| Fam5: | Highlands |
| Fam6: | Northern Chamic |
| Iso3: | huq |
| Glotto: | tsat1238 |
| Glottorefname: | Tsat |
| Also Known As: | Hainan Cham |
Tsat, also known as Utsat, Utset, Hainan Cham, or Huíhuī, is a tonal language spoken by 4,500 Utsul people in Yanglan and Huixin villages near Sanya, Hainan, China. Tsat is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian group within the Austronesian language family, and is one of the Chamic languages originating on the coast of present-day Vietnam.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| aspirated | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| implosive | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||
| Affricate | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| Lateral | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| Mid | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |
| Open | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ |
Hainan Cham tones correspond to various Proto-Chamic sounds.[2]
| Type of tone (Hainan Cham) | c=03 | Proto-Chamic final sound | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c=01 | 55 | c=02 | High | c=03 |
| |
| c=01 | 42 | c=02 | Falling | c=03 |
| |
| c=01 | 24 | c=02 | Rising | c=03 |
| |
| c=01 | 11 | c=02 | Low | c=03 | Vowels and nasals, *-a:s Voiced final: voiced stop / affricate (pre-)initial | |
| c=01 | 33 | c=02 | Mid | c=03 | Vowels and nasals, *a:s Voiced final: default |
Unusually for an Austronesian language, Tsat has developed into a tonal language, probably as a result of areal linguistic effects and contact with the diverse tonal languages spoken on Hainan including varieties of Chinese such as Hainanese and Standard Chinese, Tai–Kadai languages such as the Hlai languages, and Hmong–Mien languages such as Kim Mun.[3]