| Uspantek | |
| Nativename: | Uspanteco |
| States: | Guatemala |
| Region: | Quiché (department) |
| Ethnicity: | Uspantek |
| Date: | 2019 census |
| Ref: | e25 |
| Familycolor: | American |
| Fam1: | Mayan |
| Fam2: | Quichean–Mamean |
| Fam3: | Greater Quichean |
| Iso3: | usp |
| Glotto: | uspa1245 |
| Glottorefname: | Uspanteco |
Uspantek (Uspanteco, Uspanteko, Uspantec) is a Mayan language of Guatemala, closely related to Kʼicheʼ. It is spoken in the Uspantán and Playa Grande Ixcánhttp://www.inforpressca.com/playagrandeixcan/ municipios, in the Department El Quiché.[1] [2] It is also one of only three Mayan languages to have developed contrastive tone (the others being Yukatek and one dialect of Tzotzil). It distinguishes between vowels with high tone and vowels with low tone.
There are 24 consonants in Uspantek including the glottal stop.[3] [4]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Palatalized | |||||||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||||
| Plosive | Plain | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| Glottalized/Implosive | pronounced as /ink/~pronounced as /ink/~pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /ink/~pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/~pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /link/~pronounced as /ink/ | |||||
| Affricate | Plain | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||
| Glottalized | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||
| Trill/Flap | pronounced as /link/~pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||
There are 5 vowels in Uspantek and they contrast in vowel length.
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Open | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ |
Uspantek has two phonemic tones: high and falling (Can Pixabaj 2007:39). In writing, the high tone is represented by an acute accent mark on the vowel (ráqan 'my foot'), and the falling tone is represented by an acute accent mark on the first vowel followed by an unmarked vowel (júun 'one').
The high tone occurs in penultimate syllables when the final syllable contains a short vowel. Additionally, it occurs the following contexts (Can Pixabaj 2007).
The following types of words do not have tone.
The falling tone occurs in long vowels, and in the following contexts (Can Pixabaj 2007).
The main types of syllable structures in Uspantek are CVC, CV, and CCVC (Can Pixabaj 2007:50).