Ursoidea Explained

Ursoidea is a superfamily of arctoid carnivoran mammals that includes the families Subparictidae,[1] [2] Amphicynodontidae,[3] [2] and Ursidae. The last family includes the extant lineages of bears, as well as the extinct Hemicyoninae[4] [5] and Ursavinae.[6]

The interrelationships of ursoids has had slight arrangements. In the past it was thought the extinct Amphicyonidae were stem-bears based on morphological analysis of the ear region,[7] though the most recent publications on early amphicyonids suggests they were basal caniforms.[8] [9] [10]

The amphicynodontids are sometimes classified as either a subfamily of bears,[3] a paraphyletic assemblage of early bears,[2] or even stem-pinnipeds.[11] [12] [13] The subparictids were previously classified as amphicynodontine/ids.[2] The hemicyonines have been occasionally reclassified as a separate family.[14]

Notes and References

  1. Book: Baskin . J. A.. Tedford . R. H.. Small arctoid and feliform carnivorans . The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene Transition in North America, Part II: Common Vertebrates of the White River Chronofauna . 1996 . 486–497 . 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.025 . 978-0-521-43387-7 .
  2. 10.1080/02724634.2022.2145900 . An exquisitely preserved skeleton of Eoarctos vorax (Nov. Gen. Et sp.) from Fitterer Ranch, North Dakota (Early Oligocene) and systematics and phylogeny of North American early arctoids (Carnivora, Caniformia) . 2022 . Wang . Xiaoming . Emry . Robert J. . Boyd . Clint A. . Person . Jeff J. . White . Stuart C. . Tedford . Richard H. . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 42 . 1–123 . 259025727 . free . 2022JVPal..42S...1W .
  3. McLellan . B. . Reiner . D.C. . 1992 . A review of bear evolution . International Association for Bear Research and Management . 9 . 1 . 85–96 . 10.2307/3872687. 3872687 . 91124592 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200219120709/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a5db/fd5dd863f9d68bc07d99e5bea2a4540647ab.pdf . 2020-02-19 .
  4. Louis De Bonis . 2013 . Ursidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Late Oligocene of the "Phosphorites du Quercy" (France) and a reappraisal of the genus Cephalogale Geoffroy, 1862 . Geodiversitas . 35 . 4 . 787–814 . 10.5252/g2013n4a4 . 131561629 .
  5. L. de Bonis . 2011 . A new species of Adelpharctos (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae) from the late Oligocene of the "Phosphorites du Quercy" (France) . 10.3989/egeol.40553.181 . Estudios Geológicos . 67 . 2 . 179–186 . free .
  6. Qiu, Zhan-Xiang. etal. A Late Miocene Ursavus skull from Guanghe, Gansu, China . Vertebrata PalAsiatica . 52 . 3 . 2014 . 265–302.
  7. 0003-0082 . 2001 . 1-20 . 10.1206/0003-0082(2001)331<0001:SOAFNA>2.0.CO;2 . Small Oligocene Amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora) . Hunt Jr. . Robert M. . American Museum Novitates . 3331 . 198160461 .
  8. Book: Hunt, Robert M. Jr. . 2004 . Cenozoic Carnivores and Global Climate . Global Climate and the Evolution of Large Mammalian Carnivores during the Later Cenozoic in North America . http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/453/8/B285a11.pdf . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . 285 . 139–285 . 10.1206/0003-0090(2004)285<0139:C>2.0.CO;2. 86236545 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070720132104/http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/453/8/B285a11.pdf . July 20, 2007.
  9. 0272-4634 . 2007 . 27 . 1 . 145-159 . 10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[145:CACFWM]2.0.CO;2 . Creodonta and Carnivora from Wadi Moghra, Egypt . Morlo . Michael . Miller . Ellen R. . El-Barkooky . Ahmed N. . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 86235694 .
  10. Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene 'Miacis' from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) . 10.1098/rsos.160518 . 2016 . Tomiya . Susumu . Tseng . Zhijie Jack . Royal Society Open Science . 3 . 10 . 160518 . 27853569 . 5098994 . 2016RSOS....360518T .
  11. Tedford . R. H. . Richard H. Tedford . Barnes . L. G. . Ray . C. E. . The early Miocene littoral ursoid carnivoran Kolponomos: Systematics and mode of life . 1994 . Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History . 29 . 11–32 . 24 July 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120922142556/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf1/000389400021705.pdf . 2012-09-22 .
  12. Rybczynski. N. . Dawson. M.R. . Tedford. R.H. . 2009 . A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia . Nature . 458 . 7241 . 1021–24 . 10.1038/nature07985 . 19396145. 2009Natur.458.1021R . 4371413 .
  13. Berta. A. . Morgan. C. . Boessenecker. R.W. . 2018 . The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 46 . 203–228 . 10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009. 2018AREPS..46..203B . free .
  14. McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. 

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