Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization explained

Conventional Long Name:	Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Linking Name:	the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Symbol Type:	Logo
Image Symbol:	UNPO.svg
Symbol Width:	75px
Membership:	44 groups
Leader Title1:	President^[1]
Leader Name1:	Edna Adan Ismail
Leader Title2:	Vice-Presidents
Leader Name2:	Elisenda Paluzie Rubina Greenwood
Leader Title3:	Presidency members include
Leader Name3:	Abdirahman Mahdi Dolkun Isa Paul Strauss Tina Rose Muña Barnes
Established:	11 February 1991

The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is an international organization established to facilitate the voices of unrepresented and marginalized nations and peoples worldwide. It was formed on 11 February 1991^{[2] [3]} in The Hague, Netherlands. Its members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories.

UNPO works to develop the understanding of and respect for the right to self-determination, provides advice and support related to questions of international recognition and political autonomy, trains groups on how to advocate for their causes effectively, and directly advocates for an international response to human rights violations perpetrated against UNPO member groups. Some former members, such as Armenia, East Timor, Estonia, Latvia, Georgia and Palau, have gained full independence and joined the United Nations (UN).^{[4] [5]}

Throughout 2024, UNPO conducted several training sessions aimed at helping its members and activists. Sessions included in-person training for Asia Pacific members in Geneva, online cybersecurity training, a cybersecurity training in person for the Baloch community in Stockholm, and a youth study session supported by the Council of Europe, emphasizing the importance of acquiring and improving necessary skills for advocacy within marginalized communities. ^[6]

History

UNPO was conceived of in the 1980s by leaders of self-determination movements, Linnart Mäll of the Congress of Estonia, Erkin Alptekin of East Turkestan, and Lodi Gyari of Tibet, together with, along with the international law adviser of the 14th Dalai Lama. The founders were representatives of national movements of Estonia, Latvia, Tibet, Crimean Tatars, Armenia, Georgia, Tatarstan, East Turkestan, East Timor, Australian Aboriginals, the Cordillera in the Philippines, the Greek minority in Albania, Kurdistan, Palau, Taiwan, and West Papua.^[7] A key UNPO goal was, and remains, to replicate the success of the 14th Dalai Lama's and the Tibetan people's non-violent message in the face of oppression and occupation.^{[8] [9]}

UNPO chose for its founding headquarters in 1991 The Hague in the Netherlands because the city aimed at becoming the International City of Peace and Justice and hosts international courts like the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and International Criminal Court (ICC). A Foundation was established in the Netherlands to provide secretarial support to the UNPO General Assembly and to carry out research and educational activities related to unrepresented peoples worldwide. The Foundation maintains a permanent presence before the European Union, United States and United Nations. It is funded by a combination of member contributions, donations from individuals, and project-based grants from foundations.

Aims

UNPO's vision is to affirm democracy as a fundamental human right, implement human, civil and political rights worldwide, uphold the universal right to autonomy and self-determination, and further federalism. It encourages nonviolent methodologies to reach peaceful solutions to conflicts and oppression. UNPO supports members in getting their human and cultural rights respected and in preserving their environments. The organization provides a forum for members to network and assists them in participating at an international level.^[8]

Although UNPO members often have different goals, they have one thing in common: they are generally not represented diplomatically (or only with a minor status, such as observer) in major international institutions, such as the United Nations (UN). As a result, their ability to have their concerns addressed by the global bodies mandated to protect human rights and address conflict is limited.^[8]

UNPO is dedicated to the five principles enshrined in its Covenant:

• The equal right to self-determination;
• Adherence to the internationally accepted human rights standards as laid down in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action and other international instruments;
• Adherence to the principles of democratic pluralism and rejection of totalitarianism and religious intolerance;
• Promotion of non-violence and the rejection of terrorism as an instrument of policy; and
• Protection of the natural environment.

All members are required to sign and abide by the UNPO Covenant.^[10] UNPO members are required to be nonviolent.^[11]

Members

The following are listed as members by the UNPO.^[12]

Original members are listed with

pink background and in bold.Members who are recognised as independent countries by at least 1 UN Member or by other countries recognised by at least 1 UN member are marked by asterisk (*).

Member	Date joined	Represented by
Abkhazians*		Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia	^[13]
Aceh		Acheh-Sumatra National Liberation Front	^[14]
Annobón		Ambô Legadu	^[15]
Afrikaners		Freedom Front Plus	^[16]
Ahwazi		Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz	^[17]
Assyrians		Assyrian Universal Alliance	^[18]
Balochistan		Balochistan National Party (Mengal)	^[19]
Barotseland		Barotse National Freedom Alliance	^[20]
Bellah		Malian Association for the Preservation of Bellah Culture	^[21]
Biafra		Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra/Biafra Independence Movement	^[22] ^[23]
Brittany			^[24]
Catalans		Assemblea Nacional Catalana	^[25]
Chittagong Hill Tracts		Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti	^[26]
Crimean Tatars		Milli Mejlis	^[27]
District of Columbia (Washington, DC)		D.C. Statehood Congressional Delegation	^[28]
East Turkestan		World Uyghur Congress	^[29]
Gilgit Baltistan		Gilgit Baltistan Democratic Alliance	^[30]
Guam		Government of Guam
Haratin		Initiative de Résurgence du Mouvement Abolitionniste en Mauritanie	^[31]
Hmong		Congress of World Hmong People	^[32]
Iranian Kurds		Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan and Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan	^[33]
Kabylia		MAK-Anavad	^[34]
Khmer Krom		Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation	^[35]
Nagalim		National Socialist Council of Nagalim	^[36]
	1 June 2023	Niger Delta Peoples Movement	^[37]
Ogaden		Ogaden National Liberation Front	^[38]
Ogoni		Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People	^[39]
Oromo		Oromo Liberation Front	^[40]
Sindhis		World Sindhi Congress	^[41]
Somaliland*		Government of Somaliland	^[42]
South Moluccas		Republic of South Moluccas	^[43]
Southern Azerbaijanis		South Azerbaijan Democratic Party	^[44]
Southern Mongolians		Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center	^[45]
Taiwan*		Taiwan Foundation for Democracy	^[46]
Tibet		Central Tibetan Administration	^[47]
West Balochistan		Balochistan People's Party	^[48]
Western Togolanders		Homeland Study Group Foundation	^[49]
West Papuans		Free Papua Movement	^[50]
Yoruba		Yoruba World Congress
Zambesia		Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia

Former members

Some members of the UNPO have left because of United Nations (UN) recognition, autonomy agreements, or for other reasons.

The following lists former and suspended members.^[12]

Former members who became part of the UN are highlighted with a

blue background and italics. Original members (from 11 February 1991) are listed with pink background and in bold. Former members who are recognised as independent countries by at least 1 UN member or by other countries recognised by at least 1 UN member are marked by asterisk (*). Suspended members are marked by yellow background.

Former member	Date joined	Date withdrew	Note
Aboriginals of Australia			Represented by National Committee to Defend Black Rights	^[51]
Albanians in North Macedonia			Reached agreement on wider rights with North Macedonia in 2001	^[52]
Amazigh			Represented by World Amazigh Congress	^[53]
Ambazonia			Represented by the Southern Cameroons National Council and Ambazonia Governing Council (from September 2018).	^[54]
			Became member of the UN in 1992	^[55]
Bashkortostan				^[56]
Batwa			Cultural Conservation Act	^[57]
Bougainville			Reached an agreement with Papua New Guinea in 2021, in which Bougainville will be independent by 2027.	^[58]
Buffalo River Dene Nation				^[59]
			Represented by National Council of the Union of Burma. The Myanmar military junta was dissolved in 2011.	^[60]
Buryatia			Represented by All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture	^[61]
Cabinda			Represented by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda	^[62]
Chameria			Democratic Foundation of Chameria	^[63]
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria*			Government-in-exile in London.	^[64]
Chin			Represented by Chin National Front	^[65]
Chuvash			Represented by the Chuvash National Congress	^[66]
Circassia			Represented by	^[67]
Cordillera			Represented by Cordillera Peoples' Alliance	^[68]
Degar-Montagnards			Represented by Montagnard Foundation, Inc.	^[69]
			Became member of the UN in 2002	^[70]
			Became member of the UN in 1991	^[71]
Gagauzia			Reached autonomy agreement with Moldova in 1994	^[72]
			Became member of the UN in 1991	^[73]
Greek minority in Albania			Represented by Omonoia	^[74]
Hungarian minority in Romania			Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania	^[75]
Ingushetia				^[76]
Inkeri				^[77]
Iraqi Kurdistan			Represented by Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan	^[78]
Iraqi Turkmen			Represented by Iraqi Turkmen Front, Turkmen Nationalist Movement, Turkmen Wafa Movement, and Islamic Union of Iraqi Turkmens	^[79]
Kalahui Hawaii			Represented by Ka Lahui Hawaii	^[80]
Karenni State			Represented by Karenni National Progressive Party	^[81]
Khalistan	^[82]	4 August 1993	Membership suspended on 4 August 1993 and suspension made permanent 22 January 1995.^[83]	^[84]
Komi				^[85]
Kosovo*			Represented by Democratic League of Kosovo	^[86]
Kumyk				^[87]
Lakota Nation			Followed by the declaration of the Republic of Lakotah	^[88]
Latin American Indigenous Peoples (Project)	2016	?
			Became member of the UN in 1991	^[89]
Lezghin			Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy	^[90]
Maasai			Represented by Maasai Women for Education and Economic Development	^[91]
Maohi			Represented by Hiti Tau	^[92]
Madhesh		30 October 2023	Represented by Alliance for Independent Madhesh	^[93]
Mapuche			Represented by	^[94]
Mari				^[95]
Mon			Represented by Mon Unity League	^[96]
Moro			Represented by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, autonomy and peace deal with the government in 2014	^[97]
Nahua Del Alto Balsas				^[98]
Nuxalk Nation				^[99]
(Belau)			Became member of the UN in 1994	^[100]
Rusyn				^[101]
Sakha				^[102]
Sanjak			Represented by the Bosnian National Council of Sanjak	^[103]
Savoy	29 June 2014	30 October 2023		^[104]
Scania (Skåneland)			Membership suspended on 18 September 2011.^[105]	^[106]
Rehoboth Basters		December 2019^[107]	Represented by Captains Council
Shan				^[108]
South Arabia			Represented by the Southern Democratic Assembly for Self-Determination for South Arabia's People	^[109]
Sulu		30 October 2023	Sulu Foundation of Nine Ethnic Tribes	^[110]
Talysh			National Talysh Movement	^[111]
Tatarstan				^[112]
Trieste (Free Territory of Trieste)			Represented by TRIEST NGO	^[113]
Tsimshian				^[114]
Tuva				^[115]
Udmurt			Represented by	^[116]
Vhavenda			Represented by Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front	^[117]
Zanzibar			Represented by, in cooperation with the Civic United Front	^[118]

Suspensions

UNPO's representing nations may become suspended from the Organization if they fail to follow its covenant.^[119]

In 24 January 1993, Khalistan was briefly admitted in the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, but was suspended a few months after its admission. The membership suspension was made permanent on 22 January 1995.^{[120] [121]}

Scania was also suspended on 18 September 2011.^[122]

Leadership

Secretaries general^[123]

Name	Term
(Netherlands)	1991–1998
(Tibet)	1997–1998
Helen S. Corbett (Australian Aboriginals)	1998–1999
Erkin Alptekin (Uyghurs)	1999–2003
Marino Busdachin (Italy)	2003–2018
Ralph J. Bunche III (USA)	2018–2023
Mercè Monje Cano (Spain)	2023–current

Chair/Presidents of the General Assembly

• Linnart Mäll – (Estonia) 1991–1993
• Erkin Alptekin – (Uyghurs) 1993–1997
• Seif Sharif Hamad – (Zanzibar) 1997–2001
• John J. Nimrod – (Assyrians) 2001–2005
• Göran Hansson – (Scania) 2005–2006
• Ledum Mitee – (Ogoni) 2006–2010
• Ngawang Choephel Drakmargyapon – (Tibet) 2010–2015
• Nasser Boladai – (West Balochistan) 2015–2022
• Edna Adan Ismail - (Somaliland) since 2022

Special Executive Director

• Karl Habsburg-Lothringen – (Austria) 19 January 2002 – 31 December 2002
• Mercè Monje Cano – (Catalonia) 1 October 2021 – current (acting as Interim Secretary General since 2023)

See also

• Federal Union of European Nationalities
• Micronation
• League for Small and Subject Nationalities
• United Nations list of non-self-governing territories
• Universal Declaration of the Rights of Peoples
• List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations
• European Free Alliance
• Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum
• Stateless nation

Further reading

• Kyris. George. Brisland. Maurice. International Society and Its Many Contestations: A Study of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Global Studies Quarterly. 2024. 4. 2. 10.1093/isagsq/ksae044. free.

Notes and References

1. Web site: UNPO Organizational Structure. UNPO. 30 January 2015. 6 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150206081628/http://unpo.org/section/2/6. live.
2. Web site: UNPO World Statesman.org. Worldstatesman. 7 February 2012. 27 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200427092430/https://www.worldstatesmen.org/International_Organizations2.html. live.
3. Web site: About UNPO. UNPO. 7 February 2012. 5 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120305115204/http://www.unpo.org/section/2. live.
4. News: Barbara. Crossette. Those Knocking, Unheeded, at UN's Doors Find Champion. New York Times. 18 December 1994.
5. Tishkov. Valerie. An Anthropology of NGOs. Eurozine. July 2008. 19 July 2008. 29 February 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120229152902/http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2005-06-01-tishkov-en.html. dead.
6. Web site: UNPO: UNPO's Journey of Empowerment: The 2023-2024 Activity Report in Global Advocacy and Solidarity. 19 June 2024. unpo.org. 2 November 2009.
7. Book: Simmons. Mary Kate. 1996. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Yearbook 1995. Kluwer Law International. 90-411-0223-X. 36779050. 1–3.
8. Book: UNPO 20th Anniversary Publication: Twenty Years of Promoting Nonviolence, Human Rights and Self Determination. UNPO. 2011. The Hague, Netherlands. 6 September 2012. 5 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120805064717/http://www.unpo.org/downloads/428.pdf. live.
9. News: World's wanna-be republics find a home with UNPO. Ron. Gluckman. Asiaweek. 1998. 4 November 2010. 25 November 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101125105456/http://gluckman.com/unpo.html. live.
10. Web site: UNPO: UNPO Covenant. UNPO. 21 December 2019. 15 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191115101506/https://unpo.org/section/2/1. live.
11. Book: Bob, Clifford. The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism. Cambridge University Press. 2005. 47–48, 76–77.
12. Web site: Members. UNPO. 10 December 2021. 17 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190617125325/https://unpo.org/members.php. live.
13. Web site: UNPO: Abkhazia. UNPO. 24 January 2019. 16 February 2015. 23 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191023173527/https://unpo.org/members/7854. live.
14. Web site: UNPO: Acheh. UNPO. 18 November 2022. 19 January 2018. 23 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190723172333/https://unpo.org/members/7786. live.
15. Web site: The UNPO approves three resolutions proposed by Assemblea, while revalidating the presidency of the international organisation. 14 May 2024.
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43. Web site: UNPO: South Moluccas. UNPO. 24 January 2019. 25 March 2008. 15 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201015221601/https://unpo.org/members/7907. live.
44. Web site: UNPO: Southern Azerbaijan. UNPO. 24 January 2019. 31 January 2017. 6 August 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100806115144/https://unpo.org/members/7884. live.
45. Web site: UNPO: Southern Mongolia. UNPO. 24 January 2019. 25 March 2008. 8 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308021016/https://unpo.org/members/7883. live.
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48. Web site: UNPO: West Balochistan. UNPO. 24 January 2019. 22 August 2017. 23 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191023213028/https://unpo.org/members/7922. live.
49. Web site: UNPO: Western Togoland. UNPO. 24 January 2019. 15 November 2017. 23 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190723205737/https://unpo.org/members/20425. live.
50. Web site: UNPO: West Papua. UNPO. 24 January 2019. 15 October 2014. 23 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191023214017/https://unpo.org/members/7843. live.
51. Web site: UNPO: Aboriginals of Australia. UNPO. 24 January 2019. 6 June 2018. 26 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190126060908/https://unpo.org/members/20836. live.
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62. Web site: UNPO: Cabinda. UNPO. 18 November 2022. 6 June 2018. 5 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221005060942/https://unpo.org/members/20852. live.
63. Web site: UNPO: Chameria. UNPO. 24 January 2019. 6 July 2017. 23 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191023184238/https://unpo.org/members/20197. live.
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67. Web site: UNPO: Circassia. UNPO. 24 January 2019. 6 June 2018. 26 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190126113802/https://unpo.org/members/20855. live.
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69. Web site: UNPO: Degar-Montagnards. UNPO. 24 January 2019. 6 June 2018. 26 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190126060951/https://unpo.org/members/20847. live.
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