2008 United States presidential election in Virginia explained

Election Name:2008 United States presidential election in Virginia
Country:Virginia
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:2004 United States presidential election in Virginia
Previous Year:2004
Next Election:2012 United States presidential election in Virginia
Next Year:2012
Election Date:November 4, 2008
Turnout:74.0% 3.2[1]
Image1:Obama portrait crop.jpg
Nominee1:Barack Obama
Party1:Democratic Party (United States)
Home State1:Illinois
Running Mate1:Joe Biden
Electoral Vote1:13
Popular Vote1:1,959,532
Percentage1:52.63%
Nominee2:John McCain
Party2:Republican Party (United States)
Home State2:Arizona
Running Mate2:Sarah Palin
Electoral Vote2:0
Popular Vote2:1,725,005
Percentage2:46.33%
Map Size:436px
President
Before Election:George W. Bush
Before Party:Republican Party (United States)
After Election:Barack Obama
After Party:Democratic Party (United States)

The 2008 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 4, 2008, which was part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Virginia was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama by a 6.3% margin of victory. Prior to the election, 16 of 17 news organizations considered this a state Obama would win, or otherwise a likely blue state, despite the fact that Virginia had not voted for a Democratic presidential nominee since Lyndon B. Johnson's 44-state landslide in 1964. The financial meltdown, changing demographics, and population increases in voter-rich Northern Virginia helped make the state more competitive for Obama. His victory marked a powerful shift in the political climate in Virginia, as the state would go on to vote for the Democratic presidential nominee in every election thereafter.

This also marked the first presidential election since 1924 in which Virginia voted for the Democratic presidential candidate whilst neighboring West Virginia voted for the Republican candidate; in every election since, both states have voted for those respective parties. Despite Obama's victory, Virginia's margin was 0.97% more Republican than the national average, though it would be the last time Virginia voted more Republican than the nation., this is the last election in which King and Queen County voted for the Democratic candidate.

Primaries

Campaign

Virginia was one of the first Southern states to break away from its traditional Democratic roots. It voted for Dwight Eisenhower by a convincing margin in 1952, and voted for every Republican nominee since then save for Johnson's massive landslide in 1964.

However, the Democrats had made big gains in recent years with winning two gubernatorial races in a row, regaining control of the Virginia Senate, and electing Democrat Jim Webb to the U.S. Senate over incumbent Republican George Allen in 2006. Democrats made such gains in part due to the ever-expanding Northern Virginia, particularly the suburbs surrounding Washington, D.C. Historically, this area was strongly Republican. However, in recent years it has been dominated by white liberals who tend to vote Democratic.[2] It was, ultimately, this rapid demographic change that provided a huge new influx of Democratic voters to Virginia.[3]

Both presidential campaigns and the mainstream media treated Virginia as a swing state for most of the campaign. Obama campaigned extensively in Virginia and counted on the booming northern parts of the state for a Democratic victory. Victory in the presidential election for McCain would have been extremely difficult without Virginia; he would have had to win every swing state as well as at least one Democratic-leaning state.

Predictions

There were 16 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day:

!Source!Ranking
D.C. Political Report[4]
Cook Political Report[5]
The Takeaway[6]
Electoral-vote.com[7]
The Washington PostWashington Post[8]
Politico[9]
RealClearPolitics[10]
FiveThirtyEight
CQ Politics[11]
The New York Times[12]
CNN[13]
NPR
MSNBC
Fox News[14]
Associated Press[15]
Rasmussen Reports[16]

Polling

After McCain clinched the Republican Party nomination in early March, he took a wide lead in polls against Obama, averaging almost 50%. But through the summer, polling was nearly dead even, with McCain only slightly leading Obama. After the Lehman Brothers went bankrupt, Obama took a wide lead in the polls. In October, Obama won every single poll taken but one, and reached over 50% in most of them. The final three polls averaged Obama leading 51% to 46%.[17] [18]

Fundraising

Obama raised $17,035,784. McCain raised $16,130,194.[19]

Spending and visits

Obama spent over $26 million to McCain spending just $14 million.[20] The Obama-Biden ticket visited the state 19 times compared to just 10 times for McCain-Palin.[21]

Analysis

On Election Day, early returns showed McCain ahead.[22] This was due in large part to the fact that many of the rural areas began to report first. However, Obama swamped McCain by scoring a near-sweep in Northern Virginia, which reported its returns last.

Obama did exceptionally well throughout the most populous regions of the state. Northern Virginia overwhelmingly supported Obama.[23] In Arlington County and the independent city of Alexandria, the most traditionally Democratic jurisdictions in the region, Obama got over 70% of the vote, improving on Kerry by between 4% and 5% in both. In Fairfax County (the largest county in the state, and a then-traditionally Republican county that Kerry had become the first Democrat in 40 years to carry in 2004) Obama exceeded 60%, improving on Kerry's percentage by just shy of 7%. Just beyond Fairfax, to its south and west, Obama flipped the large counties of Loudoun and Prince William, becoming the first Democrat to carry either since 1964.[24]

The two other major metropolitan areas in the eastern part of the state, Richmond and Hampton Roads, are somewhat less Democratic than Northern Virginia. In both areas, Obama improved significantly on John Kerry's performance.[23] While Obama easily won Richmond itself (which is 57% African American), he also made significant inroads into Richmond's traditionally heavily Republican suburbs. He carried Henrico County with 57% of the vote; that county last supported a Democrat with Harry S. Truman in 1948.[25] In Chesterfield County, Obama did almost 20 points better than Kerry.[26] Both counties had historically been strongly Republican at the national level; Chesterfield had given George W. Bush his largest raw vote margin in Virginia in both 2000 and 2004.

Obama also did very well in Hampton Roads. The four Democratic-leaning cities along the harbor - Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, and Portsmouth - gave him margins exceeding 60%. Obama also split the Republican-leaning cities of Chesapeake and Virginia Beach; he barely won the former and barely lost the latter. Obama's strong performance in the area likely contributed to Democrat Glenn Nye unseating two-term Republican incumbent Thelma Drake in the, a heavy military district which includes all of Virginia Beach and large portions of Norfolk and Hampton. Outside Virginia's three major metropolitan areas, Obama also significantly outperformed Kerry in Albemarle and Montgomery Counties and in a series of independent cities around the state, most significantly Roanoke. Albemarle County surrounds Charlottesville, home to the University of Virginia, and Montgomery County is home to Virginia Tech.

Elsewhere in rural Virginia, however, McCain did well.[26] In the Shenandoah Valley and Southside Virginia, both traditional bases for the Republican Party in Virginia,[27] Obama ran roughly evenly with Kerry; but in southwestern Virginia—at the time one of the more traditionally Democratic regions of the state—McCain outperformed Bush in 2004, even flipping two counties (Buchanan and Dickenson), both of which last voted Republican in 1972; Obama thus became the first Democrat to win the White House without carrying the aforementioned two counties since Woodrow Wilson in 1916. However, without the support of suburban voters in the eastern metropolitan areas of the commonwealth, McCain was ultimately unable to hold Virginia.

During the same election, former Democratic Governor Mark Warner solidly defeated former Governor (and his predecessor) Republican Jim Gilmore by a two-to-one margin for the open U.S. Senate seat vacated by incumbent Republican John Warner (no relation to Mark Warner). Warner received 65.03% of the vote while Gilmore took in 33.73%. Warner won all but five counties in the state. Democrats also picked up three seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. At the state level, Democrats picked up one seat in the Virginia House of Delegates.

Results

United States presidential election in Virginia, 2008[28]
PartyCandidateRunning mateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
DemocraticBarack ObamaJoe Biden 1,959,532 52.63%13
RepublicanJohn McCainSarah Palin1,725,00546.33%0
IndependentMatt Gonzalez11,4830.31%0
LibertarianBob BarrWayne Allyn Root11,0670.30%0
ConstitutionDarrell Castle7,4740.20%0
GreenRosa Clemente2,3440.06%0
Write-ins Write-ins 6,3550.17%0
Totals3,723,260100.00%13
Voter turnout (Voting age population)65.1%

By city/county

County/CityBarack Obama
Democratic		John McCain
Republican		Various candidates
Other parties		MarginTotal
%%%%
Accomack7,60748.69%7,83350.14%1831.17%-226-1.45%15,623
Albemarle29,79258.43%20,57640.36%6161.21%9,21618.07%50,984
Alexandria50,47371.73%19,18127.26%7101.01%31,29244.47%70,364
Alleghany3,55348.22%3,71550.41%1011.37%-162-2.19%7,369
Amelia2,48838.11%3,97060.81%711.08%-1,482-22.70%6,529
Amherst6,09441.46%8,47057.62%1360.92%-2,376-16.16%14,700
Appomattox2,64134.61%4,90364.26%861.13%-2,262-29.65%7,630
Arlington78,99471.71%29,87627.12%1,2831.17%49,11844.59%110,153
Augusta9,82529.47%23,12069.35%3931.18%-13,295-39.88%33,338
Bath1,04342.89%1,34955.47%401.64%-306-12.58%2,432
Bedford11,01730.75%24,42068.16%3931.09%-13,403-37.41%35,830
Bedford City1,20844.18%1,49754.75%291.07%-289-10.57%2,734
Bland86429.20%2,03168.64%642.16%-1,167-39.44%2,959
Botetourt5,69332.71%11,47165.90%2421.39%-5,778-33.19%17,406
Bristol2,66536.21%4,57962.22%1151.57%-1,914-26.01%7,359
Brunswick4,97362.84%2,87736.35%640.81%2,09626.49%7,914
Buchanan4,06346.52%4,54151.99%1301.49%-478-5.47%8,734
Buckingham3,48949.89%3,42849.01%771.10%610.88%6,994
Buena Vista1,10845.73%1,28252.91%331.36%-174-7.18%2,423
Campbell8,09131.34%17,44467.58%2791.08%-9,353-36.24%25,814
Caroline7,16355.45%5,61743.48%1391.07%1,54611.97%12,919
Carroll4,10932.67%8,18765.08%2832.25%-4,078-32.41%12,579
Charles City2,83868.34%1,28831.01%270.65%1,55037.33%4,153
Charlotte2,70543.93%3,37254.77%801.30%-667-10.84%6,157
Charlottesville15,70578.35%4,07820.35%2611.30%11,62758.00%20,044
Chesapeake53,99450.22%52,62548.94%9020.84%1,3691.28%107,521
Chesterfield74,31045.85%86,41353.31%1,3650.84%-12,103-7.46%162,088
Clarke3,45746.52%3,84051.68%1341.80%-383-5.16%7,431
Colonial Heights2,56228.95%6,16169.62%1261.43%-3,599-40.67%8,849
Covington1,30455.40%1,02043.33%301.27%28412.07%2,354
Craig87733.46%1,69564.67%491.87%-818-31.21%2,621
Culpeper8,80244.59%10,71154.26%2281.15%-1,909-9.67%19,741
Cumberland2,25547.73%2,41851.19%511.08%-163-3.46%4,724
Danville12,35259.13%8,36140.02%1770.85%3,99119.11%20,890
Dickenson3,27848.54%3,32449.22%1512.24%-46-0.68%6,753
Dinwiddie6,24648.45%6,52650.62%1200.93%-280-2.17%12,892
Emporia1,70265.04%89734.28%180.68%80530.76%2,617
Essex2,93454.70%2,37944.35%510.95%55510.35%5,364
Fairfax310,35960.12%200,99438.93%4,9010.95%109,36521.19%516,254
Fairfax City6,57557.69%4,69141.16%1321.15%1,88416.53%11,398
Falls Church4,69569.56%1,97029.19%851.25%2,72540.37%6,750
Fauquier14,61642.71%19,22756.19%3761.10%-4,611-13.48%34,219
Floyd2,93739.08%4,44159.09%1381.83%-1,504-20.01%7,516
Fluvanna6,18548.57%6,42050.41%1301.02%-235-1.84%12,735
Franklin9,61837.86%15,41460.68%3691.46%-5,796-22.82%25,401
Franklin City2,81963.68%1,57635.60%320.72%1,24328.08%4,427
Frederick12,96138.56%20,14959.95%5021.49%-7,188-21.39%33,612
Fredericksburg6,15563.60%3,41335.27%1091.13%2,74228.33%9,677
Galax1,05243.80%1,31754.83%331.37%-265-11.03%2,402
Giles3,19240.95%4,46257.24%1411.81%-1,270-16.29%7,795
Gloucester6,91635.98%12,08962.89%2171.13%-5,173-26.91%19,222
Goochland4,81338.31%7,64360.84%1060.85%-2,830-22.53%12,562
Grayson2,48034.35%4,54062.88%2002.77%-2,060-28.53%7,220
Greene3,17438.43%4,98060.29%1061.28%-1,806-21.86%8,260
Greensville3,12263.88%1,72935.38%360.74%1,39328.50%4,887
Halifax8,12648.23%8,60051.04%1240.73%-474-2.81%16,850
Hampton46,91769.05%20,47630.14%5500.81%26,44138.91%67,943
Hanover18,44732.80%37,34466.39%4570.81%-18,897-33.59%56,248
Harrisonburg8,44457.54%6,04841.21%1831.25%2,39616.33%14,675
Henrico86,32355.70%67,38143.48%1,2620.82%18,94212.22%154,966
Henry11,11844.09%13,75854.56%3391.35%-2,640-10.47%25,215
Highland59037.97%93059.85%342.18%-340-21.88%1,554
Hopewell5,28555.49%4,14943.56%900.95%1,13611.93%9,524
Isle of Wight8,57342.87%11,25856.30%1660.83%-2,685-13.43%19,997
James City17,35244.95%20,91254.17%3390.88%-3,560-9.22%38,603
King and Queen1,91851.77%1,76347.58%240.65%1554.19%3,705
King George4,47342.71%5,88856.22%1131.07%-1,415-13.51%10,474
King William3,34439.87%4,96659.20%780.93%-1,622-19.33%8,388
Lancaster3,23546.63%3,64752.57%560.80%-412-5.94%6,938
Lee3,21934.89%5,82563.13%1831.98%-2,606-28.24%9,227
Lexington1,54362.24%91436.87%220.89%62925.37%2,479
Loudoun74,84553.67%63,33645.42%1,2780.91%11,5098.25%139,459
Louisa6,97845.45%8,18253.29%1931.26%-1,204-7.84%15,353
Lunenburg2,70347.84%2,90051.33%470.83%-197-3.49%5,650
Lynchburg16,26947.37%17,63851.36%4341.27%-1,369-3.99%34,341
Madison2,86242.72%3,75856.10%791.18%-896-13.38%6,699
Manassas7,51855.17%5,97543.85%1340.98%1,54311.32%13,627
Manassas Park2,46359.49%1,63439.47%431.04%82920.02%4,140
Martinsville4,13963.48%2,31135.44%701.08%1,82828.04%6,520
Mathews1,93435.55%3,45663.53%500.92%-1,522-27.98%5,440
Mecklenburg7,12747.26%7,81751.83%1380.91%-690-4.57%15,082
Middlesex2,39139.81%3,54559.02%701.17%-1,154-19.21%6,006
Montgomery21,03151.73%19,02846.81%5941.46%2,0034.92%40,653
Nelson4,39153.99%3,64744.84%951.17%7449.15%8,133
New Kent3,49334.96%6,38563.91%1131.13%-2,892-28.95%9,991
Newport News51,97263.93%28,66735.26%6560.81%23,30528.67%81,295
Norfolk62,81971.03%24,81428.06%8130.91%38,00542.97%88,446
Northampton3,80057.70%2,71341.19%731.11%1,08716.51%6,586
Northumberland3,31244.72%4,04154.56%530.72%-729-9.84%7,406
Norton74349.14%74449.21%251.65%-1-0.07%1,512
Nottoway3,41348.84%3,49950.07%761.09%-86-1.23%6,988
Orange7,10744.98%8,50653.83%1881.19%-1,399-8.85%15,801
Page4,23540.76%6,04158.15%1131.09%-1,806-17.39%10,389
Patrick2,87933.75%5,49164.37%1611.88%-2,612-30.62%8,531
Petersburg13,77488.64%1,58310.19%1831.17%12,19178.45%15,540
Pittsylvania11,41537.51%18,73061.55%2880.94%-7,315-24.04%30,433
Poquoson1,74824.74%5,22974.01%881.25%-3,481-49.27%7,065
Portsmouth32,32769.27%13,98429.97%3540.76%18,34339.30%46,665
Powhatan4,23729.31%10,08869.78%1310.91%-5,851-40.47%14,456
Prince Edward5,10154.34%4,17444.46%1131.20%9279.88%9,388
Prince George7,13044.55%8,75254.68%1240.77%-1,622-10.13%16,006
Prince William93,43557.52%67,62141.63%1,3900.85%25,81415.89%162,446
Pulaski5,91839.32%8,85758.85%2751.83%-2,939-19.53%15,050
Radford2,93053.97%2,41844.54%811.49%5129.43%5,429
Rappahannock2,10547.79%2,22750.56%731.65%-122-2.77%4,405
Richmond1,61843.20%2,09255.86%350.94%-474-12.66%3,745
Richmond City73,62379.09%18,64920.03%8130.88%54,97459.06%93,085
Roanoke19,81238.87%30,57159.97%5921.16%-10,759-21.10%50,975
Roanoke City24,93461.15%15,39437.76%4441.09%9,54023.39%40,772
Rockbridge4,34742.64%5,73256.22%1161.14%-1,385-13.58%10,195
Rockingham10,45331.36%22,46867.40%4131.24%-12,015-36.04%33,334
Russell4,93242.91%6,38955.59%1731.50%-1,457-12.68%11,494
Salem5,16441.63%7,08857.13%1541.24%-1,924-15.50%12,406
Scott2,72527.59%6,98070.68%1701.73%-4,255-43.09%9,875
Shenandoah6,91235.96%12,00562.45%3061.59%-5,093-26.49%19,223
Smyth4,23934.46%7,81763.54%2462.00%-3,578-29.08%12,302
Southampton4,40248.55%4,58350.55%820.90%-181-2.00%9,067
Spotsylvania24,89746.05%28,61052.91%5621.04%-3,713-6.86%54,069
Stafford25,71646.37%29,22152.69%5180.94%-3,505-6.32%55,455
Staunton5,56950.56%5,33048.39%1161.05%2392.17%11,015
Suffolk22,44656.24%17,16543.01%2970.75%5,28113.23%39,908
Surry2,62660.72%1,66338.45%360.83%96322.27%4,325
Sussex3,30161.55%2,02637.78%360.67%1,27523.77%5,363
Tazewell5,59632.80%11,20165.65%2641.55%-5,605-32.85%17,061
Virginia Beach98,88549.14%100,31949.85%2,0451.01%-1,434-0.71%201,249
Warren6,99743.39%8,87955.06%2501.55%-1,882-11.67%16,126
Washington8,06332.91%16,07765.62%3601.47%-8,014-32.71%24,500
Waynesboro3,90644.09%4,81554.35%1391.56%-909-10.26%8,860
Westmoreland4,57754.64%3,71944.40%810.96%85810.24%8,377
Williamsburg4,32863.77%2,35334.67%1060.95%1,97529.10%6,787
Winchester5,26852.02%4,72546.66%1331.32%5435.36%10,126
Wise4,99535.33%8,91463.05%2291.62%-3,919-27.72%14,138
Wythe4,10732.88%8,20765.70%1771.42%-4,100-32.82%12,491
York13,70040.42%19,83358.51%3641.07%-6,133-18.09%33,897
Totals1,959,53252.63%1,725,00546.33%38,7231.04%234,5276.30%3,723,260

Counties and independent cities that flipped from Democratic to Republican

Counties and independent cities that flipped from Republican to Democratic

By congressional district

Barack Obama carried 6 of the state's 11 congressional districts. Both candidates carried two districts won by the other party.

DistrictMcCainObamaRepresentative
51.35%47.67%Jo Ann Davis (110th Congress)
Robert J. Wittman (111th Congress)
48.48%50.45%Thelma Drake (110th Congress)
Glenn Nye (111th Congress)
23.74%75.52%Robert C. Scott
48.80%50.33%Randy Forbes
50.59%48.29%Virgil Goode (110th Congress)
Tom Perriello (111th Congress)
56.93%41.85%Bob Goodlatte
53.16%45.89%Eric Cantor
29.65%69.28%Jim Moran
58.71%39.60%Rick Boucher
46.06%52.90%Frank Wolf
42.06%57.01%Thomas M. Davis (110th Congress)
Gerry Connolly (111th Congress)

Electors

See main article: List of 2008 United States presidential electors.

Technically the voters of Virginia cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Virginia is allocated 13 electors because it has 11 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 13 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 13 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them.[29] An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 13 were pledged to Barack Obama and Joe Biden:[30]

  1. Christia Rey
  2. Sandra Brandt
  3. Betty Squire
  4. Susan Johnston Rowland
  5. Marc Finney
  6. Dorothy Blackwell
  7. James Harold Allen Boyd
  8. Marian Van Landingham
  9. Robert Edgar Childress
  10. Rolland Winter
  11. Janet Carver
  12. Michael Jon
  13. Sophie Ann Salley

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Registration/Turnout Statistics. Virginia Department of Elections. 2018-09-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20181018023154/https://www.elections.virginia.gov/resultsreports/registration-statistics/registrationturnout-statistics/index.html. 2018-10-18. dead.
  2. Web site: Back to the Future - The American Prospect. 12 July 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070712135150/http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=back_to_the_future061807. 2007-07-12.
  3. News: Continetti. Matthew. October 2, 2006. George Allen Monkeys Around. The Weekly Standard. 12. 3. 2009-05-31.
  4. Web site: 2009-01-01. D.C.'s Political Report: The complete source for campaign summaries.. 2021-08-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20090101161206/http://www.dcpoliticalreport.com/Predictions.html. 2009-01-01.
  5. Web site: 2015-05-05. Presidential. 2021-08-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20150505003043/http://cookpolitical.com/presidential. 2015-05-05.
  6. Web site: 2009-04-22. Vote 2008 - The Takeaway - Track the Electoral College vote predictions. 2021-08-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20090422070127/http://vote2008.thetakeaway.org/2008/09/20/track-the-electoral-college-vote-predictions/. 2009-04-22.
  7. Web site: Electoral-vote.com: President, Senate, House Updated Daily. 2021-08-23. electoral-vote.com.
  8. Based on Takeaway
  9. Web site: POLITICO's 2008 Swing State Map - POLITICO.com. 2016-09-22. www.politico.com.
  10. Web site: RealClearPolitics - Electoral Map. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080605003612/http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/maps/obama_vs_mccain/?map=5. 2008-06-05.
  11. Web site: CQ Presidential Election Maps, 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090614004022/http://innovation.cq.com/prezMap08. June 14, 2009. December 20, 2009. CQ Politics.
  12. News: Nagourney. Adam. Zeleny. Jeff. Carter. Shan. 2008-11-04. The Electoral Map: Key States. The New York Times. May 26, 2010.
  13. News: 2008-10-31. October  - 2008  - CNN Political Ticker - CNN.com Blogs. CNN. May 26, 2010. 2010-06-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20100619013250/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/10/. dead.
  14. News: April 27, 2010. Winning The Electoral College. Fox News.
  15. Web site: roadto270. 2016-09-22. hosted.ap.org.
  16. Web site: Election 2008: Electoral College Update - Rasmussen Reports. 2016-09-22. www.rasmussenreports.com.
  17. Web site: 2008 - Virginia: McCain vs. Obama - RealClearPolitics. www.realclearpolitics.com.
  18. Web site: Election 2008 Polls - Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20081023095803/http://www.uselectionatlas.org/POLLS/PRESIDENT/2008/pollsa.php?fips=51. 2008-10-23.
  19. Web site: Presidential Campaign Finance . 2009-08-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090324090057/http://www.fec.gov/DisclosureSearch/MapAppState.do?stateName=VA&cand_id=P00000001 . 2009-03-24 . dead .
  20. News: Map: Campaign Ad Spending - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com . CNN . 2010-05-26.
  21. News: Map: Campaign Candidate Visits - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com . CNN . 2010-05-26.
  22. News: Election 2008: Time lapse of U.S. counties. USA Today. 4 July 2008. 2009-05-31.
  23. Web site: Leip. David. 2008 Presidential General Election Results. 2009-05-31. David Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
  24. Web site: Evie Stone. NPR. 372 Counties Flipped In '08. 2024-05-03.
  25. [Chuck Todd|Todd, Chuck]
  26. News: Election Results 2008 . New York Times . 2009-05-31 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20041103020223/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/history/ch13.htm . November 3, 2004 .
  27. Web site: Trende. Sean. Sean Trende. 19 February 2009. Virginia Governor's Preview. 2009-05-31. RealClearPolitics. The question in Virginia is always whether the Republican Party can hold together its somewhat unwieldy three-legged coalition of historically Republican Virginians in the mountainous Appalachian western portion of the state, social conservatives in the rural areas east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and suburbanites in Northern Virginia and in the Richmond/Hampton Roads areas. Why this coalition is having troubles recently could fill a book. For our purposes, we will oversimplify somewhat and observe the following..
  28. Web site: Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 4, 2008 . 63 & 64.
  29. Web site: Electoral College . 2008-11-01 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081030041546/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/elections_ec.htm . October 30, 2008 .
  30. Web site: President and Vice President November 4, 2008 General Election - Electors Names and Addresses . September 9, 2008 . Commonwealth of Virginia State Board of Elections . March 18, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110604225700/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/cms/documents/08PVPGEN_CAN.pdf . June 4, 2011 .

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