2012 United States presidential election in Iowa explained

See main article: 2012 United States presidential election.

Election Name:2012 United States presidential election in Iowa
Country:Iowa
Flag Image:Flag of Iowa (xrmap collection).svg
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:2008 United States presidential election in Iowa
Previous Year:2008
Election Date:November 6, 2012
Next Election:2016 United States presidential election in Iowa
Next Year:2016
Image1:President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg
Nominee1:Barack Obama
Party1:Democratic Party (United States)
Home State1:Illinois
Running Mate1:Joe Biden
Electoral Vote1:6
Popular Vote1:822,544
Percentage1:51.99%
Map Size:280px
President
Before Election:Barack Obama
Before Party:Democratic Party (United States)
After Election:Barack Obama
After Party:Democratic Party (United States)
Nominee2:Mitt Romney
Party2:Republican Party (United States)
Home State2:Massachusetts
Running Mate2:Paul Ryan
Electoral Vote2:0
Popular Vote2:730,617
Percentage2:46.18%

The 2012 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 6, 2012, as part of the 2012 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Iowa voters chose six electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and his running mate, Vice President Joe Biden, against Republican challenger and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and his running mate, Congressman Paul Ryan.

Obama won Iowa with 51.99% of the vote to Romney's 46.18%, a Democratic victory margin of 5.81% - a markedly closer result than in 2008, when the Democrats won Iowa with a margin of 9.54%. Romney picked up wins in 16 counties that Obama had won in 2008, most of which were in the western half of the state, while only one county, (Woodbury), flipped in the opposite direction.

As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last time that a Democratic presidential nominee has carried Iowa, any of its congressional districts, or the following counties: Allamakee, Boone, Bremer, Buchanan, Cedar, Cerro Gordo, Chickasaw, Clarke, Clayton, Clinton, Des Moines, Dubuque, Fayette, Floyd, Howard, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jones, Lee, Louisa, Marshall, Mitchell, Muscatine, Poweshiek, Tama, Union, Wapello, Webster, Winneshiek, Woodbury, and Worth.

Caucuses

Democratic caucuses

See main article: 2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries.

Election Name:2012 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses
Country:Iowa
Flag Image:Flag of Iowa (xrmap collection).svg
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:2008 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses
Previous Year:2008
Next Election:2016 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses
Next Year:2016
Image1:President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg
Candidate1:Barack Obama
Home State1:Illinois
2Blank:Percentage (of SDEs)
Delegate Count1:62
1Data1:8,065
2Data1:95%
Candidate2:Uncommitted
Home State2:N/A
Delegate Count2:3
1Data2:87
2Data2:5%
Color1:1E90FF
Color2:000000

On January 3, 2012, the Iowa Democratic Party held statewide caucuses to select delegates to the county conventions.[1] Incumbent Barack Obama ran unopposed.[1] However, caucus goers also had the option of voting "uncommitted" rather than supporting Obama, and some Occupy movement and anti-war activists urged Democrats to vote "uncommitted" in protest of the Obama administration.[2] [3] [4] Of the 8,152 county convention delegates that were elected by the caucuses, 8,065 (99%) were for Obama and 87 (1%) were uncommitted.[5] In the floor vote taken at the Democratic National Convention, 62 Iowa state delegates voted for Obama.[6] The other 3 of the state's 65 allocated votes were not announced.[6]

Republican caucuses

See main article: 2012 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses.

Election Name:2012 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses
Country:Iowa
Flag Image:Flag of Iowa (xrmap collection).svg
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:2008 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses
Previous Year:2008
Next Election:2016 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses
Next Year:2016
Image1:Ron Paul by Gage Skidmore 3 crop.jpg
Candidate1:Ron Paul
Home State1:Texas
Delegate Count1:22
Popular Vote1:26,036
Percentage1:21.43%
Color1:ffcc00
Candidate2:Mitt Romney
Home State2:Massachusetts
Delegate Count2:6
Popular Vote2:29,805
Percentage2:24.53%
Color2:ff6600
Image3:Rick Santorum by Gage Skidmore (crop 2).jpg
Candidate3:Rick Santorum
Home State3:Pennsylvania
Delegate Count3:0
Popular Vote3:29,839
Percentage3:24.56%
Color3:008000
Image4:Newt Gingrich by Gage Skidmore 3 (cropped).jpg
Candidate4:Newt Gingrich
Home State4:Georgia
Delegate Count4:0
Popular Vote4:16,163
Percentage4:13.30%
Color4:800080
Image5:Rick Perry by Gage Skidmore 4 (cropped).jpg
Candidate5:Rick Perry
Home State5:Texas
Delegate Count5:0
Popular Vote5:12,557
Percentage5:10.33%
Color5:000080
Map Size:275px

The 2012 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses took place on January 3, 2012.

Using the media's generally accepted definition of the Iowa Republican caucus as the non-binding secret polling at caucus sites and using the incomplete data available, the 2012 Iowa Republican caucus was the closest race in Iowa caucus history with only a thirty-four vote margin (about of a percent) separating former Senator Rick Santorum of Pennsylvania, who received 29,839 votes (24.56%), and former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney, who received 29,805 votes (24.53%). Representative Ron Paul of Texas ran a close third, receiving 26,036 votes (21.43%).

Trailing were former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich (16,163 votes, 13.30%), Texas governor Rick Perry (12,557 votes, 10.33%), and Representative Michele Bachmann (6,046 votes, 4.98%). Former Utah governor and ambassador to China Jon Huntsman, Jr., who skipped campaigning in Iowa to focus on the New Hampshire primary,[7] received 739 votes (0.61%).[8]

In total, 121,501 votes were recorded,[8] setting a record for Iowa Republican caucus turnout;[9] this record was broken in the 2016 election by more than 60,000 votes.[10] However, this total was still far less than the all-time Iowa caucus record in the 2008 Democratic Iowa caucuses, in which 239,000 Democrats voted. The 121,501 votes represent 19.8 percent of active registered Republicans in the state[11] and just 5.4 percent of all Iowans eligible to vote.[12]

However, the vote totals of eight precincts were never counted, so the vote totals are not really known.

The secret polling results at Republican caucus sites were unrelated to the delegate selection process in 2012, although that has been changed for the 2016 election cycle.

If the Iowa 2012 Republican caucuses were regarded as the start of the Republican delegate selection process for the 2012 United States presidential election, the real caucus process was the election of Republican delegates to the county conventions, who would eventually determine the delegates at the state convention in June 2012. This would, in turn, determine the Iowa delegates who would attend the Republican National Convention in August, 2012.

This process rewarded campaign organizations that could not only get supporters to the caucus sites, but get supporters who would be willing to serve as delegates to county conventions and beyond. As a result, Ron Paul was ultimately able to win 22 of the 28 delegates to the national convention and Mitt Romney won the other six.

The 2011–2012 pre-caucus poll results for Iowa had highly volatile results; Gallup polls showed the leading candidate in Iowa change seven times from May 2011 until the caucuses.[13] The 2012 caucuses also set a new record for political expenditures, with $12 million being spent, two-thirds of it from "super PACs" which dominated the campaigns by running highly negative attack ads.[14]

In the August 13 Ames Straw Poll, a traditional straw poll held in Iowa Republican caucuses, Bachmann narrowly defeated Paul, with Minnesota governor Tim Pawlenty trailing in third. Following his disappointing showing, Pawlenty dropped out of the race.[15] [16]

Three candidates' debates were held in Iowa over the course the campaign: one on August 11 in Ames ahead of the straw poll; one on December 10, 2011, in Des Moines, and one on December 15 in Sioux City. Several other joint candidates' appearances took place during the caucus campaign outside Iowa.[17]

The day after her unsatisfactory sixth-place performance in Iowa, Bachmann announced she was dropping out of the presidential race.[18] [19] Following his low fifth-place finish, Perry initially announced he was "reassessing" his campaign "to determine whether there is a path forward," but subsequently stated that he would continue on to New Hampshire and South Carolina.[20] [21] [22] [23]

Iowa Republican caucuses, January 3, 2012
CandidateVotesPercentageProjected delegate countActual
delegates
CNN
[24] 		FOX
[25]
Rick Santorum29,83924.56%7120
Mitt Romney29,80524.53%7126
Ron Paul26,03621.43%7022
Newt Gingrich16,16313.30%200
Rick Perry12,55710.33%000
Michele Bachmann6,0464.98%000
Jon Huntsman7390.61%000
Herman Cain (write-in)450.04%000
Sarah Palin (write-in)230.02%000
Buddy Roemer (write-in)170.01%000
Fred Karger (write-in)100.01%000
Gary Johnson (write-in)80.01%000
Donald Trump (write-in)50.00%000
Paul Ryan (write-in)30.00%000
Rudy Giuliani (write-in)20.00%000
Mike Huckabee (write-in)20.00%000
Ben Lange (write-in)20.00%000
Roy Moore (write-in)20.00%000
Tim Pawlenty (write-in)20.00%000
Condoleezza Rice (write-in)20.00%000
Jared Blankenship (write-in)10.00%000
Pat Buchanan (write-in)10.00%000
John McCain (write-in)10.00%000
Ralph Nader (write-in)10.00%000
Robert Ray (write-in)10.00%000
Scott Walker (write-in)10.00%000
No Preference1470.12%000
Other400.03%000
Unprojected delegates:54—
Total:121,501100.00%282828

General election

Candidates

There were eight candidates on the Iowa ballot in the general election: the two major-party candidates (Barack Obama and Mitt Romney) and six minor candidates.[26]

Polling

Analysts considered Iowa to be a toss-up state—one which either major candidate could plausibly win.[30] A majority of statewide opinion polls have shown Obama tied with or leading Romney.[31], polling aggregator FiveThirtyEight estimates that there is a 66% likelihood that Obama will win Iowa's electoral votes.[32] Up until September 2012, polling showed a close race with Obama narrowly leading. In late September 2012, Obama gained momentum and this continued through the first three weeks of October 2012, where he won almost every poll in that time period. In October, when Romney gained momentum in other states, Obama won the majority of the polls conducted. Romney ended up winning the second to last poll, but other than that, Obama won every poll in the last week. The final poll showed Obama leading 50% to 48%, while an average of the last 3 polls showed Obama leading 48% to 46%.[33]

Results

2012 United States presidential election in Iowa[34]
PartyCandidateRunning mateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
DemocraticBarack Obama (incumbent)Joe Biden (incumbent)822,54451.99%6
RepublicanMitt RomneyPaul Ryan730,61746.18%0
LibertarianJim Gray12,9260.82%0
GreenJill SteinCheri Honkala3,7690.24%0
ConstitutionVirgil GoodeJim Clymer3,0380.19%0
IndependentJim Litzel1,1960.07%0
Alyson Kennedy4450.03%0
Socialism and LiberationGloria La RivaStefanie Beacham3720.02%0
OthersOthersWrite-Ins8,4690.53%0
Totals1,582,180100.00%6

By county

Barack Obama won 38 counties and Mitt Romney won 61 counties. Barack Obama won majorities in terms of the popular vote percentages in 35 counties and won pluralities in terms of the popular vote percentages in 3 counties. Mitt Romney won majorites in terms of the popular vote percentages in 57 counties and won pluralities in terms of the popular vote percentages in 4 counties.

CountyBarack Obama
Democratic		Mitt Romney
Republican		Various candidates
Other parties		MarginTotal votes cast
%%%%
Adair1,79044.79%2,11452.90%922.31%-324-8.11%3,996
Adams1,02847.05%1,10850.71%492.24%-80-3.66%2,185
Allamakee3,55351.24%3,26447.07%1171.69%2894.17%6,934
Appanoose2,95147.25%3,16150.62%1332.13%-210-3.37%6,245
Audubon1,61146.60%1,80252.13%441.27%-191-5.53%3,457
Benton6,86248.93%6,94049.49%2211.58%-78-0.56%14,023
Black Hawk39,82159.31%26,23539.07%1,0851.62%13,58620.24%67,141
Boone7,51252.21%6,55645.57%3202.22%9566.64%14,388
Bremer6,76350.67%6,40547.99%1781.34%3582.68%13,346
Buchanan5,91156.11%4,45042.24%1741.65%1,46113.87%10,535
Buena Vista3,70044.14%4,55454.32%1291.54%-854-10.18%8,383
Butler3,32944.12%4,10654.42%1101.46%-777-10.30%7,545
Calhoun2,23842.79%2,89155.28%1011.93%-653-12.49%5,230
Carroll4,94746.35%5,60152.47%1261.18%-654-6.12%10,674
Cass2,85839.67%4,21758.53%1301.80%-1,359-18.86%7,205
Cedar4,97251.53%4,52946.94%1481.53%4434.59%9,649
Cerro Gordo13,31655.89%10,12842.51%3801.60%3,18813.38%23,824
Cherokee2,63441.06%3,66257.08%1191.86%-1,028-16.02%6,415
Chickasaw3,55454.81%2,83643.74%941.45%71811.07%6,484
Clarke2,18949.41%2,12447.95%1172.64%651.46%4,430
Clay3,38539.81%4,95158.23%1661.96%-1,566-18.42%8,502
Clayton4,80652.59%4,16445.57%1681.84%6427.02%9,138
Clinton15,14160.56%9,43237.73%4271.71%5,70922.83%25,000
Crawford3,06645.41%3,59553.24%911.35%-529-7.83%6,752
Dallas16,57643.49%20,98855.06%5521.45%-4,412-11.57%38,116
Davis1,52040.29%2,13856.67%1153.04%-618-16.38%3,773
Decatur1,79146.73%1,94750.80%952.47%-156-4.07%3,833
Delaware4,61649.22%4,63649.43%1261.35%-20-0.21%9,378
Des Moines11,88858.32%8,13639.91%3611.77%3,75218.41%20,385
Dickinson4,09540.31%5,91258.19%1521.50%-1,817-17.88%10,159
Dubuque28,76856.53%21,28041.81%8461.66%7,48814.72%50,894
Emmet2,09944.78%2,50753.49%811.73%-408-8.71%4,687
Fayette5,73255.30%4,49243.33%1421.37%1,24011.97%10,366
Floyd4,68056.68%3,47242.05%1051.27%1,20814.63%8,257
Franklin2,26643.69%2,82354.44%971.87%-557-10.75%5,186
Fremont1,63744.63%1,97253.76%591.61%-335-9.13%3,668
Greene2,37549.01%2,38049.11%911.88%-5-0.10%4,846
Grundy2,63537.85%4,21560.54%1121.61%-1,580-22.69%6,962
Guthrie2,56943.63%3,17153.86%1482.51%-602-10.23%5,888
Hamilton3,78247.71%3,99150.35%1541.94%-209-2.64%7,927
Hancock2,52142.55%3,31755.98%871.47%-796-13.43%5,925
Hardin4,07545.80%4,67052.48%1531.72%-595-6.68%8,898
Harrison3,13642.83%4,06555.52%1211.65%-929-12.69%7,322
Henry4,46045.99%5,03551.92%2022.09%-575-5.93%9,697
Howard2,76859.59%1,79538.64%821.77%97320.95%4,645
Humboldt1,97238.23%3,09960.08%871.69%-1,127-21.85%5,158
Ida1,32136.06%2,28662.41%561.53%-965-26.35%3,663
Iowa4,14446.74%4,56951.53%1531.73%-425-4.79%8,866
Jackson5,90757.67%4,17740.78%1581.55%1,73016.89%10,242
Jasper10,25752.56%8,87745.49%3811.95%1,3807.07%19,515
Jefferson4,79856.25%3,43640.28%2963.47%1,36215.97%8,530
Johnson50,66666.69%23,69831.19%1,6132.12%26,96835.50%75,977
Jones5,53452.96%4,72145.18%1941.86%8137.78%10,449
Keokuk2,30343.73%2,84353.99%1202.28%-540-10.26%5,266
Kossuth3,85043.15%4,93755.33%1361.52%-1,087-12.18%8,923
Lee10,71456.65%7,78541.17%4122.18%2,92915.48%18,911
Linn68,58157.90%47,62240.20%2,2501.90%20,95917.70%118,453
Louisa2,45249.36%2,42048.71%961.93%320.65%4,968
Lucas1,98745.96%2,25452.14%821.90%-267-6.18%4,323
Lyon1,42321.86%4,97876.48%1081.66%-3,555-54.62%6,509
Madison3,63042.92%4,63854.84%1902.24%-1,008-11.92%8,458
Mahaska4,21338.71%6,44859.25%2222.04%-2,235-20.54%10,883
Marion7,50742.44%9,82855.57%3521.99%-2,321-13.13%17,687
Marshall10,25753.80%8,47244.44%3351.76%1,7859.36%19,064
Mills2,84839.49%4,21658.46%1482.05%-1,368-18.97%7,212
Mitchell2,83150.68%2,64347.31%1122.01%1883.37%5,586
Monona2,10144.31%2,55753.92%841.77%-456-9.61%4,742
Monroe1,73145.20%2,02652.90%731.90%-295-7.70%3,830
Montgomery1,92238.25%3,00159.72%1022.03%-1,079-21.47%5,025
Muscatine11,32357.00%8,16841.12%3741.88%3,15515.88%19,865
O'Brien1,96926.82%5,26671.73%1061.45%-3,297-44.91%7,341
Osceola91228.55%2,23069.82%521.63%-1,318-41.27%3,194
Page2,61336.91%4,34861.42%1181.67%-1,735-24.51%7,079
Palo Alto2,13943.77%2,66054.43%881.80%-521-10.66%4,887
Plymouth4,16432.15%8,59766.39%1891.46%-4,433-34.24%12,950
Pocahontas1,52337.77%2,39659.42%1132.81%-873-21.65%4,032
Polk128,46556.13%96,09641.98%4,3211.89%32,36914.15%228,882
Pottawattamie19,64446.44%21,86051.68%7971.88%-2,216-5.24%42,301
Poweshiek5,35753.70%4,42444.35%1941.95%9339.35%9,975
Ringgold1,18645.63%1,36852.64%451.73%-182-7.01%2,599
Sac2,12240.11%3,09458.48%751.41%-972-18.37%5,291
Scott50,65256.12%38,25142.38%1,3601.50%12,40113.74%90,263
Shelby2,46938.08%3,91160.33%1031.59%-1,442-22.25%6,483
Sioux2,70015.60%14,40783.24%2011.16%-11,707-67.64%17,308
Story26,19255.55%19,66841.71%1,2902.74%6,52413.84%47,150
Tama4,76852.88%4,09845.45%1511.67%6707.43%9,017
Taylor1,26242.14%1,68356.19%501.67%-421-14.05%2,995
Union3,04351.08%2,81347.22%1011.70%2303.86%5,957
Van Buren1,40239.28%2,06457.83%1032.89%-662-18.55%3,569
Wapello8,66354.93%6,78943.05%3182.02%1,87411.88%15,770
Warren12,55148.14%13,05250.06%4691.80%-501-1.92%26,072
Washington5,11546.48%5,56250.55%3272.97%-447-4.07%11,004
Wayne1,25143.14%1,58354.59%662.27%-332-11.45%2,900
Webster9,53752.14%8,46946.30%2861.56%1,0685.84%18,292
Winnebago2,90349.05%2,90649.10%1091.85%-3-0.05%5,918
Winneshiek6,25656.44%4,62241.70%2061.86%1,63414.74%11,084
Woodbury22,30249.54%21,84148.52%8761.94%4611.02%45,019
Worth2,35056.33%1,74441.80%781.87%60614.53%4,172
Wright2,83645.17%3,34953.35%931.48%-513-8.18%6,278
Total822,54451.99%730,61746.18%29,0191.83%91,9275.81%1,582,180

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

By congressional district

Obama won 3 of the 4 congressional districts, including one held by a Republican.[35]

DistrictRomneyObamaRepresentative
42.53%56.2%Bruce Braley
42.74%55.78%Dave Loebsack
47.16%51.45%Tom Latham
53.42%45.26%Steve King

See also

External links

for Iowa

Major state elections in chronological order.

Notes and References

  1. News: David. Espo. Thomas. Beaumont. The Virginian-Pilot. Associated Press. January 4, 2012. A1.
  2. John. Nichols. John Nichols (journalist). Iowa Challenge for Obama: Dem Caucus Votes for 'Uncommitted' Slate. The Nation. December 20, 2011. October 22, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120210050014/http://www.thenation.com/blog/165247/occupy-iowa-caucus-urges-dems-back-uncommitted-slate. February 10, 2012. live. mdy-all.
  3. News: Dora. Grote. The Daily Iowan. Iowa City doves urge Democrats not to caucus for Obama. October 22, 2012. July 29, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120729083800/http://www.dailyiowan.com/2011/12/14/Metro/26412.html. dead. mdy-all.
  4. Matt. Pearce. Salon. January 4, 2012. October 22, 2012. The complete failure (and unnoticed success) of Occupy Iowa Caucus. October 22, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121022111144/http://www.salon.com/2012/01/04/the_complete_failure_and_unnoticed_success_of_occupy_iowa/singleton/. live. mdy-all.
  5. Web site: Caucus Night Reporting. https://archive.today/20130415034307/http://iowademocrats.org/caucus/results/. dead. April 15, 2013. October 22, 2012. Iowa Democratic Party. 2012.
  6. Web site: 2012 Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions: Iowa Democrat. The Green Papers. 2012. October 22, 2012.
  7. Holly Ramer, "Huntsman: Republican race wide open in Iowa's wake" (January 4, 2012). Associated Press.
  8. Web site: 2012 Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions: Iowa Republican. The Green Papers. 2012. October 22, 2012.
  9. Web site: No 'official' Iowa caucus winner, but Santorum got most votes. Iowa Caucus. The Gazette. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. January 19, 2012. Rod. Boshart. October 23, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121103181116/http://iowacaucus.com/2012/01/19/no-official-iowa-caucus-winner-but-santorum-got-most-votes/. November 3, 2012. dead. mdy-all.
  10. News: Iowa Caucus Results - Election 2016. The New York Times. 2 February 2016.
  11. Web site: Jan. 3, 2012 Iowa Caucus Results. 2012. October 23, 2012. P2012. Democracy in Action. May 13, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120513021127/http://www.p2012.org/chrniowa/ia2012caucusresults.html. dead.
  12. An estimated 2,250,423 Iowans were eligible to vote. Michael McDonald, "2012 Presidential Nomination Contest Turnout Rates " (January 4, 2012). United States Elections Project, George Mason University.
  13. Jedd Rosche, "Iowa Caucuses 2012: By the numbers" (January 2, 2012).
  14. "|newswell|text|FRONTPAGE|p Editorial: In Iowa, a plague of stealth spending" (January 4, 2012). Detroit Free Press.
  15. Peter Hamby, Pawlenty drops out of presidential race" (August 14, 2011). CNN.
  16. Michael D. Shear and Jeff Zeleny, "Pawlenty Drops Out of Republican Race" (August 14, 2011). New York Times.
  17. "2011-2012 Primary Debates -- Schedule .
  18. Sarah Wheaton, "Bachmann Says She Will Not Continue in the Race" (January 4, 2012). New York Times.
  19. "Michele Bachmann drops out of GOP race after Iowa caucuses" (January 4, 2012). Washington Post.
  20. Chris Tomlinson, "Perry leaving 'quirky' Iowa for South Carolina" (January 4, 2012). Associated Press.
  21. Dave Montgomery and Maria Recio, "Texas Gov. Rick Perry decides to stay in presidential race" (January 4, 2012). McClatchy Newspapers.
  22. Associated Press and Philip Elliott, "Perry: Reassessing Bid After Iowa Caucuses (January 4, 2012).
  23. Nicholas Confessore and Katharine Q. Seelye, "Assessment Complete — Perry to Stay in Race" (January 4, 2012), New York Times.
  24. Web site: Results Iowa CNN.
  25. Web site: - Fox News . . 2012-01-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120108232912/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/elections/2012/iowa-caucus-jan-3 . 2012-01-08 . dead .
  26. Web site: Candidate List: November 6, 2012 General Election. October 22, 2012. Iowa Secretary of State. October 18, 2012.
  27. Web site: PSL gains ballot access in 13 states. Party for Socialism and Liberation. 2012. October 22, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121022114118/http://www.pslweb.org/votepsl/2012/statements/psl-on-ballot-in-new-york.html. October 22, 2012. dead. mdy-all.
  28. News: Third-party V.P. candidate finds home in Lincoln. September 2, 2012. October 23, 2012. Nancy. Hicks. Lincoln Journal Star.
  29. News: Ames man gets his name on the ballot. Mike. Malloy. Ames Tribune. August 31, 2012. October 22, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121001144441/http://amestrib.com/sections/news/iowa/ames-man-gets-his-name-ballot.html. October 1, 2012. live. mdy-all.
  30. The Washington Post, CNN, and The Cook Political Report all label Iowa "toss-up".
  31. Web site: Iowa: Romney vs. Obama. RealClearPolitics. October 22, 2012.
  32. News: FiveThirtyEight. Silver. Nate. Nate Silver. The New York Times. October 22, 2012.
  33. Web site: 2012 - Iowa: Romney vs. Obama | RealClearPolitics. www.realclearpolitics.com.
  34. Web site: Iowa Secretary of State General Election Results . 2012-11-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121229103158/http://electionresults.sos.iowa.gov/resultsSW.aspx?type=FED&map=CTY . 2012-12-29 . dead .
  35. Web site: Daily Kos Elections' statewide election results by congressional and legislative districts. Daily Kos. 11 August 2020.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "2012 United States presidential election in Iowa".

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