| Election Name: | 2012 United States presidential debates | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Country: | United States | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Type: | presidential | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ongoing: | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Previous Election: | 2008 United States presidential debates | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Previous Year: | 2008 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Next Election: | 2016 United States presidential debates | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Next Year: | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Election Date: | October 3, 2012 October 16 October 22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Image1: | President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominee1: | Barack Obama | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Party1: | Democratic Party (United States) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home State1: | Illinois | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home State2: | Massachusetts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Party2: | Republican Party (United States) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominee2: | Mitt Romney | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Module: |
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The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) held four United States presidential debates for the 2012 presidential election, slated for various locations around the country in October. Three presidential debates involved the major party nominees Barack Obama and Mitt Romney, while the vice presidential debate involved Joe Biden and Paul Ryan.[1]
The CPD stipulates three criteria for eligibility: constitutionally eligible, appearance on enough ballots to potentially reach 270 electoral votes, and average at least 15% on five selected national polls.[2] Obama and Romney satisfied all requirements to participate. The moderators for the debates were announced on August 13, 2012.[3] [4]
All four debates took place between 9 p.m. and 10:30 p.m. EDT.[5] Subsequently, on October 3, both campaigns executed a memorandum of understanding governing technical and administrative details of the debate.[6] The agreement describes the role of the moderator, rules applicable to each debate, staging and seating arrangements, and ticket distribution, and was signed by Robert Bauer and Benjamin Ginsberg, general counsel of the Obama and Romney campaigns, respectively.
Several non-CPD sanctioned debates among third party candidates took place. The first, moderated by Larry King and organized by the Free and Equal Elections Foundation, took place on October 23 between Rocky Anderson, Virgil Goode, Gary Johnson, and Jill Stein.[7] Stein and Johnson were selected using instant-runoff voting for a second Free and Equal debate, which was hosted by RT and took place on November 5.[8] [9] Ralph Nader hosted and moderated a debate between Anderson, Stein, Goode, and Johnson on November 4.[10]
| 2012 United States presidential election debates | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date & Time | Host | Location | Moderator | Participants | ||||||||||||
| Key: Participant. Non-invitee. | ||||||||||||||||
| President Barack Obama of Illinois | Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts | |||||||||||||||
| Wednesday October 3, 2012,9:00 – 10:30 p.m. EDT[11] | University of Denver | Denver, Colorado | Jim Lehrer of PBS | |||||||||||||
| Tuesday, October 16, 2012,9:00 – 10:30 p.m. EDT | Hofstra University | Hempstead, New York | Candy Crowley of CNN | |||||||||||||
| Monday, October 22, 2012,9:00 – 10:30 p.m. EDT | Lynn University | Boca Raton, Florida | Bob Scheiffer of CBS | |||||||||||||
| 2012 United States vice presidential debate | ||||||||||||||||
| Date & Time | Host | Location | Moderator | Participants | ||||||||||||
| Key: Participant. Non-invitee. | ||||||||||||||||
| Vice President Joe Biden of Delaware | Congressman Paul Ryan of Wisconsin | |||||||||||||||
| Thursday, October 11, 2012,9:00 – 10:30 p.m. EDT | Centre College | Danville, Kentucky | Martha Raddatz of ABC | |||||||||||||
| First presidential debate | |
| Venue: | University of Denver |
| Location: | Denver, Colorado |
| Participants: | Barack Obama Mitt Romney |
| Moderator: | Jim Lehrer of PBS |
According to the memorandum of understanding agreed to by both campaigns prior to the debate,[16] and announced to the public prior to the start, both candidates would have no opening statement. There were six 15-minute segments, with the moderator introducing a topic and giving one candidate two minutes, the other candidate two minutes, and approximately 8 minutes and 45 seconds of facilitated discussion between the two candidates, with both candidates receiving approximately equal time. However, due to candidate responses extending beyond the limit, the last few segments were markedly shorter.[17] Both candidates spoke in front of a lectern. Other than applause at the beginning and end of the debate, there was no audience participation.[18]
The segments were on the economy and job creation, the federal deficit, entitlements and differences between the candidates on Social Security, health care and the Affordable Care Act, the role and mission of the federal government of the United States, and governing in a presidential system and dealing with gridlock.
More than 67 million Americans watched the debate, making it the most widely viewed first presidential debate in 32 years.[19] A CBS poll of uncommitted voters found that 46% thought that Romney had done better, 22% thought Obama had done better, and 32% thought that it was a tie.[20] A CNN poll found a greater advantage for Romney among debate watchers overall, with 67% believing the former Massachusetts governor had done better, 25% believing that the president had done better, and 8% believing that it was a tie.[21] A Gallup poll found that 72% of the debate watchers believed Romney was the clear winner, 20% believed that Obama had won, and 9% believed it was a tie or had no opinion; the widest margin of victory for any presidential debate in Gallup history.[22] Time Magazines Joe Klein stated, "It was, in fact, one of the most inept performances I've ever seen by a sitting President."[23]
The primary critiques of Obama's performance were that he looked detached; seldom addressed his opponent directly; and was often looking down while Romney was speaking.[24] [25]
Several independent fact checkers noted that a number of factual discrepancies were found in various statements made by both Obama and Romney in the debate.[26] [27] [28] The Houston Chronicle reported that its "study of post-debate reports from factcheck.org, politifact.com, CBS, CNN, The Washington Post, and Politico found that both Obama and Romney stretched the facts [in the debate]. But Obama did it a little less."[29]
The performance of Jim Lehrer as the moderator was widely criticized for frequently allowing the candidates to speak over their time limits.[30] [31] [32] He said that he intended to have a looser format and was not trying to restrict the candidates.
Fox News wrote, "The only consolation President Barack Obama had for his poor showing during Wednesday's debate was that moderator Jim Lehrer did even worse."[33] Dan Abrams of ABC News tweeted, "Regardless of who is winning this debate, Jim Lehrer is losing".[34]
Lehrer defended his performance saying, "I've always said this and finally I had a chance to demonstrate it: The moderator should be seen little and heard even less. It is up to the candidates to ask the follow-up questions and challenge one another." Unlike many others, both Romney and Obama made favorable remarks about Lehrer.
| Vice presidential debate | |
| Venue: | Centre College |
| Participants: | Joe Biden Paul Ryan |
| Moderator: | Martha Raddatz of ABC |
The first and only debate between Vice President Joe Biden and Congressman Paul Ryan focused on domestic and foreign policy, and was broken down into nine 10-minute segments.[35] The foreign policy segments included questions on the attack on the American consulate in Libya, Iran, the civil war in Syria, and Afghanistan. The domestic policy segments included questions on health care, abortion, the national debt, Social Security, Medicare, and taxes.
A CBS poll of uncommitted voters found that 50% of those viewers thought Biden did better, 31% thought Ryan did better, and 19% thought they tied.[36] A Reuters poll indicated Biden the superior candidate, 42% to 35% with 23% undecided or believing they tied.[37] A CNN poll of debate watchers found that 48% of viewers believed Ryan had done better, 44% believed Biden had done better, and 8% believed they tied or had no opinion; CNN noted that the debate audience polled was about eight percentage points more Republican than the general population.[38] Nate Silver's analysis of polling after the debate led to his concluding that, though both debaters performed adequately, Biden's performance helped to slow the momentum of the Romney campaign following the first presidential debate.[39]
The debate was watched by over 51 million people, making it the third most-watched vice presidential debate, behind that of 1984 (57 million) and 2008 (70 million).[40]
Raddatz was generally praised for her moderation during this debate.[41] [42]
| Second presidential debate | |
| Venue: | Hofstra University |
| Location: | Hempstead, New York |
| Moderator: | Candy Crowley of CNN |
The second presidential debate took place on Tuesday, October 16 at New York's Hofstra University, and was moderated by Candy Crowley of CNN.The debate followed a town hall format, with a group of noncommitted voters asking questions to the candidates, after which the moderator would ask follow-up questions.
The second debate dealt primarily with domestic affairs, but, unlike the first debate, did include some segues into foreign policy. Topics discussed included taxes, unemployment, job creation, the national debt, energy and energy independence, women's rights, both legal and illegal immigration, and the recent attack on the U.S. consulate in Benghazi, Libya.
The Gallup Organization selected 82 undecided voters from the New York area to attend the debate. According to the rules set out by the Commission on Presidential Debates and codified in a memorandum of understanding between both candidates, each candidate received two minutes to answer the question, followed by a two-minute rebuttal. The candidates often engaged each other during the rebuttal period, and Crowley also followed up with candidates.[43] [44]
Although moderator Crowley had intended to allow 15 voters to ask their questions, due to the length of candidate responses, 11 voters had time to ask questions of the candidates.[45] Obama was asked 5 questions, and Romney was asked 6 questions. The questions were:
A CNN poll of debate watchers found that 46% of respondents believed that Obama had done better, 39% believed that Romney had done better, and 11% had no opinion or believed they tied; CNN noted that the debate audience polled was about eight percentage points more Republican than the general population, similar to the vice presidential debate.[48] A CBS poll of uncommitted voters found that 37% believed Obama was superior in the second debate, 30% said that Romney was superior, and 33% called the debate a tie. 55% of the voters CBS polled said that Obama gave direct answers, while 49% said this about Romney.[49]
The consensus among liberals as well as some conservatives was that Obama's showing in the second debate was considerably stronger in comparison with his performance in the first debate.[50] Analysts characterized him as more assertive and "tough" in the second debate.[51] [52] [53] Romney was perceived to have not done as well as his previous performance, missing several opportunities to rebut Obama.[54] In answer to a question about equal pay for women, Romney said that as Governor of Massachusetts, he had solicited "binders full of women" qualified to serve in his administration. His comment became an Internet meme and was parodied with pages on social networking sites.[55] [56] [57] It was also adopted as a political attack line on Romney's attitude towards women issues.[58] [59] Women's groups, such as MassGAP, responded that they had approached Romney with suggestions for qualified candidates to have him commit to including more women. MassGAP stated they had done the same for his opponent.[60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] Commentators criticized him for appearing edgy, tense and irritable, off his game, and interrupting too much.
Polls conducted by CBS, CNN, and Reuters/Ipsos found a plurality felt Obama had done better than Romney,[66] [67] [68] and a slight majority felt the same in a Gallup poll.[69]
The discussion of the 2012 Benghazi attack produced an exchange known for the phrase Please proceed, governor, later described by Frank Rich as hilarious,[70] and covered by Jon Stewart at The Daily Show.[71]
The candidates disagreed as to whether Obama declared the Libyan consular attack as terrorism the day after the event or, as Romney claimed, erroneously said it was a protest caused by an anti-Muslim video for two weeks before identifying it as a terrorist attack.
The end of that exchange was a comment by moderator Candy Crowley where she affirmed the facts of Obama's statement, referring to a transcript of his speech.[72] Crowley said in part, during the debate, "He did call it an act of terror."[73] In his Rose Garden closing remarks, the President had said in part, "No acts of terror will ever shake the resolve of this great nation."[74]
| Third presidential debate | |
| Venue: | Lynn University |
| Location: | Boca Raton, Florida |
| Moderator: | Bob Schieffer of CBS |
The third presidential debate took place on Monday, October 22 at Florida's Lynn University, and was moderated by Bob Schieffer of CBS. Topics discussed included the recent attack on the U.S. consulate in Benghazi, Libya, Iran's nuclear program, the Arab Spring, especially the Syrian civil war, relations with Israel, relations with Pakistan, the War on Terror, the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan, the withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq, the size and scope of the U.S. military, and relations and trade with China, as well as the rise of that nation. Governor Romney also briefly broached the subject of the ongoing insurgency in Mali. Although the debate was supposed to strictly concern only foreign policy, the candidates did manage to fit a few domestic policy issues, such as job creation, the federal deficit, and education into the discussion.
The format of this debate was identical to that of the first debate. There were six 15-minute segments, with the moderator introducing a topic and giving each candidate two minutes to respond, before allowing the candidates to discuss the topics.[75]
A CBS poll of uncommitted voters found that 53% believed that Obama won, 23% believed that Romney won, and 24% called the debate a tie.[76] A CNN poll of debate watchers found that 48% of respondents called Obama the winner, 40% called Romney the winner, and 12% had no opinion or thought they tied; CNN noted that the debate audience polled was about five percentage points more Republican than the general population.[77] [78]
Schieffer's moderation, which was perceived as confident but affable, received praise.[79] [80]
Libertarian presidential nominee Gary Johnson and Green Party presidential nominee Jill Stein sued the Commission on Presidential Debates, the Republican National Committee and the Democratic National Committee, alleging that the Commission's failure to extend them an invitation to the debates violated the Sherman Antitrust Act and the First Amendment.[81] [82] Johnson and Stein's suit was dismissed by the federal courts; the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ruled in 2017 that the two candidates lacked a valid legal claim or a cognizable injury.[82] [83]
On October 16, 2012, Green Party presidential nominee Jill Stein and vice-presidential nominee Cheri Honkala were arrested for disorderly conduct while trying to take part in the second presidential debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York.[84] [85] [86] The two women claim they were taken to a warehouse, and strapped for eight hours to chairs with plastic wrist restraints before being released.[87]
Three of the debate sponsors dropped out ahead of the first presidential debate due to the exclusion of major third party candidates. These companies were BBH New York, YWCA USA[88] and Philips Electronics.[89]
Several third-party debates were held in 2012.
| Third-party debates, 2012 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N° | Date | Host | Location | Moderator(s) | Participants | ||||||||||
| Participant. Non-invitee. Absent invitee. | |||||||||||||||
| President Barack Obama of Illinois | Former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts | Former Governor Gary Johnson of New Mexico | Dr. Jill Stein of Massachusetts | Former Congressman Virgil Goode of Virginia | Former Mayor Rocky Anderson of Utah | ||||||||||
| D1 | October 18, 2012 | Google+ Hangout | Online | Stephen Peace of IVN.us | |||||||||||
| D2 | October 23, 2012 | Hilton Chicago | Chicago, Illinois | Larry King of Ora.TV Free and Equal Elections Foundation (sponsor) | |||||||||||
| D3 | November 4, 2012 | Busboys and Poets | Washington, D.C. | Ralph Nader (Moderator & Sponsor) | |||||||||||
| D4 | November 5, 2012 | RT America | Washington, D.C. | Thom Hartmann of RT Free and Equal Elections Foundation (sponsor) | |||||||||||
IVN.us hosted an online presidential debate on October 18, 2012. It featured two third-party candidates, Gary Johnson and Jill Stein.
The Free and Equal Elections Foundation organized a debate featuring third party candidates Gary Johnson, Jill Stein, Virgil Goode and Rocky Anderson, which was held in Chicago at 9:00pm EDT on October 23, 2012.[7] Veteran broadcaster Larry King of Ora.TV served as moderator for the debate,[90] which was streamed live online.[91] [92] It was also streamed live by Ora.TV on YouTube[93] and was broadcast live by C-SPAN,[90] Link TV,[94] Russia Today[94] and Al Jazeera English.[94]
Each candidate was given an opportunity to make a two-minute opening statement. Then, six questions were asked to each of the four candidates and the candidates were given one minute to answer. However, the moderator accidentally started with the first question instead of allowing the candidates to do the opening statement. The opening statements had to follow their answers to the first question.[95] The questions were:
The Free and Equal Elections Foundation conducted a post-debate poll to determine which candidates would progress to their second debate. The poll found 55% of viewers thought Johnson had done the best, 31% thought Stein had done the best, 8% had felt Anderson had done the best, and 6% had felt Goode had done the best.[96] The second round of the instant run-off vote showed that the top two candidates were still Johnson and Stein; these candidates were allowed to progress to the second debate.[96]
The moderator Larry King received some criticism for his mishap at the beginning of the debate. Some commentators thought this showed the debate's irrelevance.[97]
Ralph Nader hosted and moderated a debate that took place on November 4, 2012, at Busboys and Poets in Washington, D.C., between 7:30 p.m. and 9:30 p.m.[98] Gary Johnson, Virgil Goode, Rocky Anderson and Jill Stein participated.[99]
After the previous Free and Equal Elections Foundation debate, a second debate was announced,[100] this time focusing on foreign policy. The debate was hosted by RT at the RT America Studio in Washington, D.C., and took place on November 5, 2012, between 9 p.m. and 10:30 p.m. It was initially to be held on October 30, 2012, but was delayed due to Hurricane Sandy.[9] The candidates that participated were those that won the instant-runoff vote after the previous debate – Gary Johnson and Jill Stein.