2016 United States elections explained

Year:2016
Type:Presidential election year
Election Day:November 8, 2016
Incumbent President:Barack Obama (Democratic)
Next Congress:115th
President Control:Republican gain
President Pv Margin:Democratic +2.1%
President Candidate1:Donald Trump (R)
Electoral Vote1:304
President Candidate2:Hillary Clinton (D)
Electoral Vote2:227
President Candidate3:Others
Electoral Vote3:7
President Map Caption:Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Trump/Pence, blue denotes states won by Clinton/Kaine. Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state. Seven faithless electors cast votes for various individuals.
Senate Seats Contested:34 of 100 seats
Senate Control:Republican hold
Senate Net Change:Democratic +2
Senate Map Caption:2016 Senate results

House Seats Contested:All 435 voting-members and 6 non-voting delegates
House Control:Republican hold
House Pv Margin:Republican +1.1%
House Net Change:Democratic +6
House Map Caption:Map of the 2016 House races (delegate races not shown)
Governor Seats Contested:14 (12 states, two territories)
Governor Net Change:Republican +2
Governor Map Caption:Map of the 2016 gubernatorial elections


The 2016 United States elections were held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. Republican nominee Donald Trump defeated Democratic former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in the presidential election, while Republicans retained control of Congress. This marked the first and most recent time Republicans won or held unified control of the presidency and Congress since 2004.

Trump won his party's nomination after defeating Ted Cruz and several other candidates in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries. With Democratic president Barack Obama term-limited, Clinton secured the nomination over Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries. Trump won the general election with 304 of the 538 electoral votes, although Clinton won the popular vote by a margin of 2.1%.

Democrats won a net gain of two seats in the Senate and six seats in the House of Representatives, but Republicans retained control of both chambers. In the gubernatorial elections, Republicans won a net gain of two seats. Various other state, territorial, and local races and referendums were held throughout the year. This was the first presidential election since 2000, where the winning candidate failed to have coattails in either house of Congress. This is the most recent election where one party simultaneously gained seats in both houses of Congress.

Wall Street banks and other big financial institutions spent a record $2 billion trying to influence the 2016 United States elections.[1] [2]

Issues

Trump's right-wing populist nationalist campaign, which promised to "Make America Great Again" and opposed political correctness, illegal immigration, and many United States free-trade agreements[3] garnered extensive free media coverage due to Trump's inflammatory comments.[4] [5] Clinton emphasized her extensive political experience, denounced Trump and many of his supporters as a "basket of deplorables", bigots and extremists, and advocated the expansion of President Obama's policies; racial, LGBT, and women's rights; and inclusive capitalism.[6]

Russian interference

See main article: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and Foreign electoral intervention.

The United States government's intelligence agencies concluded the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections.[7] [8] A joint US intelligence review stated with high confidence that, "Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. In May 2019, Republican Florida Governor Ron DeSantis announced Russians hacked voting databases in two Florida counties prior to the 2016 presidential election and no election results were compromised.[9] [10] [11]

Candidate campaigns and exit poll results

The election saw an aggressive set of campaigns from both Trump and Clinton leading up to the election, Clinton's being of particular interest when considering the exit polls and voter demographics.[12] With her gender presenting as the biggest target for Trump's campaign as a point of criticism, the Clinton campaign made a conscious decision to capitalize on the negativity surrounding her gender to appeal to female voters (young women in particular) by co-opting feminist ideals alongside traditional democratic ones. The party's social media campaign was particularly aggressive, with the use of hashtags and celebrity endorsement being crucial to Clinton's appeal to the wider public.[13] This backfired however, when exit polls showed that, while Clinton was popular with the female vote, it was Trump who had won the favour of a majority white female demographic,[14] with some citing political 'wokeness' as a voter turn-off.[15]

Federal elections

Presidential election

See main article: 2016 United States presidential election.

The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial presidential election. The electoral vote distribution was determined by the 2010 census from which presidential electors electing the president and vice president were chosen; a simple majority (270) of the 538 electoral votes were required to win. In one of the greatest election upsets in U.S. History, businessman and reality television personality Donald Trump of New York won the Republican Party's presidential nomination on July 19, 2016, after defeating Texas Senator Ted Cruz, Ohio Governor John Kasich, Florida Senator Marco Rubio, and several other candidates in the Republican primary elections.[1] Former Secretary of State, First Lady and New York Senator Hillary Clinton won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination on July 26, 2016, after a tough battle with Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primary elections. This was the first election with a female presidential nominee from a major political party, as well as the first election since 1944 that had major party presidential nominees from the same home state.

Clinton won the popular vote, taking 48% of the vote compared to Trump's 46% of the vote, but Trump won the electoral vote and thus the presidency. The election is one of five presidential elections in American history that the winner of the popular vote did not win the presidency. Libertarian Gary Johnson won 3.3% of the popular vote, the strongest performance by a third party presidential nominee since the 1996 election. Trump flipped the states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Florida, Ohio, and Iowa, that were won by Obama in 2008 and 2012. The former two last voted Republican in 1988 and Wisconsin last did so in 1984.

Congressional elections

Senate elections

See main article: 2016 United States Senate elections.

All seats in Senate Class 3 were up for election. Democrats won a net gain of two seats, but Republicans retained a majority with 52 seats in the 100-member chamber.[16]

House of Representatives elections

See main article: 2016 United States House of Representatives elections.

All 435 voting seats in the United States House of Representatives were up for election. Additionally, elections were held to select the delegates for the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories, including the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico.

Democrats won a net gain of six seats, but Republicans held a 241-to-194 majority following the elections. Nationwide, Republicans won the popular vote for the House of Representatives by a margin of 1.1 percent.[17]

State elections

Gubernatorial elections

See main article: 2016 United States gubernatorial elections.

Regular elections were held for the governorships of 11 U.S. states and two U.S. territories. Additionally, a special election was held in Oregon after the resignation of John Kitzhaber as governor. Republicans won a net gain of two seats by winning open seats in Missouri, Vermont, and New Hampshire while Democrats defeated an incumbent in North Carolina. However, Governor Jim Justice of West Virginia switched his party affiliation to Republican shortly after his inauguration, thereby netting Republicans 3 seats and giving them 34 seats nationwide, tying their record set in the 1921 elections.

Legislative elections

See main article: 2016 United States state legislative elections. In 2016, 44 states held state legislative elections; 86 of the 99 chambers were up for election. Only six states did not hold state legislative elections: Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, Virginia, Alabama, and Maryland.[18]

Democrats won both chambers in the Nevada Legislature and the New Mexico House of Representatives, while Republicans won the Kentucky House of Representatives, the Iowa Senate, and the Minnesota Senate. The Alaska House of Representatives flipped from Republican control to a Democrat-led coalition majority, and the Connecticut State Senate went from Democratic control to tied control.[19] Meanwhile, the New York Senate went from Republican to a Republican-led coalition.

Other elections and ballot measures

Many states also held elections for other elected offices, such as attorney general. Many states held ballot measures.[20]

Local elections

Mayoral elections

Mayoral elections were held in many cities, including:

Table of state, territorial, and federal results

See also: Political party strength in U.S. states.

This table shows the partisan results of congressional, gubernatorial, presidential, and state legislative races held in each state and territory in 2016. Note that not all states and territories hold gubernatorial, state legislative, and United States Senate elections in 2016; additionally, the territories do not have electoral votes in American presidential elections, and neither Washington, D.C. nor the territories elect members of the United States Senate. Washington, D.C., and the five inhabited territories each elect one non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives. Nebraska's unicameral legislature and the governorship and legislature of American Samoa are officially non-partisan. In the table, offices/legislatures that are not up for election in 2016 are already filled in for the "after 2016 elections" section, although vacancies or party switching could potentially lead to a flip in partisan control.

Subdivision and PVI[28] Before 2016 elections[29] After 2016 elections[30]
Subdivisiondata-sort-type="number"PVIGovernorState leg.US SenateUS HousePres.GovernorState leg.US SenateUS House
AlabamaRepRepRepRep 6–1RepRepRepRepRep 6–1
AlaskaIndRepRepRep 1–0RepIndRepRep 1–0
ArizonaRepRepRepRep 5–4RepRepRepRepRep 5–4
ArkansasRepRepRepRep 4–0RepRepRepRepRep 4–0
CaliforniaDemDemDemDem 39–14DemDemDemDemDem 39–14
ColoradoDemRep 4–3DemDemRep 4–3
ConnecticutDemDemDemDem 5–0DemDemDemDem 5–0
DelawareDemDemDemDem 1–0DemDemDemDemDem 1–0
FloridaRepRepRep 17–10RepRepRepRep 16–11
GeorgiaRepRepRepRep 10–4RepRepRepRepRep 10–4
HawaiiDemDemDemDem 2–0DemDemDemDemDem 2–0
IdahoRepRepRepRep 2–0RepRepRepRepRep 2–0
IllinoisRepDemDem 10–8DemRepDemDemDem 11–7
IndianaRepRepRep 7–2RepRepRepRep 7–2
IowaRepRepRep 3–1RepRepRepRepRep 3–1
KansasRepRepRepRep 4–0RepRepRepRepRep 4–0
KentuckyRepRepRep 5–1RepRepRepRepRep 5–1
LouisianaDemRepRepRep 5–1RepDemRepRepRep 5–1
MaineRep 1–1DemRep 1–1
MarylandRepDemDemDem 7–1DemRepDemDemDem 7–1
MassachusettsRepDemDemDem 9–0DemRepDemDemDem 9–0
MichiganRepRepDemRep 9–5RepRepRepDemRep 9–5
MinnesotaDemDemDem 5–3DemDemRepDemDem 5–3
MississippiRepRepRepRep 3–1RepRepRepRepRep 3–1
MissouriDemRepRep 6–2RepRepRepRep 6–2
MontanaDemRepRep 1–0RepDemRepRep 1–0
NebraskaRepNPRepRep 2–1RepRepNPRepRep 3–0
NevadaRepRepRep 3–1DemRepDemDem 3–1
New HampshireDemRep 1–1DemRepRepDemDem 2–0
New JerseyRepDemDem 6–6DemRepDemDemDem 7–5
New MexicoRepDemDem 2–1DemRepDemDemDem 2–1
New YorkDemDemDem 18–9DemDemDemDem 18–9
North CarolinaRepRepRepRep 10–3RepDemRepRepRep 10–3
North DakotaRepRepRep 1–0RepRepRepRep 1–0
OhioRepRepRep 12–4RepRepRepRep 12–4
OklahomaRepRepRepRep 5–0RepRepRepRepRep 5–0
OregonDemDemDemDem 4–1DemDemDemDemDem 4–1
PennsylvaniaDemRepRep 13–5RepDemRepRep 13–5
Rhode IslandDemDemDemDem 2–0DemDemDemDemDem 2–0
South CarolinaRepRepRepRep 6–1RepRepRepRepRep 6–1
South DakotaRepRepRepRep 1–0RepRepRepRepRep 1–0
TennesseeRepRepRepRep 7–2RepRepRepRepRep 7–2
TexasRepRepRepRep 25–11RepRepRepRepRep 25–11
UtahRepRepRepRep 4–0RepRepRepRepRep 4–0
VermontDemDemDem 1–0DemRepDemDem 1–0
VirginiaDemRepDemRep 8–3DemDemRepDemRep 7–4
WashingtonDemDemDem 6–4DemDemDemDem 6–4
West VirginiaDemRepRep 3–0RepDemRepRep 3–0
WisconsinRepRepRep 5–3RepRepRepRep 5–3
WyomingRepRepRepRep 1–0RepRepRepRepRep 1–0
United StatesEvenRep 31–18Rep 30–11Rep 54–46Rep 247–188RepRep 33–16Rep 32–13Rep 52–48Rep 241–194
Washington, D.C.D+40DemDemDemDemDemDemDem
American SamoaNP/INPRepNP/DNPRep
GuamRepDemDemDemRepDemDem
N. Mariana IslandsRepIndRepRepInd
Puerto RicoPDP/DPDPPNP/DPNP/DPNPPNP/R
U.S. Virgin IslandsIndDemDemIndDemDem
SubdivisionPVIGovernorState leg.US SenateUS HousePres.GovernorState leg.US SenateUS House
Subdivision and PVIBefore 2016 electionsAfter 2016 elections

Notes and References

  1. News: Wall Street spends record $2bn on US election lobbying . . March 8, 2017.
  2. News: Wall Street Spent $2 Billion Trying to Influence the 2016 Election . . March 8, 2017.
  3. Becker, Bernie (February 13, 2016). "Trump's six populist positions". Politico. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  4. Nicholas Confessore & Karen Yourish, "Measuring Donald Trump's Mammoth Advantage in Free Media", The New York Times (March 16, 2016).
  5. Walsh, Kenneth. "How Donald Trump's Media Dominance Is Changing the 2016 Campaign". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  6. Chozick, Amy (March 4, 2016). "Clinton Offers Economic Plan Focused on Jobs". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  7. News: Miller. Greg. Entous. Adam. Declassified report says Putin 'ordered' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump. The Washington Post.
  8. Web site: Eichenwald. Kurt. Trump, Putin and the hidden history of how Russia interfered in the U.S. presidential election. Newsweek. en. 10 January 2017.
  9. Web site: Gov. DeSantis: Russians hacked voting databases in two Florida counties; The GOP governor said the incidents took place in 2016 and no election results were compromised. . Associated Press . . . May 14, 2019 . 15 May 2019 .
  10. Web site: DeSantis: Russians accessed 2 Florida voting databases . Brendan . Farrington . May 14, 2019 . . 15 May 2019 .
  11. Web site: Florida Governor Says Russian Hackers Breached 2 Counties In 2016 . Miles . Parks . May 14, 2019 . . 16 May 2019 .
  12. Web site: Jones . Bradley . 2018-08-09 . An examination of the 2016 electorate, based on validated voters . 2023-01-06 . Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy . en-US.
  13. Caughell . Leslie . October 2016 . When Playing the Woman Card is Playing Trump: Assessing the Efficacy of Framing Campaigns as Historic . PS: Political Science & Politics . en . 49 . 4 . 736–742 . 10.1017/S1049096516001438 . 158022463 . 1049-0965. free .
  14. Web site: How Groups Voted in 2016 Roper Center for Public Opinion Research . 2023-01-06 . ropercenter.cornell.edu.
  15. Web site: Yglesias . Matthew . How Hillary Clinton unleashed the Great Awokening . 2023-01-06 . www.slowboring.com . en.
  16. Web site: Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 8, 2016. U.S. House of Reps, Office of the Clerk. 10 April 2017.
  17. Web site: Election Statistics, 1920 to Present . United States House of Representatives . 2016 . 84.
  18. News: Warnock. Kae. 2016 Legislative Races by State and Legislative Chamber. May 17, 2016. National Conference of State Legislatures. March 11, 2016.
  19. Web site: State legislative elections, 2016 .
  20. Web site: 2016 Presidential Election. The American Presidency Project. 10 April 2017.
  21. News: Karen Goh installed as mayor of Bakersfield. Mayer, Steven. The Bakersfield Californian. January 17, 2017.
  22. Web site: Baltimore Mayor Rawlings-Blake says she won't seek re-election. Fox News. September 14, 2015.
  23. News: Most Influential Women: Jenn Daniels, Town of Gilbert. Gossie, Michael. AZ Big Media. July 15, 2017. January 17, 2018.
  24. Web site: Portland Mayor Charlie Hales withdraws re-election bid. Theen, Andrew. OregonLive. October 26, 2015. December 27, 2015.
  25. Web site: Mayor Kevin Johnson won't seek re-election. Sacramento Bee. April 18, 2017.
  26. Web site: Steinberg wins Sacramento mayor's race by wide margin. Sacramento Bee. April 18, 2017.
  27. Web site: GT Bynum Defeats Incumbent Bartlett For Tulsa Mayor. NewsOn6.com. June 28, 2016. January 17, 2018.
  28. Web site: Partisan Voter Index by State, 1994–2014. The Cook Political Report. May 19, 2016. November 27, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141127052333/http://cookpolitical.com/file/filename.pdf. dead. PVI in 2014
  29. Web site: 2016 State and Legislative Partisan Composition . National Conference of State Legislatures. May 17, 2016.
  30. Web site: State & Legislative Partisan Composition (2016 Election) . National Conference of State Legislatures. January 4, 2016.

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