1998 United States Senate elections explained

Election Name:1998 United States Senate elections
Country:United States
Type:legislative
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1996 United States Senate elections
Previous Year:1996
Next Election:2000 United States Senate elections
Next Year:2000
Majority Seats:51
Election Date:November 3, 1998
1Blank:Seats up
2Blank:Races won
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Image1:Trent Lott official portrait (cropped).jpg
Leader Since1:June 12, 1996
Seats Before1:55
Seats After1:55
Popular Vote1:25,346,613
Percentage1:46.8%
Swing1: 2.7%
1Data1:16
2Data1:16
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Leader Since2:January 3, 1995
Seats Before2:45
Seats After2:45
Popular Vote2:26,768,699
Percentage2:49.5%
Swing2: 1.6%
1Data2:18
2Data2:18
Map Size:320px
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

The 1998 United States Senate elections were held on November 3, 1998, with the 34 seats of Class 3 contested in regular elections. This was seen as an even contest between the Republican Party and Democratic Party. While the Democrats had to defend more seats up for election, Republican attacks on the morality of President Bill Clinton failed to connect with voters and anticipated Republican gains did not materialize. The Republicans picked open seats up in Ohio and Kentucky and narrowly defeated Democratic incumbent Carol Moseley Braun (Illinois), but these were cancelled out by the Democrats' gain of an open seat in Indiana and defeats of Republican Senators Al D'Amato (New York) and Lauch Faircloth (North Carolina). The balance of the Senate remained unchanged at 55–45 in favor of the Republicans.

With Democrats gaining five seats in the House of Representatives, this marked the first time since 1934 that the party not in control of the White House failed to gain congressional seats in mid-term election cycles, which would also happen in 2002. These are the last Senate elections that resulted in no net change in the balance of power. This is the last time Democrats won a U.S. Senate race in South Carolina.

Results summary

4555
DemocraticRepublican
PartiesTotal
DemocraticRepublicanLibertarianOther
Last elections (1996)
Before the elections
455500100
Not up273966
Up
181634
<-- Gap for "Up"-->
Incumbent retired325
112
1 Republican replaced by 1 Democrat<--IN-->
2 Democrats replaced by 2 Republicans
3
Result235
Incumbent ran151429
141226
2 Republicans replaced by 2 Democrats<--NY, NC-->
1 Democrat replaced by 1 Republican
3
000
Result161329
Total elected18160034
Net gain/loss0
Nationwide vote26,768,69925,346,613419,4521,580,28754,115,051
Share49.47%46.84%0.78%2.92%100%
Result4555100

Source: Office of the Clerk

Gains, losses, and holds

Retirements

Two Republicans and three Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election.

Defeats

One Democrat and two Republicans sought re-election but lost in the general election.

Post-election changes

Two Republicans died during the 106th Congress, and initially were all replaced by appointees.

Change in composition

Before the elections

DDDDDDDDDD
width=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% D
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D

D

D

D

D

D

D

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D

D

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D

D

D

R

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R

Majority →
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After the elections

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width=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% Dwidth=10% D
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Majority →
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Key
align=center DDemocratic
align=center RRepublican

Race summary

Special elections during the 105th Congress

There were no special elections in 1998.

Elections leading to the next Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1999; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State
IncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral history
Alabamadata-sort-value=1986 1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Alaskadata-sort-value=1980 1980
1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Arizonadata-sort-value=1986 1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Arkansasdata-sort-value=1974 1974
1980
1986
1992
data-sort-value=-1 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
nowrap
Californiadata-sort-value=1992 1992data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Coloradodata-sort-value=1992 1992data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Connecticutdata-sort-value=1980 1980
1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Floridadata-sort-value=1986 1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Georgiadata-sort-value=1992 1992data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Hawaiidata-sort-value=1962 1962
1968
1974
1980
1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Idahodata-sort-value=1992 1992data-sort-value=1 Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Idaho.
New senator elected.
Republican hold.
nowrap
Illinoisdata-sort-value=1992 1992data-sort-value=2 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
nowrap
Indianadata-sort-value=1989 1989
1990
1992
data-sort-value=-2 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
nowrap
Iowadata-sort-value=1980 1980
1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Kansasdata-sort-value=1996 1996 data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Kentuckydata-sort-value=1974 1974
1974
1980
1986
1992
data-sort-value=2 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
nowrap
Louisianadata-sort-value=1986 1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Marylanddata-sort-value=1986 1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Missouridata-sort-value=1986 1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Nevadadata-sort-value=1986 1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
New Hampshiredata-sort-value=1992 1992data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
New Yorkdata-sort-value=1980 1980
1986
1992
data-sort-value=-2 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
nowrap
North Carolinadata-sort-value=1992 1992data-sort-value=-2 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
nowrap
North DakotaDemocratic-NPLdata-sort-value=1992 1992data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Ohiodata-sort-value=1974 1974
1974
1980
1986
1992
data-sort-value=2 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
nowrap
Oklahomadata-sort-value=1980 1980
1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Oregondata-sort-value=1996 1996 data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Pennsylvaniadata-sort-value=1980 1980
1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
South Carolinadata-sort-value=1966 1966 (special)
1968
1974
1980
1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
South Dakotadata-sort-value=1986 1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Utahdata-sort-value=1992 1992data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Vermontdata-sort-value=1974 1974
1980
1986
1992
data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Washingtondata-sort-value=1992 1992data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap
Wisconsindata-sort-value=1992 1992data-sort-value=0 Incumbent re-elected.nowrap

Closest races

Eight races had a margin of less than 10%:

StateParty of winnerMargin
Nevadadata-sort-value=-1 Democratic0.09%
Kentuckydata-sort-value=.5 Republican (flip)0.59%
Wisconsindata-sort-value=-1 Democratic2.1%
Illinoisdata-sort-value=.5 Republican (flip)2.9%
North Carolinadata-sort-value=-0.5 Democratic (flip)4.1%
South Carolinadata-sort-value=-1 Democratic7.0%
Georgiadata-sort-value=1 Republican7.2%
Missouridata-sort-value=1 Republican8.9%

Ohio was the tipping point state with a margin of 13%.

Alabama

Election Name:Alabama election
Country:Alabama
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Alabama
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Alabama
Next Year:2004
Image1:Richard Shelby official portrait.JPG
Nominee1:Richard Shelby
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:817,973
Percentage1:63.2%
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:474,568
Percentage2:36.7%
Map Size:225px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Alabama.

See also: List of United States senators from Alabama. Incumbent Republican Richard Shelby won re-election to a third term. Shelby had been elected in 1986 and 1992 as a Democrat, but switched to the Republican party in 1994, making this the first election he competed in as a Republican. He beat Democrat Clayton Suddith, an army veteran and former Franklin County Commissioner.[1]

Alaska

Election Name:Alaska election
Country:Alaska
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Alaska
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Alaska
Next Year:2004
Image1:Frank Murkowski, 105th Congress photo.jpg
Nominee1:Frank Murkowski
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:165,227
Percentage1:74.5%
Nominee2:Joseph Sonneman
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:43,743
Percentage2:19.7%
U.S. Senator
Before Election:Frank Murkowski
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Election:Frank Murkowski
After Party:Republican Party (US)
Map Size:300px

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Alaska.

See also: List of United States senators from Alaska. Incumbent Republican Frank Murkowski easily won re-election to a fourth term against Democratic nominee Joseph Sonneman, a perennial candidate, earning nearly 75% of the vote.

Arizona

Election Name:Arizona election
Country:Arizona
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Arizona
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Arizona
Next Year:2004
Image1:John McCain Official Other Version.jpg
Nominee1:John McCain
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:696,577
Percentage1:68.7%
Nominee2:Ed Ranger
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:275,224
Percentage2:27.2%
Map Size:220px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Arizona.

See also: List of United States senators from Arizona. Incumbent Republican John McCain won re-election to a third term over Democratic attorney Ed Ranger.[2]

Arkansas

Election Name:Arkansas election
Country:Arkansas
Flag Year:1924
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Arkansas
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Arkansas
Next Year:2004
Image1:Blanche Lincoln official portrait.jpg
Nominee1:Blanche Lincoln
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:385,878
Percentage1:55.1%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:295,870
Percentage2:42.4%
Map Size:200px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Arkansas.

See also: List of United States senators from Arkansas. Incumbent Dale Bumpers retired. U.S. Representative Blanche Lincoln won the open seat.

California

Election Name:California election
Country:California
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in California
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in California
Next Year:2004
Image1:BarbaraBoxer.jpg
Nominee1:Barbara Boxer
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:4,411,705
Percentage1:53.1%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:3,576,351
Percentage2:43.0%
Map Size:250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in California.

See also: List of United States senators from California. Incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer won re-election to a second term.

Although the race was predicted to be fairly close, Boxer still defeated Fong by a ten-point margin. Boxer as expected did very well in Los Angeles County, and the San Francisco Bay Area.

Colorado

Election Name:Colorado election
Country:Colorado
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Colorado
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Colorado
Next Year:2004
Image1:BenNCampbell.jpg
Nominee1:Ben Nighthorse Campbell
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:829,370
Percentage1:62.5%
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:464,754
Percentage2:35.0%
Map Size:250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Colorado.

See also: List of United States senators from Colorado. Incumbent Republican Ben Nighthorse Campbell won re-election to a second term.

Campbell, who was elected in 1992 as a Democrat, switched parties after the 1994 Republican Revolution. He faced a primary challenger, but won with over 70% of the vote. In the general election, Democratic nominee Dottie Lamm criticized Campbell of flip flopping from being a moderate liberal to moderate conservative.[3] [4] In fact, throughout the entire campaign, Lamm mostly sent out negative attack advertisements about Campbell.[5]

Connecticut

Election Name:Connecticut election
Country:Connecticut
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Connecticut
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Connecticut
Next Year:2004
Image1:Christopher Dodd official portrait 2-cropped.jpg
Nominee1:Chris Dodd
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:628,306
Percentage1:65.2%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:312,177
Percentage2:32.4%
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Connecticut.

See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut. Incumbent Democrat Chris Dodd won re-election for a fourth term against former Republican U.S. Congressman Gary A. Franks.

Florida

Election Name:Florida election
Country:Florida
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Florida
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Florida
Next Year:2004
Image1:Bob Graham, official Senate photo portrait, color.jpg
Nominee1:Bob Graham
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:2,436,407
Percentage1:62.5%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:1,463,755
Percentage2:37.5%
Map Size:250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Florida.

See also: List of United States senators from Florida. Incumbent Democrat Bob Graham won re-election to a third term.

Graham defeated Crist in a landslide, as Crist won just four counties in the state. There were no third party or independent candidates.

Georgia

Election Name:Georgia election
Country:Georgia (U.S. state)
Flag Year:1956
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Georgia
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2000 United States Senate special election in Georgia
Next Year:2000 (special)
Image1:Paul Coverdell.PNG
Nominee1:Paul Coverdell
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:918,540
Percentage1:52.37%
Nominee2:Michael Coles
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:791,904
Percentage2:45.15%
Map Size:200px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Georgia.

See also: List of United States senators from Georgia. Incumbent Republican Paul Coverdell won re-election to a second term.

Hawaii

Election Name:Hawaii election
Country:Hawaii
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Hawaii
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Hawaii
Next Year:2004
Image1:Daniel Inouye official photo.jpg
Nominee1:Daniel Inouye
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:315,252
Percentage1:79.2%
Nominee2:Crystal Young
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:70,964
Percentage2:17.8%
Map Size:200px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Hawaii.

See also: List of United States senators from Hawaii. Incumbent Democrat Daniel Inouye won re-election to a seventh term over Republican legislative aide Crystal Young.[6]

Idaho

Election Name:Idaho election
Country:Idaho
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Idaho
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Idaho
Next Year:2004
Image1:Mike Crapo official photo.jpg
Nominee1:Mike Crapo
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:262,966
Percentage1:69.5%
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:107,375
Percentage2:28.4%
Map Size:225px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Idaho.

See also: List of United States senators from Idaho. Incumbent Republican Dirk Kempthorne decided to retire after one term to run for governor. Republican nominee Mike Crapo won the open seat.

Illinois

Election Name:Illinois election
Country:Illinois
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Illinois
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Illinois
Next Year:2004
Image1:Peter Fitzgerald cropped.jpg
Nominee1:Peter Fitzgerald
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:1,709,042
Percentage1:50.4%
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:1,610,496
Percentage2:47.4%
Map Size:250x250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Illinois.

See also: List of United States senators from Illinois. Incumbent Democrat Carol Moseley Braun decided to run for re-election, despite the number of controversies that she had in her first term. Republican State Senator Peter Fitzgerald won his party's primary with a slim margin of victory.

He ended up defeating the incumbent, with a margin of victory of approximately 3%. Peter Fitzgerald won all but five counties.

During Moseley Braun's term as U.S. Senator, she was plagued by several major controversies. Moseley Braun was the subject of a 1993 Federal Elections Commission investigation over $249,000 in unaccounted-for campaign funds. The agency found some small violations, but took no action against Moseley Braun, citing a lack of resources. Moseley Braun only admitted to bookkeeping errors. The Justice Department turned down two requests for investigations from the IRS.[7]

In 1996, Moseley Braun made a private trip to Nigeria, where she met with dictator Sani Abacha. Despite U.S. sanctions against that country, due to Abacha's actions, the Senator did not notify, nor register her trip with, the State Department. She subsequently defended Abacha's human rights records in Congress.[8]

Peter Fitzgerald, a State Senator, won the Republican primary, defeating Illinois Comptroller Loleta Didrickson with 51.8% of the vote, to Didrickson's 48.2%.[9] Fitzgerald spent nearly $7 million in the Republican primary.[10] He had a major financial advantage, as he was a multimillionaire. He ended up spending $12 million in his election victory.[11]

In September, Moseley Braun created controversy again by using the word "nigger" to describe how she claims to be a victim of racism.[11]

Most polls over the first few months showed Moseley Braun trailing badly. However, after she was helped in the final month by notable Democrats such as First Lady Hillary Clinton and U.S. Congressman Luis V. Gutierrez, three polls published in the last week showed her within the margin of error, and, in one poll, running even with Fitzgerald.[12]

Moseley Braun was narrowly defeated by Republican Peter Fitzgerald. Moseley Braun only won five of Illinois's 102 counties. Despite this, the race was kept close by Moseley running up massive margins in Cook County, home of Chicago. However, it was not quite enough to win.

Indiana

Election Name:Indiana election
Country:Indiana
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Indiana
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Indiana
Next Year:2004
Image1:Evan Bayh official portrait.jpg
Nominee1:Evan Bayh
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:1,012,244
Percentage1:63.7%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:552,732
Percentage2:34.8%
Map Size:250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Indiana.

See also: List of United States senators from Indiana. Incumbent Republican Dan Coats decided to retire instead of seeking a second full term. Democratic nominee, former Governor Evan Bayh won the open seat his father once held.

Iowa

Election Name:Iowa election
Country:Iowa
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Iowa
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Iowa
Next Year:2004
Image1:Chuck Grassley official photo.jpg
Nominee1:Chuck Grassley
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:648,480
Percentage1:68.41%
Nominee2:David Osterberg
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:289,049
Percentage2:30.49%
Map Size:230px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Iowa.

See also: List of United States senators from Iowa. Incumbent Republican Chuck Grassley sought re-election to a fourth term in the United States Senate, facing off against former State Representative David Osterberg, who won the Democratic nomination unopposed. Grassley had not faced a competitive election since 1980; this year proved no different, and Grassley crushed Osterberg to win a fourth term.

Kansas

Election Name:Kansas election
Country:Kansas
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1996 United States Senate special election in Kansas
Previous Year:1996
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Kansas
Next Year:2004
Image1:Sam Brownback official portrait 3.jpg
Nominee1:Sam Brownback
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:474,639
Percentage1:65.3%
Nominee2:Paul Feleciano
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:229,718
Percentage2:31.6%
Map Size:250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Kansas.

See also: List of United States senators from Kansas. Incumbent Republican Sam Brownback won re-election to his first full term. Brownback was first elected in a special election held in 1996, when then-Senator Bob Dole resigned to campaign for U.S. President, after 27 years in the Senate. This would've been Dole's seventh term in office had he remained in his seat.

Kentucky

Election Name:Kentucky election
Country:Kentucky
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Kentucky
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Kentucky
Next Year:2004
Image1:Jim-Bunning-108th.jpg
Nominee1:Jim Bunning
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:569,817
Percentage1:49.8%
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:563,051
Percentage2:49.2%
Map Size:300px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Kentucky.

See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky. Incumbent Democratic U.S Senator Wendell Ford decided to retire, instead of seeking a fifth term. Republican Representative Jim Bunning won the open seat.

Louisiana

Election Name:Louisiana election
Country:Louisiana
Flag Year:1912
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Louisiana
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Louisiana
Next Year:2004
Image1:John Breaux, official photo portrait, standing (cropped).jpg
Nominee1:John Breaux
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:620,502
Percentage1:64.0%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:306,616
Percentage2:31.6%
Map Size:250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Louisiana.

See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana. Incumbent Democrat John Breaux won re-election to a third term. As of 2022, this is the last time the Democrats have won the Class 3 Senate Seat from Louisiana.

Maryland

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Maryland.

See also: List of United States senators from Maryland.

Election Name:Maryland election
Country:Maryland
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Maryland
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Maryland
Next Year:2004
Image1:Barbara Mikulski.jpg
Nominee1:Barbara Mikulski
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:1,062,810
Percentage1:70.5%
Nominee2:Ross Pierpont
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:444,637
Percentage2:29.5%
Map Size:250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

Incumbent Democrat Barbara Mikulski won re-election to a third term.

Missouri

Election Name:Missouri election
Country:Missouri
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Missouri
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Missouri
Next Year:2004
Image1:File:Kit Bond portrait (1).jpg
Nominee1:Kit Bond
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:830,625
Percentage1:52.7%
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:690,208
Percentage2:43.8%
Map Size:255px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Missouri.

See also: List of United States senators from Missouri. Incumbent Republican Kit Bond won re-election to a third term.

Nevada

Election Name:Nevada election
Country:Nevada
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Nevada
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Nevada
Next Year:2004
Image1:Harry Reid official portrait.jpg
Nominee1:Harry Reid
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:208,621
Percentage1:47.9%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:208,220
Percentage2:47.8%
Map Size:200px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Nevada.

See also: List of United States senators from Nevada. Incumbent Democrat Harry Reid won re-election to a third term.

Reid won in a close election by 401 votes—even closer than Tim Johnson's Senate run in South Dakota in 2002, when he narrowly defeated Congressman John Thune by 524 votes. Ensign did not contest the results, and Reid won the race.

New Hampshire

Election Name:New Hampshire election
Country:New Hampshire
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in New Hampshire
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in New Hampshire
Next Year:2004
Image1:Judd Gregg.jpg
Nominee1:Judd Gregg
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:213,477
Percentage1:67.8%
Nominee2:George Condodemetraky
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:88,883
Percentage2:28.2%
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in New Hampshire.

See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire. Incumbent Republican Judd Gregg won re-election to his second term.

New York

Election Name:New York election
Country:New York
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in New York
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in New York
Next Year:2004
Image1:Charles Schumer official portrait.jpg
Nominee1:Chuck Schumer
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:2,551,065
Percentage1:54.6%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:2,058,988
Percentage2:44.1%
Map Size:300px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in New York.

See also: List of United States senators from New York. Incumbent Republican Al D'Amato was running for re-election to a fourth term, but lost to Chuck Schumer in what was considered by many to be the "high[est] profile and nastiest" contest of the year.[13]

Geraldine Ferraro, former U.S. Representative and nominee for Vice President in 1984, was well known for having been the 1984 Democratic vice presidential nominee and had also run but lost in the Democratic primary in the 1992 U.S. Senate election in New York. Mark Green, New York City Public Advocate, had been the Democratic nominee in the 1986 election, but lost in the general election to D'Amato.

At the start of 1998, Ferraro had done no fundraising, out of fear of conflict of interest with her job hosting the CNN program Crossfire, but was nonetheless perceived as the front-runner by virtue of her name recognition;[14] indeed, December and January polls had her 25 percentage points ahead of Green in the race and even further ahead of Schumer.[15] [16] Unlike her previous campaigns, Ferraro's family finances never became an issue in 1998.[15] However, she lost ground during the summer, with Schumer catching her in the polls by early August and then soon passing her.[17] Schumer, a tireless fundraiser, outspent her by a five-to-one margin, and Ferraro failed to establish a political image current with the times.[15] [18] In the September 15, 1998, primary, she was beaten soundly by Schumer with a 51 percent to 26 percent margin.[15] Unlike the bitter 1992 Democratic senatorial primary, this contest was not divisive, and Ferraro and third-place finisher Green endorsed Schumer at a unity breakfast the following day.[19]

The primaries were held on September 15, 1998.During the general campaign, D'Amato attempted to brand Schumer as a diehard liberal, while Schumer accused D'Amato of being a liar. When D'Amato's first strategy failed, D'Amato attacked his opponent's attendance record as a member of Congress, which Schumer refuted.[20] [21]

Late in the campaign, D'Amato called Schumer a "putzhead" in a private meeting with Jewish supporters ("putz" is Yiddish for penis, and can be slang for "fool"). The senator later apologized.[13]

In the last days of the campaign, D'Amato campaigned with popular Governor George Pataki, who was also running for re-election, and was also supported by New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani and former Mayor Ed Koch (a Democrat)[22] Vice President Al Gore and First Lady Hillary Clinton personally campaigned for Schumer, as D'Amato was a prominent critic of President Bill Clinton[20] who led the investigation into Whitewater. Though the Republican party was well organized, the Democratic party benefited from robocalls from President Clinton and mobilization from two big unions, United Federation of Teachers and 1199.[20]

Though D'Amato was effective in obtaining federal government funds for New York State projects during his Senate career, he failed to capitalize on this in the election.[20] Also, Schumer was a tenacious fund-raiser and was aggressive in his attacks.[23] The candidates spent $30 million during the race.[20]

The race was not close with Schumer defeating the incumbent D'Amato by just over 10%. D'Amato did win a majority of New York's counties, but his wins were in less populated areas. Schumer's win is attributed to strong performance in New York City. Schumer also performed well in heavily populated upstate cities, like Buffalo, Syracuse, Rochester, and Albany.

Per New York State law, Schumer and D'Amato totals include minor party line votes: Independence Party and Liberal Party for Schumer, Right to Life Party for D'Amato.

North Carolina

Election Name:North Carolina election
Country:North Carolina
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in North Carolina
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in North Carolina
Next Year:2004
Image1:John Edwards, official Senate photo portrait.jpg
Nominee1:John Edwards
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:1,029,237
Percentage1:51.15%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:945,943
Percentage2:47.01%
Map Size:325px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in North Carolina.

See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina. Incumbent Republican Lauch Faircloth decided to seek re-election to a second term, but was unseated by Democrat John Edwards.

In the Democratic primary, Edwards defeated D. G. Martin, Ella Scarborough, and several minor candidates. In the Republican primary, Faircloth easily defeated two minor candidates.[24]

North Dakota

Election Name:North Dakota election
Country:North Dakota
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in North Dakota
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in North Dakota
Next Year:2004
Image1:Byron Dorgan official photo.jpg
Nominee1:Byron Dorgan
Party1:North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party
Popular Vote1:134,747
Percentage1:63.2%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:75,013
Percentage2:35.2%
Map Size:250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party
After Party:North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in North Dakota.

See also: List of United States senators from North Dakota. Incumbent NPL–Democrat Byron Dorgan won re-election to a second term.[25]

Republican Donna Nalewaja, State Senator's campaign focused on the suggestion that Dorgan had served in the United States Congress for nearly 20 years, and had accomplished relatively little. Dorgan and Nalewaja won the primary elections for their respective parties. McLain had previously run for North Dakota's other Senate seat in 1980 against Mark Andrews.

Ohio

Election Name:Ohio election
Country:Ohio
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Ohio
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Ohio
Next Year:2004
Image1:George Voinovich, official photo portrait, 2006.jpg
Nominee1:George Voinovich
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:1,922,087
Percentage1:56.5%
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:1,482,054
Percentage2:43.5%
Map Size:200px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Ohio.

See also: List of United States senators from Ohio. Incumbent Democratic U.S Senator John Glenn decided to retire, instead of seeking a fifth term. Republican Governor George Voinovich won the open seat.

Oklahoma

Election Name:Oklahoma election
Country:Oklahoma
Flag Year:1988
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Oklahoma
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Oklahoma
Next Year:2004
Image1:Don Nickles.jpg
Nominee1:Don Nickles
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:570,682
Percentage1:66.4%
Nominee2:Don Carroll
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:268,898
Percentage2:31.3%
Map Size:300px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Oklahoma.

See also: List of United States senators from Oklahoma. Incumbent Republican Don Nickles won re-election to his fourth term.

Oregon

Election Name:Oregon election
Country:Oregon
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1996 United States Senate special election in Oregon
Previous Year:1996 (special)
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Oregon
Next Year:2004
Image1:Ron Wyden official portrait.jpg
Nominee1:Ron Wyden
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:682,425
Percentage1:61.1%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:377,739
Percentage2:33.8%
Map Size:250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Oregon.

See also: List of United States senators from Oregon. Incumbent Democratic Ron Wyden won re-election to his first full term, defeating Republican nominee John Lim, a state senator.

Pennsylvania

Election Name:Pennsylvania election
Country:Pennsylvania
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
Next Year:2004
Image1:Arlen Specter official portrait.jpg
Nominee1:Arlen Specter
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:1,814,180
Percentage1:61.3%
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:1,028,839
Percentage2:34.8%
Map Size:250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania.

See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania. Incumbent Republican Arlen Specter won re-election to a fourth term.

Leading up to this campaign, the state Democratic Party was in dire straits, as it was plagued by prior corruption allegations of several key legislators and by a lack of fund-raising. Just as in the accompanying gubernatorial race, the party had difficulty in finding a credible candidate. State Representative Bill Lloyd, State Representative,[26] who was a well-respected party leader but who had almost zero statewide name recognition, was considered to be a sacrificial lamb candidate. Specter ran a straightforward campaign and attempted to avoid mistakes, while Lloyd's bid was so underfunded that he was unable to air a single commercial until two weeks before the election. Lloyd's strategy was to portray Republicans as hyper-partisan in wake of their attempt to impeach President Bill Clinton, but he was unable to gain any traction with his message. On Election Day, Specter's win was by the second-largest margin in the history of Senate elections in Pennsylvania. Lloyd won in two counties: almost uniformly Democratic Philadelphia and his home county, rural and typically Republican Somerset County.[27]

South Carolina

Election Name:South Carolina election
Country:South Carolina
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in South Carolina
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in South Carolina
Next Year:2004
Image1:FritzHollings.jpg
Nominee1:Ernest Hollings
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:563,377
Percentage1:52.70%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:488,238
Percentage2:45.67%
Map Size:250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in South Carolina.

See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina. Incumbent Democrat Fritz Hollings won re-election to his sixth full term. As of 2023, this is the last time Democrats won a U.S. Senate election in South Carolina.

The race between Hollings and Bob Inglis, U.S. Representative gave the voters a choice of two very different visions of and for South Carolina. Hollings was from the Lowcountry, a face of the Old New South, and secured a large amount of federal funds for the state. On the other hand, Inglis came from the Upstate, was a face of the New South, and opposed to pork barrel spending. Hollings viciously attacked Inglis on the campaign trail as a "goddamn skunk" and when Inglis requested that Hollings sign a pledge for campaign courtesy, Hollings replied that Inglis could "kiss his fanny." Inglis tried to tie Hollings to President Clinton, who had been tainted by the Lewinsky scandal.

Ultimately, Hollings won the race for four crucial reasons. First, Inglis refused to accept PAC donations which allowed Hollings to enjoy a huge financial advantage and blanket the state with his television advertisements. Secondly, Inglis came from the Upstate which already provided GOP majorities whereas Hollings came from the Lowcountry which was a key tossup region in the state. Thirdly, the voters two years prior in the 1996 Senate election had rewarded Strom Thurmond for his long service to the state and it was unlikely that they would then deny re-election to Hollings. Finally, the 1998 South Carolina GOP ticket was dragged down with unpopular Governor David Beasley at the top of the ticket who would go on to lose his re-election campaign to Jim Hodges.

South Dakota

Election Name:South Dakota election
Country:South Dakota
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in South Dakota
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in South Dakota
Next Year:2004
Image1:Tom Daschle, official Senate photo.jpg
Nominee1:Tom Daschle
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:162,884
Percentage1:62.1%
Nominee2:Ron Schmidt
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:95,431
Percentage2:36.4%
Map Size:250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in South Dakota.

See also: List of United States senators from South Dakota. Incumbent Democrat Tom Daschle won re-election to a third term., this was the last time the Democrats have won the Class 3 Senate Seat from South Dakota.

Utah

Election Name:Utah election
Country:Utah
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Utah
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Utah
Next Year:2004
Flag Year:1913
Image1:Robert Foster Bennett, US Senator.jpg
Nominee1:Bob Bennett
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote1:316,652
Percentage1:64.0%
Nominee2:Scott Leckman
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote2:177,459
Percentage2:33.0%
Map Size:200px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Utah.

See also: List of United States senators from Utah. Incumbent Republican Bob Bennett won re-election to a second term.

Vermont

Election Name:Vermont election
Country:Vermont
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Vermont
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Vermont
Next Year:2004
Image1:Patrick Leahy official photo.jpg
Nominee1:Patrick Leahy
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:154,567
Percentage1:72.2%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:48,051
Percentage2:22.5%
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Vermont.

See also: List of United States senators from Vermont. Incumbent Democrat Patrick Leahy won re-election to a fifth term.[28]

Notably, the Republican nominee, dairy farmer and actor Fred Tuttle, withdrew from the race and endorsed Leahy, asking Vermonters to vote for his Democratic opponent because he hated Washington DC and he was, as his wife had previously said publicly, unqualified to serve as a United States Senator. His campaign, which had been conducted primarily from his front porch in Tunbridge, VT, spent only $251 during the election season and featured the slogans "Spread Fred!" and "Why Not?" In spite of this, Tuttle still received 48,051 votes, or 22% of the total.[29]

Washington

Election Name:Washington election
Country:Washington
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Washington
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Washington
Next Year:2004
Image1:Patty Murray official portrait.jpg
Nominee1:Patty Murray
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:1,103,184
Percentage1:58.4%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:785,377
Percentage2:41.6%
Map Size:250px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Washington.

See also: List of United States senators from Washington. Incumbent Democrat Patty Murray won re-election to a second term.

Wisconsin

Election Name:Wisconsin election
Country:Wisconsin
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
Previous Year:1992
Next Election:2004 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
Next Year:2004
Image1:Russ Feingold official photo.jpg
Nominee1:Russ Feingold
Party1:Democratic Party (US)
Popular Vote1:890,059
Percentage1:50.5%
Party2:Republican Party (US)
Popular Vote2:852,272
Percentage2:48.4%
Map Size:225px
U.S. Senator
Before Party:Democratic Party (US)
After Party:Democratic Party (US)

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Wisconsin.

See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin. Incumbent Democrat Russ Feingold won re-election to a second term. In September 1997, Mark Neumann, a Republican U.S. Representative, announced his candidacy for the United States Senate against Russell Feingold. Both candidates had similar views on the budget surplus, although Neumann was for banning partial-birth abortion while Feingold was against a ban. Both candidates limited themselves to $3.8 million in campaign spending ($1 for every citizen of Wisconsin), although outside groups spent more than $2 million on Neumann; Feingold refused to have outside groups spend their own 'soft money' on his behalf.[30] [31] Feingold defeated Neumann by a slim 2% margin in the election. According to the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, Neumann had a 30,000 vote margin outside Milwaukee County, but was overwhelmed by a 68,000 vote margin in Milwaukee County.[32]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Gadsden Times - Google News Archive Search. news.google.com. December 20, 2017.
  2. News: The 1998 Elections: State by State -- West; Arizona. Tamar. Lewin. The New York Times . November 4, 1998. December 20, 2017. NYTimes.com.
  3. News: CAMPBELL FOR U.S. SENATE THE ISSUE: BEN CAMPBELL VS. DOTTIE LAMM OUR VIEW: BOTH ARE HARD TO PIN DOWN IN SOME WAYS, YET CAMPBELL IS CONSISTENT ON KEY WESTERN ISSUES.(Editorial). https://web.archive.org/web/20121026101948/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67564320.html. dead. October 26, 2012. Rocky Mountain News. October 18, 1998. December 20, 2017.
  4. Web site: Archives : The Rocky Mountain News. nl.newsbank.com. December 20, 2017.
  5. Web site: Denver Post: Archive Results. nl.newsbank.com. December 20, 2017.
  6. Web site: GOP gubernatorial candidate believes crossover support helped her cause - AP Online HighBeam Research . July 10, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121104084209/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19527131.html . November 4, 2012 . dead .
  7. Slate, Is Carol Moseley-Braun a Crook?", February 19, 2003
  8. NPR, "2004 Democratic Presidential Candidates: Carol Moseley Braun", Npr.org, May 6, 2003
  9. http://www.elections.il.gov/ElectionResults.aspx?ID=ja0yDQ6QgdA%3d Election Results: General Primary - 3/17/1998
  10. Web site: Moseley-Braun's Rich Foe May Be Surprisingly Strong . https://archive.today/20120714231350/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/27530977.html?dids=27530977:27530977&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+19,+1998&author=Jon+Jeter&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Moseley-Braun's+Rich+Foe+May+Be+Surprisingly+Strong&pqatl=google . dead . July 14, 2012 . Pqasb.pqarchiver.com . March 19, 1998 . April 4, 2015 .
  11. Web site: Archives: Chicago Tribune - Senator Apologizes For Epithet Moseley-Braun Uses Slur In Calling Columnist Racist . Pqasb.pqarchiver.com . September 8, 1998 . April 4, 2015 . November 2, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102090029/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/33706279.html?dids=33706279:33706279&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+08,+1998&author=Rick+Pearson+and+Graeme+Zielinski,+Tribune+Staff+Writers.&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=SENATOR+APOLOGIZES+FOR+EPITHET+MOSELEY-BRAUN+USES+SLUR+IN+CALLING+COLUMNIST+RACIST&pqatl=google . dead .
  12. Web site: Belluck . Pam . THE 1998 CAMPAIGN - ILLINOIS - Moseley-Braun, Trailing, Pushes Hard . Illinois . . November 3, 1998 . April 4, 2015.
  13. News: Schumer topples D'Amato in New York Senate race. CNN .
  14. News: Friends Say Ferraro Will Seek D'Amato's Seat . Nagourney, Adam . Adam Nagourney . . January 4, 1998.
  15. News: The Farewell: For Ferraro, Early Promise, Lopsided Loss . Waldman, Amy . . September 17, 1998.
  16. Book: Schumer, Chuck . Chuck Schumer . Positively American: Winning Back the Middle-Class Majority One Family at a Time . . 2007 . 978-1-59486-572-5 . registration . p. 17.
  17. Schumer, Positively American, p. 31.
  18. Schumer, Positively American, pp. 18, 30.
  19. Schumer, Positively American, pp. 33, 39.
  20. Web site: Online NewsHour: 98 Election - The New York Wrap-up - November 4, 1998. PBS. December 20, 2017. January 8, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140108030430/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/election98/nyu_11-4.html. dead.
  21. Web site: Online NewsHour: New York Senate Race - October 28, 1998. PBS. December 20, 2017. July 25, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130725215919/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/election98/damato_schumer/nysenate_10-28.html. dead.
  22. News: New York Senate race an old-fashioned street fight. CNN .
  23. News: THE 1998 ELECTIONS: NEW YORK STATE -- THE SENATE; Schumer Uses D'Amato's Tactics To Win Senate Election Handily . . Adam . Nagourney . November 4, 1998.
  24. Web site: State Board of Elections. December 20, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20081127044322/http://www.app.sboe.state.nc.us/NCSBE/Elec/Results/98primry/98p143.pdf. November 27, 2008. dead.
  25. Web site: Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1998. https://web.archive.org/web/20040416012700/http://clerk.house.gov/members/electionInfo/1998/98Stat.htm . April 16, 2004.
  26. News: Demo Lawmaker Wants Specter's Job. August 20, 2010. Allentown Morning Call. January 6, 1998.
  27. Book: Kennedy, John J.. Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004. 2006. United Press of America. 9780761832799.
  28. Web site: VT US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1998 . Our Campaigns . July 15, 2017.
  29. News: Fred Tuttle, 84, Farmer and Celebrity, Dies . Martin . Douglas . October 7, 2003 . The New York Times . October 14, 2017 . en-US . 0362-4331.
  30. Web site: Online NewsHour: Political Wrap - October 30, 1998. PBS. December 20, 2017. March 5, 2000. https://web.archive.org/web/20000305162627/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/shields%26gigot/october98/sg_10-30.html. dead.
  31. Web site: Projects - Internet Scout. scout.wisc.edu. December 20, 2017.
  32. Web site: JS Online: GOP edges into Democratic region. https://web.archive.org/web/20030815083510/http://www.jsonline.com/news/metro/aug03/159797.asp. dead. August 15, 2003. August 15, 2003. December 20, 2017.